在前期的備考復(fù)習(xí)中，很多學(xué)生可能已經(jīng)使用了我們所提倡的“超精讀”方式，對歷年四、六級的真題有了一個很好的分析和理解。很多同學(xué)問我，在剩下的時間內(nèi)，除了繼續(xù)采用“超精讀”的方法外，還有沒有什么可以讓大家得到進一步提高的方式，答案是肯定的，有，什么方法？細節(jié)決定一切,何謂細節(jié)，個人以為很多同學(xué)在進行閱讀的時候可能對文章整體的框架以及句意能夠進行很好的把握，但是對于一些諸如人稱，標(biāo)點，時態(tài)，副詞，情態(tài)動詞以及連詞的關(guān)注程度可能還不夠，如果我們能夠在閱讀的過程中對這些問題加以關(guān)注的話，那么就可以把握住一些干擾性比較大的，普通學(xué)生失分比較多的題目。
今天我先就一些四級真題來說說關(guān)注時態(tài)的重要性。
Cet-4 2001.6
30. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are ____.
A. improving product quality
B. increasing product features
C. modernizing product style
D. re-positioning their product in the market
根據(jù)題目，我們可以很容易定位到該文章的最后一段中的文字：
… American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture worn markets. Note, also, how auto manufactures once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.
這道題目其實很簡單，但是部分同學(xué)很有可能被note后面的內(nèi)容所迷惑，而選項C、modernizing product style正是根據(jù)此所出的干擾項。大家只要注意問題中auto makers are，可以對應(yīng)段落中的… manufacturers are using…，這里用的是現(xiàn)在進行時；而… manufactures once changed …這里用則是一般過去時，就可以很容易去掉這一干擾項。
再如
Cet-4 2001.1 Passage 4
37. The returned plastic bottles in New York used to ___.
A. end up somewhere underground
B. be turned into raw materials
C. have a second-life value
D. be separated from other rubbish
這里通過used to可以得知是過去的事情，大家可以細心看一下，本文的時態(tài)是第一段過去時為主，而第二段開始后都是一般時，你在定位的時候可能只要定位到第一段，而不會被后面的內(nèi)容所干擾了。
再來看一個例子，Cet-4 2002.6 Passage 4
38. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?
A. positive
B. indifferent
C. negative
D. cautious
在這里通過was我們可以得知是以前醫(yī)生的觀點，那么很容易定位到…since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few if any health benefits.
另外，本篇文章里的37題的題目中的early spas的定位也很重要，很多人會認(rèn)為早期的spas是指in the late1960s and early 1970s，我們不能想當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為距離現(xiàn)在遠就是早期，文章中還出現(xiàn)了a number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement even a national chain with spas in most major cities.可見這個是出現(xiàn)在60年代末和70年代初之前的。
還剩下20多天，很多人覺得真題已經(jīng)看得差不多了，分析得差不多了，真的這樣么？希望大家再拿起手上的真題，不要多，最近一兩次的就可以了，好好研究下細節(jié)。今天我也給大家講了講時態(tài)上的一些小細節(jié)，雖然對于很多人來說，這個比較簡單，但是正是這些看起來微不足道的細節(jié)決定了高分的走向。過兩天我看將繼續(xù)拿真題來分析其他方面的細節(jié)。
副詞篇：
今天給大家講講副詞在文章里的一些作用，首先我們需要了解的副詞的作用究竟是什么：起修飾或限制動詞或形容詞作用、表程度或范圍的詞?？梢哉f，我們在分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)或者找出文章的主干的時候，副詞是可以忽略不記的，如：Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number. (CET-4 2000.6),在這么一句話里，主要成分是referee made mistakes, 而23 mistakes是一個很高的數(shù)字，究竟有多高，remarkably在這里修飾了high, 表明了高到了什么樣的程度。我們知道remarkably是表示不尋常地，顯著地意思；所謂不尋常，也就代表著按照人們的正常思維和想法是不可能想到的。因此，在該篇文章的第二題中：
The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ____.
A. slightly above average
B. higher than in the 1998 World Cup
C. Quite unexpected
D. As high as in a standard match
可以通過這個表示“不尋常地” 的remarkably的分析，得出正確選項， quite unexpected.
另在CET-4 2005.1的一篇文章中，In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. 這里我們可以看出，在日本的學(xué)前教育中，并沒有強調(diào)學(xué)業(yè)理論指導(dǎo)，但是這里為什么要用surprisingly, 令人驚訝地，又是令誰驚訝呢？通過前文… many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find…這里我們可以看出，是令美國人驚訝了。美國人為什么會驚訝？在什么情況下會使人產(chǎn)生驚訝？如果事情按照正常的規(guī)律發(fā)生，會令人驚訝么？一般來說，只有結(jié)果和自己預(yù)期想象的不一樣，才會令人就驚訝。本文我們可以看出美國人本想向日本人學(xué)習(xí)在學(xué)前教育方面對學(xué)業(yè)理論指導(dǎo)的，但是通過后句我們已經(jīng)知道日本人在學(xué)前教育中，并沒有強調(diào)學(xué)業(yè)理論指導(dǎo)。因此，在該篇文章的第一題中：
We learn form the first paragraph that many Americans believe ____.
A. Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents.
B. Japan’s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements.
C. Japan’s preschool education emphasizes academic instruction.
D. Japan’s higher education is superior to theirs.
原本以為日本的學(xué)前教育強調(diào)學(xué)業(yè)理論指導(dǎo)，但是結(jié)果并不這樣，因此產(chǎn)生了驚訝。只要大家留心surprisingly, 這道題目是很容易能夠選對的。
引語篇：
直接引語
首先我們需要知道的是，引語分為直接引語與間接引語，在文章中但凡出現(xiàn)了引語，其引語內(nèi)容所要表達的思想僅僅是被引用人的觀點，除非作者對該內(nèi)容明顯表現(xiàn)出一定的態(tài)度，否則引語內(nèi)的所表達的思想僅僅是被引用人的，與作者態(tài)度無關(guān)，我們也可以說作者僅僅客觀地表述了一下他人的觀點而已。今天我們先看看直接引語部分，直接引語很好辨別，大家只要注意引號就可以了。最近真題中有代表性的是CET-4 2004.6閱讀理解當(dāng)中的一篇：
As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one.
"The Constitution," said the association's spokesman, "gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesn't spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves."
"Don't you think it's dangerous to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around?"
"The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse (導(dǎo)火索 ) separately in a drawer."
"Some people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody."
The spokesman said, "Hydrogen bombs don't kill people - people kill people. The bomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, they're going to think twice about breaking in."
"But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder (侵入者) "
"Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns."
我們不難看出，第一段是作者客觀地講述了一個事實，作者本身并沒有給出傾向性的意見。而隨后的段落都是有引號的。雖然里面對本文所講述的內(nèi)容有很多主觀的看法和見解，但是我們需要注意的是，這些見解是他人的，而非作者的。根據(jù)這篇文章我們可以知道部分是支持私人擁有氫彈者，部分是反對私人擁有氫彈者。
如17題Some people oppose the ownership of H-bombs by individuals on the ground that ______.以及19題, According to the passage , opponents of the private ownership of H-bombs are very much worried about that ______. 這里我們就需要根據(jù)說話者的身份在文章里面進行定位，關(guān)注哪些引語是引用了反對者的話語，并進行分析答題。
而具有爭議性的最后一道題目中，
From the tone of the passage we know that the author is _____.
A. doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safety
B. unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombs
C. not serious about the private ownership of H-bombs
D. concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons
其中我們通過了解了引語的作用后，就可以知道作者在這篇文章中所表現(xiàn)出的立場是中立而客觀的，通過對四組詞組的分析，doubtful about, unhappy with, not serious about以及 concern about中，只有concern about關(guān)注并沒有體現(xiàn)住作者本身的情感立場問題，因此可以說D選項應(yīng)該是更符合的。
間接引語
前兩天跟大家討論了直接引語，今天我們來看看間接引語。首先我們要知道，在文章中間，間接引語的形式不僅僅局限在say that中，我們還需要注意諸如argue, think, consider, hold, insist, quarrel, feel等詞匯。例如在Cet-4 2002.1的一篇閱讀中：
Some pessimistic experts feel that …. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will….
What is the author’s attitude toward the future autos?
A. enthusiastic
B. pessimistic
C. optimistic
D. cautious
這里我們可以知道客觀事實中，專家對汽車的未來有兩種看法，而根據(jù)下文的內(nèi)容，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)作者是在談?wù)撐磥淼钠嚨?，那么代表作者支持了后一種專家的看法。
Cet-4 2004.6
For decades educators fought his idea that …. They assumed language must be based on speech….
Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they thought ______.
A. sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people
B. sign language was too artificial to be wide accepted
C. a language should be easy to use and understand
D. a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds
通過文章里他們說的內(nèi)容，很容易得到正確答案。
最近的一次四級考試中，…President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country’s energy independence….
What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?
A. It will exhaust the nation’s oil reserves.
B. It will help secure the future of ANWR.
C. It will help reduce the nation’s oil imports.
D. It will increase American’s energy consumption.
我們通過argued可以定位到布什所講話的內(nèi)容，通過分析，可以知道他的觀點有兩個：一，減輕加州電力危機；二，推進國家能源獨立。通過對選項的分析，得出正確選項。
加強對間接引語的敏感，可以讓我們在進行閱讀的過程中，更加容易地對細節(jié)題目中題干的有效信息進行定位。
今天我先就一些四級真題來說說關(guān)注時態(tài)的重要性。
Cet-4 2001.6
30. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are ____.
A. improving product quality
B. increasing product features
C. modernizing product style
D. re-positioning their product in the market
根據(jù)題目，我們可以很容易定位到該文章的最后一段中的文字：
… American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture worn markets. Note, also, how auto manufactures once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.
這道題目其實很簡單，但是部分同學(xué)很有可能被note后面的內(nèi)容所迷惑，而選項C、modernizing product style正是根據(jù)此所出的干擾項。大家只要注意問題中auto makers are，可以對應(yīng)段落中的… manufacturers are using…，這里用的是現(xiàn)在進行時；而… manufactures once changed …這里用則是一般過去時，就可以很容易去掉這一干擾項。
再如
Cet-4 2001.1 Passage 4
37. The returned plastic bottles in New York used to ___.
A. end up somewhere underground
B. be turned into raw materials
C. have a second-life value
D. be separated from other rubbish
這里通過used to可以得知是過去的事情，大家可以細心看一下，本文的時態(tài)是第一段過去時為主，而第二段開始后都是一般時，你在定位的時候可能只要定位到第一段，而不會被后面的內(nèi)容所干擾了。
再來看一個例子，Cet-4 2002.6 Passage 4
38. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?
A. positive
B. indifferent
C. negative
D. cautious
在這里通過was我們可以得知是以前醫(yī)生的觀點，那么很容易定位到…since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few if any health benefits.
另外，本篇文章里的37題的題目中的early spas的定位也很重要，很多人會認(rèn)為早期的spas是指in the late1960s and early 1970s，我們不能想當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為距離現(xiàn)在遠就是早期，文章中還出現(xiàn)了a number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement even a national chain with spas in most major cities.可見這個是出現(xiàn)在60年代末和70年代初之前的。
還剩下20多天，很多人覺得真題已經(jīng)看得差不多了，分析得差不多了，真的這樣么？希望大家再拿起手上的真題，不要多，最近一兩次的就可以了，好好研究下細節(jié)。今天我也給大家講了講時態(tài)上的一些小細節(jié)，雖然對于很多人來說，這個比較簡單，但是正是這些看起來微不足道的細節(jié)決定了高分的走向。過兩天我看將繼續(xù)拿真題來分析其他方面的細節(jié)。
副詞篇：
今天給大家講講副詞在文章里的一些作用，首先我們需要了解的副詞的作用究竟是什么：起修飾或限制動詞或形容詞作用、表程度或范圍的詞?？梢哉f，我們在分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu)或者找出文章的主干的時候，副詞是可以忽略不記的，如：Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number. (CET-4 2000.6),在這么一句話里，主要成分是referee made mistakes, 而23 mistakes是一個很高的數(shù)字，究竟有多高，remarkably在這里修飾了high, 表明了高到了什么樣的程度。我們知道remarkably是表示不尋常地，顯著地意思；所謂不尋常，也就代表著按照人們的正常思維和想法是不可能想到的。因此，在該篇文章的第二題中：
The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ____.
A. slightly above average
B. higher than in the 1998 World Cup
C. Quite unexpected
D. As high as in a standard match
可以通過這個表示“不尋常地” 的remarkably的分析，得出正確選項， quite unexpected.
另在CET-4 2005.1的一篇文章中，In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. 這里我們可以看出，在日本的學(xué)前教育中，并沒有強調(diào)學(xué)業(yè)理論指導(dǎo)，但是這里為什么要用surprisingly, 令人驚訝地，又是令誰驚訝呢？通過前文… many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find…這里我們可以看出，是令美國人驚訝了。美國人為什么會驚訝？在什么情況下會使人產(chǎn)生驚訝？如果事情按照正常的規(guī)律發(fā)生，會令人驚訝么？一般來說，只有結(jié)果和自己預(yù)期想象的不一樣，才會令人就驚訝。本文我們可以看出美國人本想向日本人學(xué)習(xí)在學(xué)前教育方面對學(xué)業(yè)理論指導(dǎo)的，但是通過后句我們已經(jīng)知道日本人在學(xué)前教育中，并沒有強調(diào)學(xué)業(yè)理論指導(dǎo)。因此，在該篇文章的第一題中：
We learn form the first paragraph that many Americans believe ____.
A. Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents.
B. Japan’s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements.
C. Japan’s preschool education emphasizes academic instruction.
D. Japan’s higher education is superior to theirs.
原本以為日本的學(xué)前教育強調(diào)學(xué)業(yè)理論指導(dǎo)，但是結(jié)果并不這樣，因此產(chǎn)生了驚訝。只要大家留心surprisingly, 這道題目是很容易能夠選對的。
引語篇：
直接引語
首先我們需要知道的是，引語分為直接引語與間接引語，在文章中但凡出現(xiàn)了引語，其引語內(nèi)容所要表達的思想僅僅是被引用人的觀點，除非作者對該內(nèi)容明顯表現(xiàn)出一定的態(tài)度，否則引語內(nèi)的所表達的思想僅僅是被引用人的，與作者態(tài)度無關(guān)，我們也可以說作者僅僅客觀地表述了一下他人的觀點而已。今天我們先看看直接引語部分，直接引語很好辨別，大家只要注意引號就可以了。最近真題中有代表性的是CET-4 2004.6閱讀理解當(dāng)中的一篇：
As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one.
"The Constitution," said the association's spokesman, "gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesn't spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves."
"Don't you think it's dangerous to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around?"
"The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse (導(dǎo)火索 ) separately in a drawer."
"Some people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody."
The spokesman said, "Hydrogen bombs don't kill people - people kill people. The bomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, they're going to think twice about breaking in."
"But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder (侵入者) "
"Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns."
我們不難看出，第一段是作者客觀地講述了一個事實，作者本身并沒有給出傾向性的意見。而隨后的段落都是有引號的。雖然里面對本文所講述的內(nèi)容有很多主觀的看法和見解，但是我們需要注意的是，這些見解是他人的，而非作者的。根據(jù)這篇文章我們可以知道部分是支持私人擁有氫彈者，部分是反對私人擁有氫彈者。
如17題Some people oppose the ownership of H-bombs by individuals on the ground that ______.以及19題, According to the passage , opponents of the private ownership of H-bombs are very much worried about that ______. 這里我們就需要根據(jù)說話者的身份在文章里面進行定位，關(guān)注哪些引語是引用了反對者的話語，并進行分析答題。
而具有爭議性的最后一道題目中，
From the tone of the passage we know that the author is _____.
A. doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safety
B. unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombs
C. not serious about the private ownership of H-bombs
D. concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons
其中我們通過了解了引語的作用后，就可以知道作者在這篇文章中所表現(xiàn)出的立場是中立而客觀的，通過對四組詞組的分析，doubtful about, unhappy with, not serious about以及 concern about中，只有concern about關(guān)注并沒有體現(xiàn)住作者本身的情感立場問題，因此可以說D選項應(yīng)該是更符合的。
間接引語
前兩天跟大家討論了直接引語，今天我們來看看間接引語。首先我們要知道，在文章中間，間接引語的形式不僅僅局限在say that中，我們還需要注意諸如argue, think, consider, hold, insist, quarrel, feel等詞匯。例如在Cet-4 2002.1的一篇閱讀中：
Some pessimistic experts feel that …. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will….
What is the author’s attitude toward the future autos?
A. enthusiastic
B. pessimistic
C. optimistic
D. cautious
這里我們可以知道客觀事實中，專家對汽車的未來有兩種看法，而根據(jù)下文的內(nèi)容，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)作者是在談?wù)撐磥淼钠嚨?，那么代表作者支持了后一種專家的看法。
Cet-4 2004.6
For decades educators fought his idea that …. They assumed language must be based on speech….
Most educators objected to Stokoe’s idea because they thought ______.
A. sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people
B. sign language was too artificial to be wide accepted
C. a language should be easy to use and understand
D. a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds
通過文章里他們說的內(nèi)容，很容易得到正確答案。
最近的一次四級考試中，…President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country’s energy independence….
What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?
A. It will exhaust the nation’s oil reserves.
B. It will help secure the future of ANWR.
C. It will help reduce the nation’s oil imports.
D. It will increase American’s energy consumption.
我們通過argued可以定位到布什所講話的內(nèi)容，通過分析，可以知道他的觀點有兩個：一，減輕加州電力危機；二，推進國家能源獨立。通過對選項的分析，得出正確選項。
加強對間接引語的敏感，可以讓我們在進行閱讀的過程中，更加容易地對細節(jié)題目中題干的有效信息進行定位。