SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING
In this section there are seven passage followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Answer Sheet.
TEXT E First read the question. 51. The purpose of this passage is to _____ A. enunciate the impact of both climate change and policies on different interest groups. B. explore the reason for divergent attitudes towards the environmental issue. C. depict the picture of the present international environmental and economic situation. D. explain the interaction between environment and economy. Now go though Text E quickly to answer question 31. The Plants Players Both climate change and policies to minimize its effects have enormous environmental implications. The costs of climate change will vary widely from country to country. Developed countries are responsible for over two thirds of past emissions and some 75 percent of current emissions, but they are best positioned to protect themselves from damage. Developing countries tend to have low per capita emissions, are in great need of economic development and more vulnerable to climate-change impacts. These difference have helped to shape the position that Government take in international talks. The key players are: The European Union: In general, EU supported binding targets and timetable for emissions reduction. Other countries did not agree. The European Union also supported allowing countries to adhere to joint targets. This now affects the internal discussion between the EUS poorer members, who argue for higher emissions quotas within any future overall EU target, and the richer members, who would have to reduce their emissions further to compensate for this. The Jusscanz countries —— the non —— EU developed-countries —— including Japan, the United States, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Norway. The non-European members of this group tend to share a concern for a more "flexible" approach to limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Despite what has been called the "creative ambiguity" of the final text, it is almost universally interpreted as committing developed countries to make a sincere effort to return their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 level by 2000. When the Clinton Administration came into office in 1993, it softened the United States line and explicitly announced the United States intension to pursue stabilization. Countries with economies in transition. The industrialized countries of Central and East Europe and the former Soviet Union are significant emitters of greenhouse gases. However, due to the economic slump following 1990 levels through 2000. Afterwards, however, their economies and emissions levels are expected to revive. The group of 77 and China. Developing countries work through the Group of to develop common positions on emission-reduction commitments and financial and technological transfers. However, the G77 does not always present a united front, owing to the widely differing of its members. For example, China and other enormous coal resources that vital to their economic development. African countries tend to focus on vulnerability and impacts. Many of the Asian economic "tigers" have concerns about the possibility of being the next in line for emissions reduction targets. Countries with large forestry sectors and sensitive to the implications of developing forests as carbon "sinks". The association of small island states. They are particularly vulnerable to the risk of sea-level rise and therefore strongly support rapid action to reduce emissions. The organization of petroleum exporting countries. OPEC members tend to be concerned about the likely impact on their economies if other countries reduce their use of oil. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and others have emphasized the existence of scientific, uncertainty and argued that the process should move forward cautiously. Business. The first business groups to attend talks as observers represented energy-intensive firms concerned about the negative economic implications. More recently, other business sectors have started to follow the process more closely, including the insurance sector, which sees itself as vulnerable to increased storms and other possible climate change impacts, and clean energy firms that see market opportunities. Environmentalists, Green groups have been active in the climate change arena since the very beginning. Many are active in lobbying delegates and the media and produce newsletters during international meetings. The majority are from developed countries, although constant efforts are made to promote the participation of more nongovernmental organizations from developing countries. Local authorities. Many cities around the world have launched climate change plans that are even more ambitious than their than those of their national Governments. Urban governments are critically important because of their role in managing energy utilities, public transport and other emissions-producing activities of the public sector. Mayors and other urban leaders joined together in an association to present their views at related meeting.
51. The purpose of this passage is to _____
A) enunciate the impact of both climate change and policies on different interest groups.
B) explore the reason for divergent attitudes towards the environmental issue.
C) depict the picture of the present international environmental and economic situation.
D) explain the interaction between environment and economy.
TEXT F First read the questions. 52. Quite probably the following passage is from ____ A. an article in a scholarly magazine. B. a doctoral dissertation. C. a literature review on Austen. D. an autobiography. 53. What does Austens self-effacing anonymity suggest according to the authors remark? A. It suggests Austens introvert character. B. It shows her polite manners. C. It hints at her rejection of the outside world. D. It hints at her pretension. Now go through Text F quickly to answer question 32 and 33. Jane Austen Not a few of Jane Austens personal acquaintances might have echoed Sir Samual Egerton Brydges, who noticed that "she was fair and handsome, slight and elegant, but with cheeks a little too full," while "never suspecting she was an authoress." For this novelist whose personal obscurity was more than that of any other famous writer was always quickly to insist either on complete anonymity or on the propriety of her limited craft, her delight in delineating just "3 or 4 families in a country village". With her self-deprecatory remarks about her inability to join "strong manly, spirited sketches, full of Variety and Glow" with her "little bit (two inches wide) of Ivory", Jane Austen perpetuated the belief among her friends that her art was just an accomplishment "by a lady", if anything "rather too light and bright and sparkling". In this respect she resembled one of her favorite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have "glide through the world unknown " than been "suspected of literary airs —— to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other! —— my dear. I would sooner exhibit as a ropedancer." Yet, decorous though they might first seem, Austens self-effacing anonymity and her modest description of her miniaturist art also imply a criticism, even rejection, of the world at large. For, as Gaston Bachelard explains, the miniature "allows us to be world conscious at slight risk". While the creators of satirically conceived diminutive landscapes seem to see everything as small because they are themselves so grand, Austens analogy for her art metaphorically, as her critics would too, in relation to female arts severely devalued until quite recently (for painting on ivory was traditionally a "ladylike" occupation), Austen attempted through self-imposed novelistic limitations to define a secure place, even as she seemed to admit the impossibility of actual inhabiting such a small apace with any degree of comfort. And always, for Austen, it is women because they are too vulnerable in the world at large —— who must acquiesce in their own confinement, no matter how stifling it may be.
52. Quite probably the following passage is from ____
A) an article in a scholarly magazine.
B) a doctoral dissertation.
C) a literature review on Austen.
D) an autobiography.
53. What does Austen's self-effacing anonymity suggest according to the author's remark?
A) It suggests Austen's introvert character.
B) It shows her polite manners.
C) It hints at her rejection of the outside world.
D) It hints at her pretension.
In this section there are seven passage followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Answer Sheet.
TEXT E First read the question. 51. The purpose of this passage is to _____ A. enunciate the impact of both climate change and policies on different interest groups. B. explore the reason for divergent attitudes towards the environmental issue. C. depict the picture of the present international environmental and economic situation. D. explain the interaction between environment and economy. Now go though Text E quickly to answer question 31. The Plants Players Both climate change and policies to minimize its effects have enormous environmental implications. The costs of climate change will vary widely from country to country. Developed countries are responsible for over two thirds of past emissions and some 75 percent of current emissions, but they are best positioned to protect themselves from damage. Developing countries tend to have low per capita emissions, are in great need of economic development and more vulnerable to climate-change impacts. These difference have helped to shape the position that Government take in international talks. The key players are: The European Union: In general, EU supported binding targets and timetable for emissions reduction. Other countries did not agree. The European Union also supported allowing countries to adhere to joint targets. This now affects the internal discussion between the EUS poorer members, who argue for higher emissions quotas within any future overall EU target, and the richer members, who would have to reduce their emissions further to compensate for this. The Jusscanz countries —— the non —— EU developed-countries —— including Japan, the United States, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Norway. The non-European members of this group tend to share a concern for a more "flexible" approach to limiting greenhouse gas emissions. Despite what has been called the "creative ambiguity" of the final text, it is almost universally interpreted as committing developed countries to make a sincere effort to return their greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 level by 2000. When the Clinton Administration came into office in 1993, it softened the United States line and explicitly announced the United States intension to pursue stabilization. Countries with economies in transition. The industrialized countries of Central and East Europe and the former Soviet Union are significant emitters of greenhouse gases. However, due to the economic slump following 1990 levels through 2000. Afterwards, however, their economies and emissions levels are expected to revive. The group of 77 and China. Developing countries work through the Group of to develop common positions on emission-reduction commitments and financial and technological transfers. However, the G77 does not always present a united front, owing to the widely differing of its members. For example, China and other enormous coal resources that vital to their economic development. African countries tend to focus on vulnerability and impacts. Many of the Asian economic "tigers" have concerns about the possibility of being the next in line for emissions reduction targets. Countries with large forestry sectors and sensitive to the implications of developing forests as carbon "sinks". The association of small island states. They are particularly vulnerable to the risk of sea-level rise and therefore strongly support rapid action to reduce emissions. The organization of petroleum exporting countries. OPEC members tend to be concerned about the likely impact on their economies if other countries reduce their use of oil. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and others have emphasized the existence of scientific, uncertainty and argued that the process should move forward cautiously. Business. The first business groups to attend talks as observers represented energy-intensive firms concerned about the negative economic implications. More recently, other business sectors have started to follow the process more closely, including the insurance sector, which sees itself as vulnerable to increased storms and other possible climate change impacts, and clean energy firms that see market opportunities. Environmentalists, Green groups have been active in the climate change arena since the very beginning. Many are active in lobbying delegates and the media and produce newsletters during international meetings. The majority are from developed countries, although constant efforts are made to promote the participation of more nongovernmental organizations from developing countries. Local authorities. Many cities around the world have launched climate change plans that are even more ambitious than their than those of their national Governments. Urban governments are critically important because of their role in managing energy utilities, public transport and other emissions-producing activities of the public sector. Mayors and other urban leaders joined together in an association to present their views at related meeting.
51. The purpose of this passage is to _____
A) enunciate the impact of both climate change and policies on different interest groups.
B) explore the reason for divergent attitudes towards the environmental issue.
C) depict the picture of the present international environmental and economic situation.
D) explain the interaction between environment and economy.
TEXT F First read the questions. 52. Quite probably the following passage is from ____ A. an article in a scholarly magazine. B. a doctoral dissertation. C. a literature review on Austen. D. an autobiography. 53. What does Austens self-effacing anonymity suggest according to the authors remark? A. It suggests Austens introvert character. B. It shows her polite manners. C. It hints at her rejection of the outside world. D. It hints at her pretension. Now go through Text F quickly to answer question 32 and 33. Jane Austen Not a few of Jane Austens personal acquaintances might have echoed Sir Samual Egerton Brydges, who noticed that "she was fair and handsome, slight and elegant, but with cheeks a little too full," while "never suspecting she was an authoress." For this novelist whose personal obscurity was more than that of any other famous writer was always quickly to insist either on complete anonymity or on the propriety of her limited craft, her delight in delineating just "3 or 4 families in a country village". With her self-deprecatory remarks about her inability to join "strong manly, spirited sketches, full of Variety and Glow" with her "little bit (two inches wide) of Ivory", Jane Austen perpetuated the belief among her friends that her art was just an accomplishment "by a lady", if anything "rather too light and bright and sparkling". In this respect she resembled one of her favorite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have "glide through the world unknown " than been "suspected of literary airs —— to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other! —— my dear. I would sooner exhibit as a ropedancer." Yet, decorous though they might first seem, Austens self-effacing anonymity and her modest description of her miniaturist art also imply a criticism, even rejection, of the world at large. For, as Gaston Bachelard explains, the miniature "allows us to be world conscious at slight risk". While the creators of satirically conceived diminutive landscapes seem to see everything as small because they are themselves so grand, Austens analogy for her art metaphorically, as her critics would too, in relation to female arts severely devalued until quite recently (for painting on ivory was traditionally a "ladylike" occupation), Austen attempted through self-imposed novelistic limitations to define a secure place, even as she seemed to admit the impossibility of actual inhabiting such a small apace with any degree of comfort. And always, for Austen, it is women because they are too vulnerable in the world at large —— who must acquiesce in their own confinement, no matter how stifling it may be.
52. Quite probably the following passage is from ____
A) an article in a scholarly magazine.
B) a doctoral dissertation.
C) a literature review on Austen.
D) an autobiography.
53. What does Austen's self-effacing anonymity suggest according to the author's remark?
A) It suggests Austen's introvert character.
B) It shows her polite manners.
C) It hints at her rejection of the outside world.
D) It hints at her pretension.