在這個(gè)輔導(dǎo)中，我們要為同學(xué)們提供兩種學(xué)習(xí)方式練習(xí)用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)短文。第一種方式是中國(guó)式的“描紅模子”方法，另一種是“美式寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練法”。
我們?cè)f(shuō)過(guò)，“冰凍三尺，非一日之寒”，用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作，是積英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)各項(xiàng)技能為一體的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程，需要長(zhǎng)期不懈的練習(xí)，才能獲取基本的寫(xiě)作技能。
希望同學(xué)們看完下面的練習(xí)方式后，能提出您的建議，說(shuō)說(shuō)喜歡采用什么樣的學(xué)習(xí)方式？我們盡量按照同學(xué)們的要求，為你們安排相應(yīng)的練習(xí)內(nèi)容。
二、美式寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練法
首先，你的短文題目是“吸煙有害健康嗎？”拿到題目首先要審題。題目是一個(gè)問(wèn)題，要求你回答吸煙是否有害。無(wú)論你回答吸煙有害還是無(wú)害，都要求你舉例說(shuō)明，后還要有結(jié)論，這就是我們現(xiàn)在用的文字主教材《英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作基礎(chǔ)教程》文字教材中的主要教學(xué)內(nèi)容：說(shuō)明文寫(xiě)作中的例證說(shuō)明文，要求用例子來(lái)說(shuō)明你的觀點(diǎn)。
好，我們下面開(kāi)始“吸煙有害健康嗎？”的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。
首先，自問(wèn)幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1. 是否會(huì)用引文？
2. 是否會(huì)用實(shí)例和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支持你的論點(diǎn)？
3. 是否有親身經(jīng)歷？
4. 是否會(huì)用說(shuō)服性段落？
5. 是否會(huì)用正確的語(yǔ)態(tài)？
6. 是否會(huì)用條件句？
7. 是否善于參加小組討論？
……
接下來(lái)，我們看看回答：
1. 是否會(huì)用引文？
讓我們看一段學(xué)生的文字，看看他是怎么表達(dá)的：
Smoking is really harmful to both smokers and to the people around them. Smoking can destroy a smoker’s health since the smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals.(Slothower) Smoking causes many serious disease. Since smoking “reduces the effectiveness of the immune system,” smokers frequently are ill (Health Edco). In addition to destroying a smoker’s health, secondhand smoke can damage other people’s health, especially children’s one report stated that over 15% of children’s visits to a doctor and 20% of children’s lung infections(感染) were caused by secondhand smoke (California EPA). Secondhand smoke can even cause cavities（腔） in children since “saliva（唾液） can counteract the lactic（乳汁） acid, but passive smoking also causes throat inflammation（炎癥）, which leads to mouth breathing, which dries out the mouth” (Kid’s Cavities). Smokers should think of themselves and others and stop smoking now.
注意, 用了參考文獻(xiàn)，要會(huì)正確的標(biāo)出參考文獻(xiàn)的出處：
Slothower, L., “50 Things You should Know About Tobacco.”Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks, 1999, Revised 2002:n.pag.
Health Edco 2000 WRS Group Ltd. Once You know the Facts About Smoking, n.pag.
California EPA. Final Report: Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke, September 1997: n. pag.
“Kids’ Cavities Linked to Secondhand Smoke.” Washington Post, March 12, 2003:p. A8
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們認(rèn)真討論討論，這個(gè)參考文獻(xiàn)列出了不同形式載體的標(biāo)注方法， 既有論文集式的，也有報(bào)紙和期刊類型的?？纯催@些不同載體的參考信息是怎么羅列的。注意這是國(guó)際通用的參考文獻(xiàn)寫(xiě)法，同學(xué)們一定要按照這些文獻(xiàn)的寫(xiě)法，訓(xùn)練自己的參考文獻(xiàn)基本功，不鼓勵(lì)同學(xué)們自己創(chuàng)新哦！
2. 是否會(huì)用實(shí)例和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支持你的論點(diǎn)？
（數(shù)據(jù)表略）
一些數(shù)據(jù)：
“Two of the major health effects of cigarette smoking are emphysema and cancer. Emphysema destroys the lung’s ability to expand and contract …[In cancer], damaged cells reproduce rapidly forming clumps of cells called tumors. Tumors steal nutrition and energy from the rest of the body.”*
“Overall, nonsmoking wives of husbands who smoke have a 20% increased risk of lung cancer compared with women whose husbands don’t smoke. ”∨
“Cigarette smoke has more than 4,000 chemicals in it.” (P.1.)
“About 70% of people who smoke wish they could quit.” (p.3)
“Eighty percent of smokers started before they were 18 years old.”(P. 2)
……
參考文獻(xiàn)（略）
問(wèn)題（3）（4）（5）（6）的回答略。
好，上面給出了部分參考文獻(xiàn)和數(shù)據(jù)，同學(xué)們先進(jìn)行小組討論，計(jì)劃怎么寫(xiě)好這篇短文，然后每個(gè)同學(xué)獨(dú)立完成此文。
我們?cè)f(shuō)過(guò)，“冰凍三尺，非一日之寒”，用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作，是積英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)各項(xiàng)技能為一體的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程，需要長(zhǎng)期不懈的練習(xí)，才能獲取基本的寫(xiě)作技能。
希望同學(xué)們看完下面的練習(xí)方式后，能提出您的建議，說(shuō)說(shuō)喜歡采用什么樣的學(xué)習(xí)方式？我們盡量按照同學(xué)們的要求，為你們安排相應(yīng)的練習(xí)內(nèi)容。
二、美式寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練法
首先，你的短文題目是“吸煙有害健康嗎？”拿到題目首先要審題。題目是一個(gè)問(wèn)題，要求你回答吸煙是否有害。無(wú)論你回答吸煙有害還是無(wú)害，都要求你舉例說(shuō)明，后還要有結(jié)論，這就是我們現(xiàn)在用的文字主教材《英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作基礎(chǔ)教程》文字教材中的主要教學(xué)內(nèi)容：說(shuō)明文寫(xiě)作中的例證說(shuō)明文，要求用例子來(lái)說(shuō)明你的觀點(diǎn)。
好，我們下面開(kāi)始“吸煙有害健康嗎？”的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。
首先，自問(wèn)幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1. 是否會(huì)用引文？
2. 是否會(huì)用實(shí)例和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支持你的論點(diǎn)？
3. 是否有親身經(jīng)歷？
4. 是否會(huì)用說(shuō)服性段落？
5. 是否會(huì)用正確的語(yǔ)態(tài)？
6. 是否會(huì)用條件句？
7. 是否善于參加小組討論？
……
接下來(lái)，我們看看回答：
1. 是否會(huì)用引文？
讓我們看一段學(xué)生的文字，看看他是怎么表達(dá)的：
Smoking is really harmful to both smokers and to the people around them. Smoking can destroy a smoker’s health since the smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals.(Slothower) Smoking causes many serious disease. Since smoking “reduces the effectiveness of the immune system,” smokers frequently are ill (Health Edco). In addition to destroying a smoker’s health, secondhand smoke can damage other people’s health, especially children’s one report stated that over 15% of children’s visits to a doctor and 20% of children’s lung infections(感染) were caused by secondhand smoke (California EPA). Secondhand smoke can even cause cavities（腔） in children since “saliva（唾液） can counteract the lactic（乳汁） acid, but passive smoking also causes throat inflammation（炎癥）, which leads to mouth breathing, which dries out the mouth” (Kid’s Cavities). Smokers should think of themselves and others and stop smoking now.
注意, 用了參考文獻(xiàn)，要會(huì)正確的標(biāo)出參考文獻(xiàn)的出處：
Slothower, L., “50 Things You should Know About Tobacco.”Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks, 1999, Revised 2002:n.pag.
Health Edco 2000 WRS Group Ltd. Once You know the Facts About Smoking, n.pag.
California EPA. Final Report: Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke, September 1997: n. pag.
“Kids’ Cavities Linked to Secondhand Smoke.” Washington Post, March 12, 2003:p. A8
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們認(rèn)真討論討論，這個(gè)參考文獻(xiàn)列出了不同形式載體的標(biāo)注方法， 既有論文集式的，也有報(bào)紙和期刊類型的?？纯催@些不同載體的參考信息是怎么羅列的。注意這是國(guó)際通用的參考文獻(xiàn)寫(xiě)法，同學(xué)們一定要按照這些文獻(xiàn)的寫(xiě)法，訓(xùn)練自己的參考文獻(xiàn)基本功，不鼓勵(lì)同學(xué)們自己創(chuàng)新哦！
2. 是否會(huì)用實(shí)例和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支持你的論點(diǎn)？
（數(shù)據(jù)表略）
一些數(shù)據(jù)：
“Two of the major health effects of cigarette smoking are emphysema and cancer. Emphysema destroys the lung’s ability to expand and contract …[In cancer], damaged cells reproduce rapidly forming clumps of cells called tumors. Tumors steal nutrition and energy from the rest of the body.”*
“Overall, nonsmoking wives of husbands who smoke have a 20% increased risk of lung cancer compared with women whose husbands don’t smoke. ”∨
“Cigarette smoke has more than 4,000 chemicals in it.” (P.1.)
“About 70% of people who smoke wish they could quit.” (p.3)
“Eighty percent of smokers started before they were 18 years old.”(P. 2)
……
參考文獻(xiàn)（略）
問(wèn)題（3）（4）（5）（6）的回答略。
好，上面給出了部分參考文獻(xiàn)和數(shù)據(jù)，同學(xué)們先進(jìn)行小組討論，計(jì)劃怎么寫(xiě)好這篇短文，然后每個(gè)同學(xué)獨(dú)立完成此文。