TEXT H
First read the questions. 55. This passage can be categorized as ____. A. narration B. argumentation C. exposition D. objective description 56. What conclusion have many folklorists arrived at? A. The early account of folk customs are unreliable. B. Folklore is the means by which people try to relieve themselves of pain and tedium and to comprehend the world. C. The participants were not aware of the significance of their customs. D. The participants were not intelligent enough to recognize the value of their own customs. Now go through TEXT H quickly to answer question 55 and 56.
One of the greatest problems in assessing most accounts of folk customs is that they trend to give only antiquarys point of view. After all, to most observers, the people they were looking at were simple and illiterate, unmindful of the true significance of the customs they had preserved. Why question them at length if they didnt understand the essential nature of what they were doing? So a folklorist is likely to emphasize aspects of a tradition which reflect his or her own interests or which fit in with preconceived ideas, while possibly ignoring or giving only passing mention to aspects which may, in fact, be of equal importance. One aspect which generally gets left out of accounts is the viewpoint of the participants themselves: For instance, why they indulge in a particular activity at a particular time of year or of their lives and what feelings they experience while doing so. And now, ideas deriving from folklore studies are so widespread that they may easily have become an integral part of the attitudes of the participants in a custom. So the folklorist is rather like a man staring at a scene in a mirror who must be aware, to fully understand that scene, that his own reflection is a major part of what he is looking at. It is, however, also true to say that many contemporary students of folklore are fully aware of the problems which beset their enquires. Like true scientists they draw their conclusions by looking at available evidence, rather than selecting evidence which fits in with existing theories. Some have also looked away from the "obviously" ancient and turned their attention to folklore where it thrives, in the social life of modern cities, in industry and sport etc. They may, for example, end up looking at the lore of the motor car, or of popular music, and at customs which, though they have no hints of paganism, nevertheless have much in common with older activities which do. Many folklorists have gradually come to the conclusion that folklore is not necessarily a thing of past, a relic of ancient and outmoded ways of thinking, but the means by which people try to make sense of the world (or to confront its lack of sense) and try to alleviate boredom and suffering.
55. This passage can be categorized as ____.
A) narration
B) argumentation
C) exposition
D) objective description
56. What conclusion have many folklorists arrived at?
A) The early account of folk customs are unreliable.
B) Folklore is the means by which people try to relieve themselves of pain and tedium and to comprehend the world.
C) The participants were not aware of the significance of their customs.
D) The participants were not intelligent enough to recognize the value of their own customs.
TEXTI
First read the question. 57. What does this text touch on? A. The classification of taxation. B. The nature and purpose of taxation. C. The history of legislation. D. The functions of taxation. Now go through TEXT I quickly to answer question 57.
In modern economies taxes are the most important source of governmental revenue. They are compulsory levies that are regularly imposed and, as a rule, not designated for a special purpose; they are regarded as a contribution to the general revenue pool from which most government expenditures are financed. Taxes differ from other sources of revenue in that they are unrequited —— i.e., they are not paid in exchange for some specific thing, such as the sale of public property or the issue of public debt. While taxes are presumably collected for the sake of the welfare of taxpayers as a whole, the liability of the individual taxpayer is independent of any benefit received. Tax legislation customarily distinguishes between the tax object and the tax base. The tax object may consist of goods, transactions (e.g., sales, purchases of real estate, imports, etc.), or sums of money (e.g., income, net wealth, inheritances). The tax base is the physical unit or monetary amount to which the tax rate is applied. For example, a levy on automobiles (the tax object) may use as the tax base the weight of the automobile, its horsepower, its age, its value, etc. Similarly, the property tax may be based on gross value or rental; an excise duty on sugar may be levied as a percentage of the retail price or as a fixed sum per tom of the finished produce, etc. During the 19th century the prevalent idea was that taxes should serve mainly to finance the government. In earlier times, and again today, governments have utilized taxation for other than merely fiscal purposes. Current theories suggests that governments should not use the tax instrument as a revenue-raising device exclusively. Taxes are considered to have three functions: (1) fiscal or budgetary, to cover government expenditures in so far as they are not financed from other sources (fees, profits from public enterprises, the issue of public debt, the creation of money); (2) economic, to promote such general goals as full development, monetary stability, and a satisfactory rate of economic growth within the framework of a market economy; and (3) social or redistributive, to lessen inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth to the extent they are considered excessive and unjust. Since these three functions are interrelated, there are likely to be conflicts among them. Thus the level or composition (or both) of taxes considered necessary for budgetary reasons may tend to hold back the rate of economic growth. Or taxes that are highly redistributive may also conflict with the desired goal of economic growth. On the other hand, a relatively high and steady rate of economic growth will bring with it higher tax revenues, which in turn will enable the government to pursue other aims, fiscal and redistributive. Aside from its main functions, taxation has many lesser purposes. Certain consumption goods considered undesirable, such as alcoholic beverages and cigarettes may be taxed heavily on the grounds of national health (though more often than not this justification had been put forward to conceal a purely fiscal desire for more revenue). Income taxes and succession duties have been used since ancient times to affect population growth; the most conspicuous examples are bachelor taxes and income taxes on childless couples graduated according to the length of time they have been married. It is doubtful whether such tax inducements actually achieve the objectives sought; even if they do, there are probably more efficient ways of influencing human behavior.
57. What does this text touch on?
A) The classification of taxation.
B) The nature and purpose of taxation.
C) The history of legislation.
D) The functions of taxation.
TEXT J
First read the question. 58. What does the title suggest? A. The relationship between the parents and children could be that of partners . B. The relationship between the parents and children should be that of partners. C. The relationship between the parents and children are actually that of partnerships. D. All of above. Now go through TEXT J quickly to answer question 58.
A BOY AND HIS FATHER BECOME PARTNERS I like all kinds of chocolate. Best of all, though, I like bitter baking chocolate. Mother had bought a bar of it, and somehow I couldnt stop thinking about it. I was helping Father on the winnower. It was right then I got the idea. I could whack a chunk off the end of that bar of chocolate. Mother would be sure to miss it, but before she had any idea who had done it, I could confess Id taken it. Probably I would not even get a spanking. I waited until Mother was out feeding the chickens. Then I told Father I thought Id go in for a drink of water. I got the bar down, but I heard Mother coming just when I had the knife ready to whack. So slipped the chocolate into the front of my shirt and left quickly. Before I went back to help Father, I went to the barn and hid the chocolate there. All the rest of afternoon, I didnt like to look at Father. Every time he spoke it made me jump. My hands began shaking so much that he asked me what was the matter. I told him it was just that my hands were cold. I knew he didnt believe me, and every time he looked my way my heart started pounding. I didnt want the chocolate anymore. I just wanted a chance to put it back without being caught. On the way out for the cows, I calmed down a little and could think better. I told myself that I hadnt really stolen the whole bar of chocolate, because I meant to take only a little piece. Thats as much as I would have taken, too, if Mother hadnt come along when she did. If I put back the whole bar, I wouldnt have done anything wrong at all. I nearly decided to put it all back. But just thinking so much about chocolate made my tongue almost taste the smooth bitterness of it. I got thinking that if I sliced about half an inch off the end with a sharp knife, Mother might never notice it. I was nearly out to where the cows were when I remembered what Father had said once——some of the family money was mine because I had helped to earn it. Why wouldnt it be all right to figure the bar of chocolate had been bought with my own money? That seemed to fix everything. But by the time I had the cows headed home, I had begun to worry again. We were nearly to the railroad tracks when I decided to leave the whole matter to the Lord. I picked up a dried soap weed stalk with seed-pods on it and decided I would throw it up into the air and take my orders from the way it landed. If it pointed west, Id take the whole bar back. If it pointed south, Id take half an inch off the end. If it pointed east, Id bought the bar with my own money and it wouldnt be stealing to keep it. I swung the pod stalk as high as I could. When it came down, it pointed mostly west——but a little south. That night I couldnt sleep. I kept trying to remember how much that stalk had really been pointing to the south. At last I got up, slipped out into the yard, and took the ax from the chopping block. Then I went into the barn and got the chocolate. I took it outside and laid it on the lower rail of the corral fence. The moon gave enough light for me to see what I was doing. Just as I was starting to cut, Father said: "Son!" I couldnt think of a thing to day. I grabbed up the bar of chocolate and hid next to my chest before I turned around. Father picked me up by the shoulder straps of my overalls and took me over to the wood-pile. I didnt know anybody could spank as hard as he did! Then he stood me on my feet and asked if I thought I had deserved it. He said it wasnt so much that Id taken the chocolate, but that Id tried to hide it from him. "Son," he said, "I know you help to earn the family money. We might say the chocolate was yours in the first place. You should have had it if youd asked for it, but I wont have you being sneaky about things. Now, do you want to keep your money separated from mine——or are we partners?" I never knew till then how much I wanted my money to go in with Fathers. When I went to sleep my hand was still hurting —— from where he squeezed it when we shook hands.
58. What does the title suggest?
A) The relationship between the parents and children could be that of partners .
B) The relationship between the parents and children should be that of partners.
C) The relationship between the parents and children are actually that of partnerships.
D) All of above.
First read the questions. 55. This passage can be categorized as ____. A. narration B. argumentation C. exposition D. objective description 56. What conclusion have many folklorists arrived at? A. The early account of folk customs are unreliable. B. Folklore is the means by which people try to relieve themselves of pain and tedium and to comprehend the world. C. The participants were not aware of the significance of their customs. D. The participants were not intelligent enough to recognize the value of their own customs. Now go through TEXT H quickly to answer question 55 and 56.
One of the greatest problems in assessing most accounts of folk customs is that they trend to give only antiquarys point of view. After all, to most observers, the people they were looking at were simple and illiterate, unmindful of the true significance of the customs they had preserved. Why question them at length if they didnt understand the essential nature of what they were doing? So a folklorist is likely to emphasize aspects of a tradition which reflect his or her own interests or which fit in with preconceived ideas, while possibly ignoring or giving only passing mention to aspects which may, in fact, be of equal importance. One aspect which generally gets left out of accounts is the viewpoint of the participants themselves: For instance, why they indulge in a particular activity at a particular time of year or of their lives and what feelings they experience while doing so. And now, ideas deriving from folklore studies are so widespread that they may easily have become an integral part of the attitudes of the participants in a custom. So the folklorist is rather like a man staring at a scene in a mirror who must be aware, to fully understand that scene, that his own reflection is a major part of what he is looking at. It is, however, also true to say that many contemporary students of folklore are fully aware of the problems which beset their enquires. Like true scientists they draw their conclusions by looking at available evidence, rather than selecting evidence which fits in with existing theories. Some have also looked away from the "obviously" ancient and turned their attention to folklore where it thrives, in the social life of modern cities, in industry and sport etc. They may, for example, end up looking at the lore of the motor car, or of popular music, and at customs which, though they have no hints of paganism, nevertheless have much in common with older activities which do. Many folklorists have gradually come to the conclusion that folklore is not necessarily a thing of past, a relic of ancient and outmoded ways of thinking, but the means by which people try to make sense of the world (or to confront its lack of sense) and try to alleviate boredom and suffering.
55. This passage can be categorized as ____.
A) narration
B) argumentation
C) exposition
D) objective description
56. What conclusion have many folklorists arrived at?
A) The early account of folk customs are unreliable.
B) Folklore is the means by which people try to relieve themselves of pain and tedium and to comprehend the world.
C) The participants were not aware of the significance of their customs.
D) The participants were not intelligent enough to recognize the value of their own customs.
TEXTI
First read the question. 57. What does this text touch on? A. The classification of taxation. B. The nature and purpose of taxation. C. The history of legislation. D. The functions of taxation. Now go through TEXT I quickly to answer question 57.
In modern economies taxes are the most important source of governmental revenue. They are compulsory levies that are regularly imposed and, as a rule, not designated for a special purpose; they are regarded as a contribution to the general revenue pool from which most government expenditures are financed. Taxes differ from other sources of revenue in that they are unrequited —— i.e., they are not paid in exchange for some specific thing, such as the sale of public property or the issue of public debt. While taxes are presumably collected for the sake of the welfare of taxpayers as a whole, the liability of the individual taxpayer is independent of any benefit received. Tax legislation customarily distinguishes between the tax object and the tax base. The tax object may consist of goods, transactions (e.g., sales, purchases of real estate, imports, etc.), or sums of money (e.g., income, net wealth, inheritances). The tax base is the physical unit or monetary amount to which the tax rate is applied. For example, a levy on automobiles (the tax object) may use as the tax base the weight of the automobile, its horsepower, its age, its value, etc. Similarly, the property tax may be based on gross value or rental; an excise duty on sugar may be levied as a percentage of the retail price or as a fixed sum per tom of the finished produce, etc. During the 19th century the prevalent idea was that taxes should serve mainly to finance the government. In earlier times, and again today, governments have utilized taxation for other than merely fiscal purposes. Current theories suggests that governments should not use the tax instrument as a revenue-raising device exclusively. Taxes are considered to have three functions: (1) fiscal or budgetary, to cover government expenditures in so far as they are not financed from other sources (fees, profits from public enterprises, the issue of public debt, the creation of money); (2) economic, to promote such general goals as full development, monetary stability, and a satisfactory rate of economic growth within the framework of a market economy; and (3) social or redistributive, to lessen inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth to the extent they are considered excessive and unjust. Since these three functions are interrelated, there are likely to be conflicts among them. Thus the level or composition (or both) of taxes considered necessary for budgetary reasons may tend to hold back the rate of economic growth. Or taxes that are highly redistributive may also conflict with the desired goal of economic growth. On the other hand, a relatively high and steady rate of economic growth will bring with it higher tax revenues, which in turn will enable the government to pursue other aims, fiscal and redistributive. Aside from its main functions, taxation has many lesser purposes. Certain consumption goods considered undesirable, such as alcoholic beverages and cigarettes may be taxed heavily on the grounds of national health (though more often than not this justification had been put forward to conceal a purely fiscal desire for more revenue). Income taxes and succession duties have been used since ancient times to affect population growth; the most conspicuous examples are bachelor taxes and income taxes on childless couples graduated according to the length of time they have been married. It is doubtful whether such tax inducements actually achieve the objectives sought; even if they do, there are probably more efficient ways of influencing human behavior.
57. What does this text touch on?
A) The classification of taxation.
B) The nature and purpose of taxation.
C) The history of legislation.
D) The functions of taxation.
TEXT J
First read the question. 58. What does the title suggest? A. The relationship between the parents and children could be that of partners . B. The relationship between the parents and children should be that of partners. C. The relationship between the parents and children are actually that of partnerships. D. All of above. Now go through TEXT J quickly to answer question 58.
A BOY AND HIS FATHER BECOME PARTNERS I like all kinds of chocolate. Best of all, though, I like bitter baking chocolate. Mother had bought a bar of it, and somehow I couldnt stop thinking about it. I was helping Father on the winnower. It was right then I got the idea. I could whack a chunk off the end of that bar of chocolate. Mother would be sure to miss it, but before she had any idea who had done it, I could confess Id taken it. Probably I would not even get a spanking. I waited until Mother was out feeding the chickens. Then I told Father I thought Id go in for a drink of water. I got the bar down, but I heard Mother coming just when I had the knife ready to whack. So slipped the chocolate into the front of my shirt and left quickly. Before I went back to help Father, I went to the barn and hid the chocolate there. All the rest of afternoon, I didnt like to look at Father. Every time he spoke it made me jump. My hands began shaking so much that he asked me what was the matter. I told him it was just that my hands were cold. I knew he didnt believe me, and every time he looked my way my heart started pounding. I didnt want the chocolate anymore. I just wanted a chance to put it back without being caught. On the way out for the cows, I calmed down a little and could think better. I told myself that I hadnt really stolen the whole bar of chocolate, because I meant to take only a little piece. Thats as much as I would have taken, too, if Mother hadnt come along when she did. If I put back the whole bar, I wouldnt have done anything wrong at all. I nearly decided to put it all back. But just thinking so much about chocolate made my tongue almost taste the smooth bitterness of it. I got thinking that if I sliced about half an inch off the end with a sharp knife, Mother might never notice it. I was nearly out to where the cows were when I remembered what Father had said once——some of the family money was mine because I had helped to earn it. Why wouldnt it be all right to figure the bar of chocolate had been bought with my own money? That seemed to fix everything. But by the time I had the cows headed home, I had begun to worry again. We were nearly to the railroad tracks when I decided to leave the whole matter to the Lord. I picked up a dried soap weed stalk with seed-pods on it and decided I would throw it up into the air and take my orders from the way it landed. If it pointed west, Id take the whole bar back. If it pointed south, Id take half an inch off the end. If it pointed east, Id bought the bar with my own money and it wouldnt be stealing to keep it. I swung the pod stalk as high as I could. When it came down, it pointed mostly west——but a little south. That night I couldnt sleep. I kept trying to remember how much that stalk had really been pointing to the south. At last I got up, slipped out into the yard, and took the ax from the chopping block. Then I went into the barn and got the chocolate. I took it outside and laid it on the lower rail of the corral fence. The moon gave enough light for me to see what I was doing. Just as I was starting to cut, Father said: "Son!" I couldnt think of a thing to day. I grabbed up the bar of chocolate and hid next to my chest before I turned around. Father picked me up by the shoulder straps of my overalls and took me over to the wood-pile. I didnt know anybody could spank as hard as he did! Then he stood me on my feet and asked if I thought I had deserved it. He said it wasnt so much that Id taken the chocolate, but that Id tried to hide it from him. "Son," he said, "I know you help to earn the family money. We might say the chocolate was yours in the first place. You should have had it if youd asked for it, but I wont have you being sneaky about things. Now, do you want to keep your money separated from mine——or are we partners?" I never knew till then how much I wanted my money to go in with Fathers. When I went to sleep my hand was still hurting —— from where he squeezed it when we shook hands.
58. What does the title suggest?
A) The relationship between the parents and children could be that of partners .
B) The relationship between the parents and children should be that of partners.
C) The relationship between the parents and children are actually that of partnerships.
D) All of above.