英語是一個(gè)重結(jié)構(gòu)的語言，要求句子必須符合句法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求。用來規(guī)定句法結(jié)構(gòu)的一些原則也就是我們常說的語法。英語中的語法條文比較多，總的來說可分為兩大類，即詞法和句法。具體說來，有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法，形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)用法，非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法，時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，定語從句，狀語從句，虛擬語氣，名詞性從句，倒裝，強(qiáng)調(diào)與并列，主謂一致等。經(jīng)過統(tǒng)計(jì)，95年1月到2000年6月，僅詞匯和句法部分對(duì)語法的考查就有190題，占52.8%，其中以非謂語動(dòng)詞、虛擬語氣、時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)、狀語從句和定語從句考查最多。今天這一講我們重點(diǎn)講時(shí)態(tài)/語態(tài)、虛擬語氣和各種從句，下一講重點(diǎn)講非謂語動(dòng)詞等。
一、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
英語中共有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，最常用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)。但從95年以來的考題統(tǒng)計(jì)來看，15個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)考題中將來完成最多，占3題，時(shí)態(tài)考查的次序依次為將來完成時(shí)--- 過去完成時(shí) --- 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) --- 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) --- 一般將來 --- 一般過去。先看以下各題：
Test Yourself:
1) My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane
I would like to take from there ___ by then.(1999.1)
A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left
2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ____ too
long.(2000.1)
A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read
3) "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock
tonight?"(2000.6)
"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams ____ to a conference long before then."
A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone
4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____today and are being
modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1)
A. are to challenge B. may be challenged
C. have been challenged D. are challenged
5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ____ necessary
for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6)
A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been
6) He came back late, ____ which time all the guest had already
left.(1999.6)
A. after B. by C. at D. during
7) Until then, his family ______from him for six months. (1997.1)
A. didn't hear B. hasn't been hearing
C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard
Explanation and Expansion
A：參考答案：1）B 2）A 3）A 4）C 5）C 6）B 7）D
B：評(píng)析：
1) 以上各題都與完成時(shí)有關(guān)，完成時(shí)態(tài)用來表示到某一個(gè)時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或某個(gè)狀態(tài)/動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到某個(gè)時(shí)間。如果時(shí)間為過去，則用過去完成時(shí)，即表示過去的過去，如5）和7）。
2) 如果表示到將來某個(gè)時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，則用將來完成時(shí)，如1）和3），再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A. will have risen B. has risen
C. will be rising D. has been rising
3) 而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到目前為止某個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，如4）。從下文中的"正在修改"可以判斷人們已經(jīng)對(duì)牛頓的觀點(diǎn)提出挑戰(zhàn)，而不是將要提出挑戰(zhàn)或者可能提出挑戰(zhàn)，由此可以判斷應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
4) 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不同，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且仍在進(jìn)行，如2）。頭疼的原因是看書時(shí)間太長。本題可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不會(huì)是過去完成時(shí)，選項(xiàng)B不對(duì)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與這里的頭疼不能構(gòu)成直接的因果關(guān)系，由于時(shí)間狀語表示的是一段時(shí)間，有不可能是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，所以這里只能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
C．完成時(shí)態(tài)使用注意事項(xiàng)
① 完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語一般表示"到……為止"，以"by"短語居多。如果句中的時(shí)間狀語是由by引出的短語或從句，謂語動(dòng)詞一般是用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.
② 在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用，而表示狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作持續(xù)的謂語動(dòng)詞必須與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends
A. must have lasted B. will have lasted
C. would last D. has lasted (1997.1)
It seems oil ___ form this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking (1997.6)
這兩題中都有表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的一段時(shí)間，應(yīng)該用完成時(shí)態(tài)。
但是，如果只表示狀態(tài)已經(jīng)存在，則不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如：
By then, he knew what he waned to be when he grew up.
③ 完成時(shí)可以用來表示量的積累。
④ 對(duì)于完成時(shí)的考查有兩種，一種是時(shí)態(tài)本身的選擇，另一種是根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)選擇時(shí)間狀語，如6）。從句時(shí)態(tài)為過去完成時(shí)，表示等到他回來，客人都已經(jīng)離開了，與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用的，表示"到……為止"的應(yīng)該是介詞by。
Pactise Yourself
下面請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做《語法分冊(cè)》第五章 二至四節(jié)相關(guān)題目。然后對(duì)照評(píng)析自檢。
Test Yourself
剛才我們看了完成時(shí)態(tài)的考查，現(xiàn)在我們一塊來看以下其它時(shí)態(tài)，請(qǐng)先試做以下各題：
1) Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A. are often seeing B. often see C. will often see D. have often seen (1995.6)
2) While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _____ the newspaper completely.
A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace (1995.6)
3) I'm sorry I can't see you immediately; but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you ____.
A. for a moment B. in a moment C. for the moment D. at the moment (1999.1)
4) If she doesn't tell him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she _____.
A. does b. has done c. will do D. would do (1998.6)
Explanation and Expansion
A. 參考答案： 1）C 2） D 3） B 4） A
B. 評(píng)析
從以上各題可以看到，在解時(shí)態(tài)考題時(shí)應(yīng)注意一下幾點(diǎn)：
① 結(jié)合形容詞選擇時(shí)態(tài)，如2）。從unlikely一詞可以看出從句表示的是將來不大可能發(fā)生的事情，自然用一般將來時(shí)。類似的形容詞還有possible, probable, impossible等。
② 根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)判斷時(shí)間狀語。如3）。謂語動(dòng)詞為將來時(shí)態(tài)，說明時(shí)間應(yīng)該是in a moment，表示我一會(huì)就去見你。for a moment同樣可以與將來時(shí)態(tài)連用，但表示的是"與某人一塊待一小會(huì)"，這樣就與上文的I can't see you immediately意思上沖突。
③ 注意句型對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的要求，如1）。該句型中祈使句表示一種條件，第二個(gè)分句中一般要用will表示在這種條件下可能發(fā)生的事情。但是，本題中often的使用可能會(huì)造成一定的迷惑。這就要求考生對(duì)各種時(shí)態(tài)的表達(dá)方式，以及其作用了解清楚。Will可以表示習(xí)慣。
④ 注意時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語從句中時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用。
一般在時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來，用一般過去時(shí)表示過去將來，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來完成，用過去完成時(shí)表示過去將來完成。如4）。在如：
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.
但注意特殊句型中的時(shí)態(tài)，如：
hardly/scarcely …when…
no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.
Self-practice
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做《語法分冊(cè)》第五章 第六節(jié)進(jìn)行自我訓(xùn)練。
Test Yourself
剛才我們一起分析了時(shí)態(tài)的考查特點(diǎn)和答題時(shí)應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)，現(xiàn)在我們一起來看一下語態(tài)的考查。語態(tài)的考查一般都與時(shí)態(tài)的考查相結(jié)合。在解語態(tài)題的同時(shí)必須考慮時(shí)態(tài)的因素。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先做以下下列各題：
1) The last half of the nineteenth century ____ the steady improvement in the means of travel.(1998.6)
A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed
2) The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts ____.(19995.1)
A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced
3) This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ comfortably.
A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn (2000.1)
4) The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ____ and perfected now.(1996.1)
A. developed B. have developed
C. are being developed D. will have been developed
5) Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it that much of his collection ____ to the nation.(1996.6)
A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left
6) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ____.(1997.6)
A. ought to be said B. must say
C. have to be said D. need to say
7) Once environment damage ____, it takes many years for the system to recover.(1997.6)
A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done
Explanation and Expansion
A. 參考答案：1）C 2） B 3） B 4） C 5） D 6） A 7）D
B. 評(píng)析
① 是否可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)主要看謂語動(dòng)詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系，如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系自然用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
② 注意被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成，但四級(jí)考試中沒有正誤結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷，考生只需要根據(jù)上下文判斷出該用什么時(shí)態(tài)即可。
③ 不及物動(dòng)詞不可能有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但及物動(dòng)詞也未必有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，主要是看句子側(cè)重表達(dá)的概念，如3題中wear表示眼鏡的特點(diǎn)，不可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。在如：
This kind of software sells well.
It being too cold, the car wouldn't start.
won't wouldn't表示"拒絕"謂語動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)形式。
④ 注意含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)，以及類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，如have to be done, used to be done, be said to be done, be to be done。把握各種結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思。然后就是根據(jù)具體的上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞或時(shí)態(tài)的問題。
Self-practice
好，剛才我們一起了解了被動(dòng)語態(tài)的考查特點(diǎn)和解題注意事項(xiàng)，下面請(qǐng)同學(xué)們請(qǐng)做《語法分冊(cè)》第六章 第四節(jié) 自我訓(xùn)練題。 二、虛擬語氣
英語中的虛擬語氣有4種，一種是條件句中的虛擬語氣，一種是含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣，一種是名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣，還有一種是狀語從句中的虛擬語氣。其中虛擬時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用很大程度上和其所處的句型有關(guān)。95年以來，對(duì)虛擬語氣的考查有28題之多，占詞匯/語法總數(shù)的15.2%。下面我們也分四部分來看一下四級(jí)考試中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用。
1.條件句中的虛擬語氣
Test yourself
在我們分析虛擬語氣的考查特點(diǎn)也應(yīng)對(duì)策略之前，還上請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先做做一下以下各題：
1) If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now. (1999.1)
A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't have smiled
C. won't smile D. didn't smile
2) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1)
A. Not being B. Had it not been
C. Without being D. Not having been
3) ______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1)
A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive
4) Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1)
A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got
5) _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6)
A. Would she leave B. If she leaves
C. Were she to leave D. If she had left
6) Had he worked harder, he ____ the exams.(1997.6)
A. must have got through B. would have got through
C. would get through D. could get through
7) If the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6)
A. was not planned B. has not been planned
C. had not been planned D. were not planned
Explanation and Expansion
A. 參考答案：1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C
B. 評(píng)析
① 對(duì)于虛擬條件句中時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用，首先應(yīng)該區(qū)分主從句的不同。從句中用過去時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，或were to/should +原形動(dòng)詞，而主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞的完成形式。
② 虛擬條件句有單一條件句，也有混合虛擬條件句，所以不能只根據(jù)從句與某一事實(shí)相反來判斷主句就與該事實(shí)相反，同樣，也不能想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為主句與某一事實(shí)相反，從句也就與該事實(shí)相反。
如1）從句與過去事實(shí)相反，而主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。再如：
If he weren't such a kind man, he wouldn't lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反。)
Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldn't have bought so many foods. (從句與將來事實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反。)
③ 熟記主從句動(dòng)詞與不同事實(shí)相反時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用規(guī)則。解題時(shí)根據(jù)句子所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念確定與什么事實(shí)相反，然后采用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
如果與過去事實(shí)相反，從句中用過去完成時(shí)，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如2）6）和7）。
如果與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句中用一般過去時(shí)，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形動(dòng)詞，表示與正在進(jìn)行的事實(shí)相反用would/might/could/should + be doing的結(jié)構(gòu)，如1）。
如果表示將來不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，從句中用過去時(shí)，或were to / should + 原形動(dòng)詞，以上3） 4） 5）表示的都屬于這種情況。
④ if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時(shí)，可以將were/had/should提至句首，省略if?？荚嚂r(shí)經(jīng)常是將省略if的與含有if的選項(xiàng)并列，在這種情況下，應(yīng)注意分清從句的時(shí)態(tài)，盡管多數(shù)情況下都是倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)為正確選項(xiàng)。如2）3）5）。
⑤ If it weren't/hadn't been for …以及其倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)were it not for/had it not been for表示"如果不是……的話"
⑥ 正如真實(shí)條件從句中不用will一樣，虛擬條件從句中也不可使用would，應(yīng)特別注意。
Self-practice
上面我們一起分析了虛擬條件句中虛擬語氣的考查特點(diǎn)和解題規(guī)律，下面請(qǐng)自己做以下《語法分詞》第十一章第一節(jié)的有關(guān)題目，進(jìn)行自測(cè)。
2．含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣
Test Yourself
首先還是請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先做一下下面兩題。
1) Some women ____a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. must make B. should have made
C. would make D. could have made (2000.1)
2) We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we ___ him.
A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6)
Explanation and Expansion
A．參考答案 1）D 2）A
B．評(píng)析
含蓄虛擬條件句指沒有明確的條件從句的虛擬條件句，一般是條件用介詞短語、分詞短語或并列句的方式表達(dá)，這時(shí)主句的時(shí)態(tài)要求與含有條件從句的主句要求相同。四級(jí)測(cè)試中常考的含蓄虛擬條件句句型有：
① But for/Without, 主句
But for/Without your help, we wouldn't have accomplished the task on time.
② ……, otherwise/or ……
He hadn't had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldn't have fainted out at work.
上面2）題就屬于該句型，表達(dá)的是與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，所以用would have telephoned的結(jié)構(gòu)。
③ 分詞/不定式，主句
Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster.
Given more time, we could have done the work much better.
You would be foolish to make friends with such people.
④ ……，thought/but ……
Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich.
He could have got the job, but he didn't apply for it.
上面的1）題就屬于該句型，表示他本來可以做那份工作弄到一份很不錯(cuò)的薪水。
Self-practice
下面同學(xué)們?cè)囎鲆幌隆墩Z法分冊(cè)》150頁有關(guān)含蓄條件句的幾道題
一、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)
英語中共有16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，最常用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)。但從95年以來的考題統(tǒng)計(jì)來看，15個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)考題中將來完成最多，占3題，時(shí)態(tài)考查的次序依次為將來完成時(shí)--- 過去完成時(shí) --- 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) --- 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) --- 一般將來 --- 一般過去。先看以下各題：
Test Yourself:
1) My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane
I would like to take from there ___ by then.(1999.1)
A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left
2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ____ too
long.(2000.1)
A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read
3) "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock
tonight?"(2000.6)
"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams ____ to a conference long before then."
A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone
4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____today and are being
modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1)
A. are to challenge B. may be challenged
C. have been challenged D. are challenged
5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ____ necessary
for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6)
A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been
6) He came back late, ____ which time all the guest had already
left.(1999.6)
A. after B. by C. at D. during
7) Until then, his family ______from him for six months. (1997.1)
A. didn't hear B. hasn't been hearing
C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard
Explanation and Expansion
A：參考答案：1）B 2）A 3）A 4）C 5）C 6）B 7）D
B：評(píng)析：
1) 以上各題都與完成時(shí)有關(guān)，完成時(shí)態(tài)用來表示到某一個(gè)時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或某個(gè)狀態(tài)/動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到某個(gè)時(shí)間。如果時(shí)間為過去，則用過去完成時(shí)，即表示過去的過去，如5）和7）。
2) 如果表示到將來某個(gè)時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，則用將來完成時(shí)，如1）和3），再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A. will have risen B. has risen
C. will be rising D. has been rising
3) 而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到目前為止某個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，如4）。從下文中的"正在修改"可以判斷人們已經(jīng)對(duì)牛頓的觀點(diǎn)提出挑戰(zhàn)，而不是將要提出挑戰(zhàn)或者可能提出挑戰(zhàn)，由此可以判斷應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
4) 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不同，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且仍在進(jìn)行，如2）。頭疼的原因是看書時(shí)間太長。本題可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不會(huì)是過去完成時(shí)，選項(xiàng)B不對(duì)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，與這里的頭疼不能構(gòu)成直接的因果關(guān)系，由于時(shí)間狀語表示的是一段時(shí)間，有不可能是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，所以這里只能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
C．完成時(shí)態(tài)使用注意事項(xiàng)
① 完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語一般表示"到……為止"，以"by"短語居多。如果句中的時(shí)間狀語是由by引出的短語或從句，謂語動(dòng)詞一般是用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll have completed the task by the time you come back.
② 在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用，而表示狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作持續(xù)的謂語動(dòng)詞必須與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends
A. must have lasted B. will have lasted
C. would last D. has lasted (1997.1)
It seems oil ___ form this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking (1997.6)
這兩題中都有表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的一段時(shí)間，應(yīng)該用完成時(shí)態(tài)。
但是，如果只表示狀態(tài)已經(jīng)存在，則不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如：
By then, he knew what he waned to be when he grew up.
③ 完成時(shí)可以用來表示量的積累。
④ 對(duì)于完成時(shí)的考查有兩種，一種是時(shí)態(tài)本身的選擇，另一種是根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)選擇時(shí)間狀語，如6）。從句時(shí)態(tài)為過去完成時(shí)，表示等到他回來，客人都已經(jīng)離開了，與完成時(shí)態(tài)連用的，表示"到……為止"的應(yīng)該是介詞by。
Pactise Yourself
下面請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做《語法分冊(cè)》第五章 二至四節(jié)相關(guān)題目。然后對(duì)照評(píng)析自檢。
Test Yourself
剛才我們看了完成時(shí)態(tài)的考查，現(xiàn)在我們一塊來看以下其它時(shí)態(tài)，請(qǐng)先試做以下各題：
1) Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A. are often seeing B. often see C. will often see D. have often seen (1995.6)
2) While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _____ the newspaper completely.
A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace D. will replace (1995.6)
3) I'm sorry I can't see you immediately; but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you ____.
A. for a moment B. in a moment C. for the moment D. at the moment (1999.1)
4) If she doesn't tell him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she _____.
A. does b. has done c. will do D. would do (1998.6)
Explanation and Expansion
A. 參考答案： 1）C 2） D 3） B 4） A
B. 評(píng)析
從以上各題可以看到，在解時(shí)態(tài)考題時(shí)應(yīng)注意一下幾點(diǎn)：
① 結(jié)合形容詞選擇時(shí)態(tài)，如2）。從unlikely一詞可以看出從句表示的是將來不大可能發(fā)生的事情，自然用一般將來時(shí)。類似的形容詞還有possible, probable, impossible等。
② 根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)判斷時(shí)間狀語。如3）。謂語動(dòng)詞為將來時(shí)態(tài)，說明時(shí)間應(yīng)該是in a moment，表示我一會(huì)就去見你。for a moment同樣可以與將來時(shí)態(tài)連用，但表示的是"與某人一塊待一小會(huì)"，這樣就與上文的I can't see you immediately意思上沖突。
③ 注意句型對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的要求，如1）。該句型中祈使句表示一種條件，第二個(gè)分句中一般要用will表示在這種條件下可能發(fā)生的事情。但是，本題中often的使用可能會(huì)造成一定的迷惑。這就要求考生對(duì)各種時(shí)態(tài)的表達(dá)方式，以及其作用了解清楚。Will可以表示習(xí)慣。
④ 注意時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語從句中時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用。
一般在時(shí)間、條件和讓步狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來，用一般過去時(shí)表示過去將來，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來完成，用過去完成時(shí)表示過去將來完成。如4）。在如：
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to leave the room until he has done the task.
但注意特殊句型中的時(shí)態(tài)，如：
hardly/scarcely …when…
no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.
Self-practice
請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做《語法分冊(cè)》第五章 第六節(jié)進(jìn)行自我訓(xùn)練。
Test Yourself
剛才我們一起分析了時(shí)態(tài)的考查特點(diǎn)和答題時(shí)應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)，現(xiàn)在我們一起來看一下語態(tài)的考查。語態(tài)的考查一般都與時(shí)態(tài)的考查相結(jié)合。在解語態(tài)題的同時(shí)必須考慮時(shí)態(tài)的因素。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先做以下下列各題：
1) The last half of the nineteenth century ____ the steady improvement in the means of travel.(1998.6)
A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed
2) The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts ____.(19995.1)
A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced
3) This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ comfortably.
A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn (2000.1)
4) The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ____ and perfected now.(1996.1)
A. developed B. have developed
C. are being developed D. will have been developed
5) Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it that much of his collection ____ to the nation.(1996.6)
A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left
6) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ____.(1997.6)
A. ought to be said B. must say
C. have to be said D. need to say
7) Once environment damage ____, it takes many years for the system to recover.(1997.6)
A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done
Explanation and Expansion
A. 參考答案：1）C 2） B 3） B 4） C 5） D 6） A 7）D
B. 評(píng)析
① 是否可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)主要看謂語動(dòng)詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系，如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系自然用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
② 注意被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成，但四級(jí)考試中沒有正誤結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷，考生只需要根據(jù)上下文判斷出該用什么時(shí)態(tài)即可。
③ 不及物動(dòng)詞不可能有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但及物動(dòng)詞也未必有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，主要是看句子側(cè)重表達(dá)的概念，如3題中wear表示眼鏡的特點(diǎn)，不可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。在如：
This kind of software sells well.
It being too cold, the car wouldn't start.
won't wouldn't表示"拒絕"謂語動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)形式。
④ 注意含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)，以及類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，如have to be done, used to be done, be said to be done, be to be done。把握各種結(jié)構(gòu)表示的意思。然后就是根據(jù)具體的上下文選擇適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞或時(shí)態(tài)的問題。
Self-practice
好，剛才我們一起了解了被動(dòng)語態(tài)的考查特點(diǎn)和解題注意事項(xiàng)，下面請(qǐng)同學(xué)們請(qǐng)做《語法分冊(cè)》第六章 第四節(jié) 自我訓(xùn)練題。 二、虛擬語氣
英語中的虛擬語氣有4種，一種是條件句中的虛擬語氣，一種是含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣，一種是名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣，還有一種是狀語從句中的虛擬語氣。其中虛擬時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用很大程度上和其所處的句型有關(guān)。95年以來，對(duì)虛擬語氣的考查有28題之多，占詞匯/語法總數(shù)的15.2%。下面我們也分四部分來看一下四級(jí)考試中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用。
1.條件句中的虛擬語氣
Test yourself
在我們分析虛擬語氣的考查特點(diǎn)也應(yīng)對(duì)策略之前，還上請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先做做一下以下各題：
1) If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now. (1999.1)
A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't have smiled
C. won't smile D. didn't smile
2) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1)
A. Not being B. Had it not been
C. Without being D. Not having been
3) ______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1)
A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive
4) Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1)
A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got
5) _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6)
A. Would she leave B. If she leaves
C. Were she to leave D. If she had left
6) Had he worked harder, he ____ the exams.(1997.6)
A. must have got through B. would have got through
C. would get through D. could get through
7) If the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6)
A. was not planned B. has not been planned
C. had not been planned D. were not planned
Explanation and Expansion
A. 參考答案：1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C
B. 評(píng)析
① 對(duì)于虛擬條件句中時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用，首先應(yīng)該區(qū)分主從句的不同。從句中用過去時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，或were to/should +原形動(dòng)詞，而主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞的完成形式。
② 虛擬條件句有單一條件句，也有混合虛擬條件句，所以不能只根據(jù)從句與某一事實(shí)相反來判斷主句就與該事實(shí)相反，同樣，也不能想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為主句與某一事實(shí)相反，從句也就與該事實(shí)相反。
如1）從句與過去事實(shí)相反，而主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。再如：
If he weren't such a kind man, he wouldn't lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反。)
Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldn't have bought so many foods. (從句與將來事實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反。)
③ 熟記主從句動(dòng)詞與不同事實(shí)相反時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用規(guī)則。解題時(shí)根據(jù)句子所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念確定與什么事實(shí)相反，然后采用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
如果與過去事實(shí)相反，從句中用過去完成時(shí)，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如2）6）和7）。
如果與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句中用一般過去時(shí)，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形動(dòng)詞，表示與正在進(jìn)行的事實(shí)相反用would/might/could/should + be doing的結(jié)構(gòu)，如1）。
如果表示將來不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，從句中用過去時(shí)，或were to / should + 原形動(dòng)詞，以上3） 4） 5）表示的都屬于這種情況。
④ if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句時(shí)，可以將were/had/should提至句首，省略if?？荚嚂r(shí)經(jīng)常是將省略if的與含有if的選項(xiàng)并列，在這種情況下，應(yīng)注意分清從句的時(shí)態(tài)，盡管多數(shù)情況下都是倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)為正確選項(xiàng)。如2）3）5）。
⑤ If it weren't/hadn't been for …以及其倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)were it not for/had it not been for表示"如果不是……的話"
⑥ 正如真實(shí)條件從句中不用will一樣，虛擬條件從句中也不可使用would，應(yīng)特別注意。
Self-practice
上面我們一起分析了虛擬條件句中虛擬語氣的考查特點(diǎn)和解題規(guī)律，下面請(qǐng)自己做以下《語法分詞》第十一章第一節(jié)的有關(guān)題目，進(jìn)行自測(cè)。
2．含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣
Test Yourself
首先還是請(qǐng)同學(xué)們先做一下下面兩題。
1) Some women ____a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. must make B. should have made
C. would make D. could have made (2000.1)
2) We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we ___ him.
A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6)
Explanation and Expansion
A．參考答案 1）D 2）A
B．評(píng)析
含蓄虛擬條件句指沒有明確的條件從句的虛擬條件句，一般是條件用介詞短語、分詞短語或并列句的方式表達(dá)，這時(shí)主句的時(shí)態(tài)要求與含有條件從句的主句要求相同。四級(jí)測(cè)試中常考的含蓄虛擬條件句句型有：
① But for/Without, 主句
But for/Without your help, we wouldn't have accomplished the task on time.
② ……, otherwise/or ……
He hadn't had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldn't have fainted out at work.
上面2）題就屬于該句型，表達(dá)的是與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，所以用would have telephoned的結(jié)構(gòu)。
③ 分詞/不定式，主句
Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster.
Given more time, we could have done the work much better.
You would be foolish to make friends with such people.
④ ……，thought/but ……
Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich.
He could have got the job, but he didn't apply for it.
上面的1）題就屬于該句型，表示他本來可以做那份工作弄到一份很不錯(cuò)的薪水。
Self-practice
下面同學(xué)們?cè)囎鲆幌隆墩Z法分冊(cè)》150頁有關(guān)含蓄條件句的幾道題