高考英語改錯題探秘

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——剖析1996-2002年高考英語改錯題
    東北師范大學外國語學院 林正軍
    摘 要:高考英語改錯題是考生感到棘手的題型之一。本文著重分析了高考英語改錯題的題型特點以及錯誤類型,旨在幫助考生認清高考英語改錯題的題型特點、解題方法及其錯誤類型,為考生解答高考英語改錯題提供思考方法。
    關鍵詞:高考英語改錯題;題型特點;解題方法;錯誤類型
    一、高考英語改錯題的題型特點:
    高考英語改錯題一改傳統的單句改錯,代之以篇章為單位的短文改錯。這不僅要求考生有更高的閱讀理解能力,而且迫使考生擺脫孤立片面的思維定勢,以一種連貫的思路、整體的眼光去適應這一題型。
    高考英語改錯題為一篇短文,十道小題。錯誤類型的分布情況比較穩(wěn)定。在十道小題當中,一般需改動5—6處,添加和刪除共3—4處,不需改動即正確的為1處。下表為1996—2002年高考英語改錯題的錯誤分布情況:
    高考英語改錯題的另一顯著特點是每小題只需改動或增刪一詞或一處(正確的小題除外)。
    二、正確的解題方法
    因為高考英語改錯題是以篇章為單位的短文改錯,這就要求考生有整體觀念。因此,考生應先從頭到尾通讀全文,在正確理解或大致正確理解甚至在猜想原文的前提下,再仔細推敲需要改正或添刪的內容。找出錯誤并改正后,還需要再通讀全文,從整體上來檢查被改正后的短文意思是否通順,邏輯概念是否嚴密合理,結構是否正確。
    三、錯誤類型
    筆者對1996年以來的高考英語改錯題作了細致的分析并加以歸類后,發(fā)現錯誤類型主要集中在以下方面。(為了既節(jié)省篇幅,又方便讀者查閱原題,本文從歷年的高考英語短文改錯題中抽出句子為例,并在例句后注上出自哪一年的第幾小題,如(1996.86)意為該例句出自1996年高考英語改錯題的第86小題。另外,例句中非屬某特定錯誤類型的錯誤已被筆者改正。)
    1、動詞時態(tài)
    從過去6年的高考英語改錯題來看,每年都有時態(tài)錯誤的小題,而且改動基本集中在一般過去時與一般現在時之間。時態(tài)的更改要以上下文的主體時態(tài)為依據。
    (1)They offered me coffee and other drinks.We have a good time talking and laughing together. had(1996.92)
    (2)Dear Bob,
    Hello.I learn about you from my English teacher Miss Fang. learned(1997.86)
    (3)My favorite sport is football.I was a member of our school football team. am(1998.86)
    (4)I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot time arguing... was(1999.92)
    (5)I remembered her words and calm down. calmed(2000.83)
    (6)They did not want me to do any work at home;they want me to devote all my time to my studies so that... do(2001.79)
    (7)The time passes quickly.Evening came. passed(2002.82)
    2、名詞單復數
    單復數互改是高考英語改錯題的基本題型之一,改動的依據有:一是根據名詞前的修飾限定成份;二是根據上下文的邏輯關系。
    (1)They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question. questions(1996.94)
    (2)We study quite a few subject,such as maths,Chinese,English and physics. subjects(1997.91)
    (3)We practise three times every week and often watch football match on TV together. matches(1998.88)
    (4)She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success,but... schoolmates(2000.77)
    (5)...;they want me to devote all my time to my studies so that I'll get good marks in
    all my subject. subjects(2001.81)
    (6)On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. pictures(2002.82)
    3、句子結構
    句子結構方面的錯誤范圍龐大,解答高考英語改錯題主要可以從以下幾方面來思考:1)句子結構是否完整,成份是
    否冗缺;2)單詞的詞性與其在句中的功能是否相符;3)復合句中連接主句和從句的關系詞或引導詞的運用是否得當等。
    (1)They∧eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.(形容詞不能單獨
    作謂語) were(1996.93)
    (2)I'd like to∧your penfriend ,and get to know more about your country. be/become(1997.87)
    (“I'd like to...”中的“to”為動詞不定式的標志詞,其后必須加動詞原型)
    (3)I live in Beijing,where is the capital of China. which(1997.89)
    (關系詞在定語從句中作主語,應該用關系代詞)
    (4)What∧your favourite sport? is(1997.94)
    (“主系表”結構中缺少連系動詞)
    (5)I look forward to hear from you soon. hearing(1997.95)
    (此句中“to”為介詞,其后必須加名詞,代詞或動名詞等相當于名詞的詞)
    (6)Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also... Playing(1998.89)
    (動詞不能作主語)
    (7)Also,the sport teaches us the important of obedience(服從). importance(1998.93)
    (形容詞“important”不能作動詞“teaches”的直接賓語)
    (8)I was often a little tired after a day's work and watch TV demands very little effort. watching(1999.88)
    (同(6),動詞不能作主語)
    (9)Unfortunate,there are too many people in my family. Unfortunately(1999.89)
    (作為全句的狀語,應該用“Unfortunate”的副詞形式)
    (10)...but it didn't matter that I would win or not. whether(2000.78)
    (由一般疑問句演變而來的主語從句,應由whether引導)
    (11)My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can∧make sure that I get a good education. to(2001.78)
    (此句中“all they can”為“all that they can do”的省略形式,“to make sure that...”為動詞不
    定式短語作目的狀語)
    (12)...,but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together. about(2001.83)
    (介詞“about”后無賓語,此介詞多余)
    (13)It was about noon∧we arrived at the foot of the mountain. when(2002.78)
    (復合句的兩個分句之間缺少連詞)
    4、贅述
    高考英語改錯題中的贅述是指在一些固定表達中或從上下文邏輯來看用了多余的詞,從而使句子表達不合規(guī)范或造成邏輯上的重復。(注:帶下劃線的詞為多余的詞,即需刪去的詞)
    (1)Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to an American family. time(1996.86)
    (2)In fact,they are planning to visit China in next year. in(1996.95)
    (3)First,let me tell you something more about myself. more(1997.88)
    (4)We practise for three times every week and often watch football match on TV together. for(1998.87)
    (5)Now I can't watch much television,but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night.much(1999.86)
    (6)Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher. often(2000.85)
    (7)I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. at(2002.85)
    5、固定結構(固定句型、固定短語、固定搭配)
    所謂固定結構是指英語中一些不能隨意更改的習慣表達。如固定短語中的詞不能冗缺,固定搭配要前后一致等。
    (1)It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. of(1996.88)
    (2)I use to play ping -pong a lot in my sparetime,but... used(1997.92)
    (3)Some wanted to see the programme while others preferred another. one(1999.91)
    (4)...but the others spent a lot∧time arguing and ... of(1999.93)
    (5)When I was on the stage the next day,I felt so nervous as I shook like a leaf. that(2000.80)
    (6)Suddenly,I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. a(注:a為需刪去的詞)(2000.81)
    (7)Like most of my schoolmates,I have neither brothers nor sisters—in any other words,I am an only child. any(any需為刪去的詞)(2001.77)
    6、冠詞
    英語中冠詞只有三個,從高考英語改錯題的角度來看,只能從以下幾個方向出題:1)不定冠詞a和an互改;2)不定
    冠詞a或an和定冠詞the互改;3)根據需要增刪冠詞。
    (1)Today I visited the Smiths-my first visit to a American family. an(1996.87)
    (2)Each player must obey∧captain,who is the leader of the team. the(1998.94)
    (3)Suddenly,I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. a(注:a為需刪去的詞)(2000.81)
    (4)We may be one family and live under a same roof,but... the(2001.82)
    (5)As everyone knows,it's∧famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. a(2002.76)
    7、代詞
    代詞不僅要與其所指代對象一致,其運用還要符合上下文的語氣及邏輯關系。
    (1)The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. their(1996.90)
    (2)And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game. we(1998.95)
    (3)Now someone at home reads instead. everyone/everybody(1999.95)
    (4)The day before the speech contest∧English teacher talked to me. my(2000.76)
    (5)It was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain.The three of them were very excited. us(2002.79)
    8、連詞及與并置問題
    連詞連接的前后兩部分是否合乎邏輯;并列連詞所連接的前后兩部分結構是否等同。這兩點是解答與連詞及其相關問題的高考英語改錯題的關鍵所在。
    (1)It was very kind of them to meet me at the station and drove me to their home. drive(1996.89)
    (2)Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. gives(1998.90)
    (3)She was smiling but nodding at me. and(2000.82)
    (4)I remembered her words and clam down. calmed(2000.83)
    (5)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. or(2001.84)
    (6)The food was expensive and the service was good. but(2002.80)
    (7)As we climbed the mountain,we fed monkeys,visiting temples and told stories. visited(2002.83)
    9、易混淆的詞或詞組
    易混淆的詞既包括詞意相同或相近的同義詞、近義詞,也包括外形相似、意義有別的詞組。易混淆詞或詞組的辨析也是高考改錯題中不容忽視的部分。
    (1)...but now I am interesting in football. interested(1997.93)
    (2)We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead∧ourselves. of(1998.92)
    (3)Now I can't watch television,but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night. was(注:was為需刪去的詞)(1999.87)
    (4)Unfortunately,there are too many people among my family. in(1999.90)
    (5)They did not want me to do any work at family;they want me to... home(2001.80)
    (6)Do they really understand their daughter?What things are in other homes,I wonder. How(2001.85)
    (7)Evening came down. down(注:down為需刪去的詞)(2002.83)
    以上錯誤類型的劃分不一定很科學,但至少能為考生解答高考英語改錯題提供思考方法。一旦考生認清了高考英語改錯題的特點、解題方法以及錯誤類型,解題時就不會盲目從事,而能做到有的放矢。
    參考文獻
    [1]段云禮.高校英語專業(yè)八級考試準備指南[M].南開大學出版社,1997.
    [2]1996—2002年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試試題、答案及評分標準[Z].