三、 表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句：
1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
正確表達(dá)：
1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
評(píng)議與分析：
以上兩個(gè)病句分別引自92年1月和97年12月四級(jí)考試的考生作文。從遣詞造句上看，這兩位考生具有一定的寫作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均運(yùn)用正確、恰當(dāng)。但令人遺憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不與to搭配而應(yīng)接介詞for，第二位考生犯了一個(gè)中國(guó)學(xué)生常犯的錯(cuò)誤，就是用because引起表語從句，because這個(gè)詞不能引起表語從句，在本句中只能改用that才正確。
掌握好表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)是十分重要的，幾乎所有的寫作試題都要求寫原因或可以寫原因。在大學(xué)英語四、六級(jí)考試、研究生入學(xué)英語考試以及TOEFL考試中，寫作的文體基本上是議論文，而議論文的基本模式是擺事實(shí)、講道理，講道理就是說明原因。寫作測(cè)試的文體決定了表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性。
英語中用來表達(dá)原因這一概念的結(jié)構(gòu)有多種。我們可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that...等詞組引出表示原因的從句。例如：
1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.
2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.
4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.
我們還可以借助某些詞語用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.
2. Diligence is the key factor of success.
3. Idleness is the root of all evils.
4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)
除了上述的例句外，英語中還有很多或易或難的表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行寫作訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候，不能滿足于一知半解，要講究書面語言的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性。比如，because是最常用的引導(dǎo)原因從句的連詞，語氣，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引導(dǎo)的原因從句語氣較弱，所說明的原因是附帶的，而since表示的原因暗示著是稍加分析之后才能推斷出來的原因。
四、 否定結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句
1. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.
正確表達(dá)：
1. Some people think we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.
評(píng)議與分析：
例句1選自96年1月四級(jí)考生作文，例句2選自92年1月六級(jí)考生作文。例句1 的錯(cuò)誤在于該考生混淆了need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和作為普通動(dòng)詞的用法。need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句，后面的動(dòng)詞不帶to, needn't worry，作we的謂語。need作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句，don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't need的賓語。例句2的錯(cuò)誤在于該考生混淆了too和either的區(qū)別，這兩個(gè)詞都表示"也"的意思，但是在英語中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。
否定結(jié)構(gòu)除了在助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，be和have后面加not之外，還有許多不含not的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。若能正確使用他們，文章會(huì)顯得生動(dòng)活潑，增加寫作的閃光點(diǎn)。下面我們就來看看:
1． 含有否定意義的詞匯和短語
以下列舉的詞和詞組本身就具有否定的含義，因此無需用否定詞。
介詞against, beyond, but, except, without,...
形容詞和動(dòng)詞absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to,reluctant, lack, want,...
短語keep...from, protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too...to, by no means, anything but,...
我們看以下例句：
1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.
在一些國(guó)家里婦女沒有得到平等的權(quán)利。
2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.
這不是解決能源危機(jī)的的辦法。
3） We should protect trees from being destroyed.
我們應(yīng)保護(hù)樹木，不讓它們受破壞。
4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.
在舊中國(guó)，我們連一個(gè)釘子都造不了，更不用說制造機(jī)器了。
2． 含有半否定意義的詞語
barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,...具
有半否定的意義。例句：
1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.
幾年前在冬天市場(chǎng)上很難見到新鮮蔬菜。
2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.
這些年輕人幾乎不知道如何挑選優(yōu)秀的書籍來讀。
3． 不含否定意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
有些詞和詞組形式上是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，但其含義是肯定的，比如：cannot but, can't help,
no sooner...than, not...until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句：
1） We can't but face the reality.
我們只有面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。
2） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.
這些舊建筑將很快為現(xiàn)代化的公寓所代替。
4． 否定結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝語序
我們有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)而把否定詞和詞組放在句首，這時(shí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)倒裝。例如：
1） On no account should we follow blindly.我們決不應(yīng)當(dāng)盲從。
2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country.沒有任何其他地方有我國(guó)這樣高的學(xué)習(xí)熱情。
五、 含有it的結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句：
1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.
2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.
正確表達(dá)：
1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science...)
2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice...)
評(píng)議與分析：
例句1是93年12月六級(jí)考試11分作文的評(píng)分樣卷句子，例句2選自97年1月四級(jí)考試作文。很顯然，兩個(gè)考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主語，后面的主語從句必須由that引起；如果用as，則后面不能用that，因?yàn)閍s是關(guān)系代詞，代表practice makes perfect。
It 在英語中是個(gè)相當(dāng)活躍的代詞，在寫作中我們常要使用它。以下幾種用法應(yīng)熟練掌握，并能靈活運(yùn)用。
1．作形式主語
It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.
2.作形式賓語
We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.
3.引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句
It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.
從語法結(jié)構(gòu)來看，上述的句子都不難，或者可以說是考生相當(dāng)熟悉的。然而在寫作考試中，多數(shù)考生缺乏運(yùn)用自己已掌握的句式的意識(shí)，而以自己頭腦中拼湊的中式英語取而代之。其實(shí)，只要能恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用上述的任何一個(gè)句式，考生的作文就會(huì)出現(xiàn)閃光點(diǎn)，就會(huì)取得比較好的成績(jī)。
考生病句：
1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
正確表達(dá)：
1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.
評(píng)議與分析：
以上兩個(gè)病句分別引自92年1月和97年12月四級(jí)考試的考生作文。從遣詞造句上看，這兩位考生具有一定的寫作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均運(yùn)用正確、恰當(dāng)。但令人遺憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不與to搭配而應(yīng)接介詞for，第二位考生犯了一個(gè)中國(guó)學(xué)生常犯的錯(cuò)誤，就是用because引起表語從句，because這個(gè)詞不能引起表語從句，在本句中只能改用that才正確。
掌握好表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)是十分重要的，幾乎所有的寫作試題都要求寫原因或可以寫原因。在大學(xué)英語四、六級(jí)考試、研究生入學(xué)英語考試以及TOEFL考試中，寫作的文體基本上是議論文，而議論文的基本模式是擺事實(shí)、講道理，講道理就是說明原因。寫作測(cè)試的文體決定了表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)的重要性。
英語中用來表達(dá)原因這一概念的結(jié)構(gòu)有多種。我們可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that...等詞組引出表示原因的從句。例如：
1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.
2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.
4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.
我們還可以借助某些詞語用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.
2. Diligence is the key factor of success.
3. Idleness is the root of all evils.
4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)
除了上述的例句外，英語中還有很多或易或難的表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行寫作訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候，不能滿足于一知半解，要講究書面語言的正確性和準(zhǔn)確性。比如，because是最常用的引導(dǎo)原因從句的連詞，語氣，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引導(dǎo)的原因從句語氣較弱，所說明的原因是附帶的，而since表示的原因暗示著是稍加分析之后才能推斷出來的原因。
四、 否定結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句
1. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.
正確表達(dá)：
1. Some people think we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.
評(píng)議與分析：
例句1選自96年1月四級(jí)考生作文，例句2選自92年1月六級(jí)考生作文。例句1 的錯(cuò)誤在于該考生混淆了need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和作為普通動(dòng)詞的用法。need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于否定句，后面的動(dòng)詞不帶to, needn't worry，作we的謂語。need作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句，don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't need的賓語。例句2的錯(cuò)誤在于該考生混淆了too和either的區(qū)別，這兩個(gè)詞都表示"也"的意思，但是在英語中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。
否定結(jié)構(gòu)除了在助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，be和have后面加not之外，還有許多不含not的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。若能正確使用他們，文章會(huì)顯得生動(dòng)活潑，增加寫作的閃光點(diǎn)。下面我們就來看看:
1． 含有否定意義的詞匯和短語
以下列舉的詞和詞組本身就具有否定的含義，因此無需用否定詞。
介詞against, beyond, but, except, without,...
形容詞和動(dòng)詞absent, deny, differ, different, fail, free, ignore, miss, refuse, the last, used to,reluctant, lack, want,...
短語keep...from, protect...from, prevent...from, let alone, at a loss, in vain, instead of, out of the question, rather than, too...to, by no means, anything but,...
我們看以下例句：
1） Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.
在一些國(guó)家里婦女沒有得到平等的權(quán)利。
2） This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.
這不是解決能源危機(jī)的的辦法。
3） We should protect trees from being destroyed.
我們應(yīng)保護(hù)樹木，不讓它們受破壞。
4） In old China we could not make a nail, let alone(make) machines.
在舊中國(guó)，我們連一個(gè)釘子都造不了，更不用說制造機(jī)器了。
2． 含有半否定意義的詞語
barely, hardly, few, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not all, not everyone, not everything,...具
有半否定的意義。例句：
1） We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.
幾年前在冬天市場(chǎng)上很難見到新鮮蔬菜。
2） These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.
這些年輕人幾乎不知道如何挑選優(yōu)秀的書籍來讀。
3． 不含否定意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
有些詞和詞組形式上是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，但其含義是肯定的，比如：cannot but, can't help,
no sooner...than, not...until, in no time, none other than, nothing but,等等。例句：
1） We can't but face the reality.
我們只有面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。
2） These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.
這些舊建筑將很快為現(xiàn)代化的公寓所代替。
4． 否定結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝語序
我們有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)而把否定詞和詞組放在句首，這時(shí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)倒裝。例如：
1） On no account should we follow blindly.我們決不應(yīng)當(dāng)盲從。
2） No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in our country.沒有任何其他地方有我國(guó)這樣高的學(xué)習(xí)熱情。
五、 含有it的結(jié)構(gòu)
考生病句：
1. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.
2. It is known to us, practice makes perfect.
正確表達(dá)：
1. It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. (或:As is known to all of us, science...)
2. It is known to us that practice makes perfect. (或:As is known to us, practice...)
評(píng)議與分析：
例句1是93年12月六級(jí)考試11分作文的評(píng)分樣卷句子，例句2選自97年1月四級(jí)考試作文。很顯然，兩個(gè)考生混淆了it和as的用法。如果用it作形式主語，后面的主語從句必須由that引起；如果用as，則后面不能用that，因?yàn)閍s是關(guān)系代詞，代表practice makes perfect。
It 在英語中是個(gè)相當(dāng)活躍的代詞，在寫作中我們常要使用它。以下幾種用法應(yīng)熟練掌握，并能靈活運(yùn)用。
1．作形式主語
It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully. It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.
2.作形式賓語
We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.
3.引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句
It is only by this way that we can achieve success. It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.
從語法結(jié)構(gòu)來看，上述的句子都不難，或者可以說是考生相當(dāng)熟悉的。然而在寫作考試中，多數(shù)考生缺乏運(yùn)用自己已掌握的句式的意識(shí)，而以自己頭腦中拼湊的中式英語取而代之。其實(shí)，只要能恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用上述的任何一個(gè)句式，考生的作文就會(huì)出現(xiàn)閃光點(diǎn)，就會(huì)取得比較好的成績(jī)。