TEXT F First read the questions. 52. The following letter _____ A. is a letter attached to a revised manuscript. B. is to respond to the suggestions of the editor-in-chief of the magazine Biochemical et Biophysica Acta. C. is intended to explain ones views in his original manuscript. D. is intended to persuade the editor of a scientific magazine into publishing an article. Now go through Text F quickly to answer question 52. December 27,1973 Deitorial Secretariat Biochimica et Biophysica Acta P.O. Box 1345 Amsterdam The Netherlands Re: Art No. RP P-1265 Dear sir, Thank you for your kind letter of December 11, 1973. We are happy to know that our paper entitled "Purification of Clostridium perfringens phospholipas C (@-toxin) by affinity chromatography on agarose-liked egg-yolk lipoprotein" (Art no.RPP-1265) will be acceptable. We have tried to shorten and revise the manuscript in line with the suggestion made by one of the of the reviewers and yourself. I am enclosing duplicate copies of the revised version. In answer to the questions raised by the reviewer, we must admit that we have not tested for lipase activity known to exist in culture of this organism. However, since our purified phospholipase C was found homogeneous by various criteria, we believe contamination with lipase, if there is any, is likely to be slight. In any case, we will test for lipase activity as soon as poddible. As to the second question, we realized that the lipoprotein in affinity adsorbent was attacked by the enzyme to a small extent; a minute amount of phosphorycholine was always detected in the break-through peak. As reported, however, the same column can be repeatedly (at least four times) without losing its affinity for the enzyme. We still do not know whether or not all of the multiple forms of enzyme are artifacts formed exclusively during isoelectric focusing. But some evidence is now available for the presence of at least two forms of enzyme, which are separable by methods other than isoeletric focusing, i.e. CM —— or DEAE —— Sephadex chromatography (unpublished data). The clarification of this question is now in progress in our laboratory. We have accepted all the suggestions penciled in by the reviewer on the original manuscript; the abbreviation SDC has been avoided. Through these revision we have succeeded in shortening the manuscript by two pages in total, although the page numbers have been kept unchanged. In the revised manuscript we have put the reference numbers in the right order as requested. We would like, however, to keep the designation of the figures as it was, since we believe the suggestion may be based on a misunderstanding on the part of reviewers. As suggested, we have improved the description of the essential step involved in preparation of the affinity adsorbed (page 6,5th line from the bottom of the original manuscript) as follows:" by centrifuging the mixture at 13,000g for 15 min. to discard the precipitate. I hope that these revisions and the shortened text are satisfactory and that the revised version will be acceptable for publication in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. I also hope the revised manuscript will reach you before January 1. Sincerely yours, Nobuo Ogata, M.D. Enclosure: MS in duplicate No/th
52. The following letter _____
A) is a letter attached to a revised manuscript.
B) is to respond to the suggestions of the editor-in-chief of the magazine Biochemical et Biophysica Acta.
C) is intended to explain one's views in his original manuscript.
D) is intended to persuade the editor of a scientific magazine into publishing an article.
TEXT G First read the question. 53. Which of the following is the most suitable title? A. key to economic prosperity B. source of High Productivity C. elements in efficient management D. efficient of use of resource Now go through Text G quickly to answer question 53. A high volume of production, that is, coupled with efficient production methods, is a major key to economic prosperity. This is both at the macro level of nation, and at the micro level of the individual. Technically, productivity is an estimate of work output, being measured as production per production unit per unit of time. An example of this is output per worker per hour. It is a measure of the efficiency of use of resources. Under normal conditions, a high level of output per production unit allows a high level of consumption, so that such a society, be it large or small, can enjoy a high standard of living. Just as the individual with a high productivity is usually economically successful, so a nation with high productivity is likely to demonstrate comparative economic prosperity. High productivity depends on a combination of factors, of which the most important are as follows. individual productivity; incentives; appropriate capital equipment; market size individual productivity The productivity of the individual depends on both his ability and his desire to do the job. The former ability depends, in turn, on native ability and on training. The latter varies with incentive. The more complicated a job becomes, the more training is necessary to ensure efficient operation. Thus, developing training programs within production units is one important factor in the maintenance of high individual productivity. Moreover, the establishment of good general and specific education programs if essential to the maintenance of efficiency and contemporary practices in production. This is particularly true at managerial levels. The quality of management has a large significance to productivity since management teams are responsible for keeping equipment up to date, deciding production methods, developing marketing programs, fostering good relations between employers and employees, establishing good working conditions and installing incentives. incentives Incentives to efficiency at the individual and small group level can take various forms. Financial gain is one of the most common and also one of the most effective. However, others such as good working conditions, employee benefits and a positive social environment in the work place are important considerations. At the production unit level, whether it be a small workshop or a large factory, competition provides a serious incentive. When a company has a monopoly or a protected niche for its operation, a general lassitude can delay replacement of aging equipment, allow loss of vigor in marketing, and permit slackness in individual behaviors. Thus, a certain amount of competition is useful to keep a company at the forefront of production efficiency. capital equipment Appropriate capital equipment implies, in term of efficiency, having equipment which optimizes the output of items produced per dollar input. Generally, this means regular updating of all equipment, from production machinery to hand tools to office instrumentation. However, modernization incurs expenditure. If such spending is very large, it may be considered as a form of saving. Such investment spending may, under some circumstances delay a rise in standard of living. This could be because of preferred production of industrial products over consumer products and a reduction in consumer spending, because of deferred wage increase. So capital expenditure which will cause increased production in the future, can be considered as an enforced saving with a view to achieving a higher standard of living at a later date. market size As the quality of production increases, it is usually possible to reduce the cost of production per item. Thus, with very large production runs, the cost per item may be vastly reduced and profit per item will consequently be greater. Such as economy of scale is dependent on the accessibility of a large enough to justify the enormous but necessary start-up costs, Estimation of the market size may determine that the production must be distributed regionally, nationally or even world wide. It is clear that the supply side of the economy is the basis of economic viability. This applies to highly industrialized nations where labor is expensive and the tendency is towards technical specialization. It also applies to less developed nations where there is an abundance of labor. In all cases a balance exists between production costs and profits available in the product market.
53. Which of the following is the most suitable title?
A) key to economic prosperity
B) source of High Productivity
C) elements in efficient management
D) efficient of use of resource
52. The following letter _____
A) is a letter attached to a revised manuscript.
B) is to respond to the suggestions of the editor-in-chief of the magazine Biochemical et Biophysica Acta.
C) is intended to explain one's views in his original manuscript.
D) is intended to persuade the editor of a scientific magazine into publishing an article.
TEXT G First read the question. 53. Which of the following is the most suitable title? A. key to economic prosperity B. source of High Productivity C. elements in efficient management D. efficient of use of resource Now go through Text G quickly to answer question 53. A high volume of production, that is, coupled with efficient production methods, is a major key to economic prosperity. This is both at the macro level of nation, and at the micro level of the individual. Technically, productivity is an estimate of work output, being measured as production per production unit per unit of time. An example of this is output per worker per hour. It is a measure of the efficiency of use of resources. Under normal conditions, a high level of output per production unit allows a high level of consumption, so that such a society, be it large or small, can enjoy a high standard of living. Just as the individual with a high productivity is usually economically successful, so a nation with high productivity is likely to demonstrate comparative economic prosperity. High productivity depends on a combination of factors, of which the most important are as follows. individual productivity; incentives; appropriate capital equipment; market size individual productivity The productivity of the individual depends on both his ability and his desire to do the job. The former ability depends, in turn, on native ability and on training. The latter varies with incentive. The more complicated a job becomes, the more training is necessary to ensure efficient operation. Thus, developing training programs within production units is one important factor in the maintenance of high individual productivity. Moreover, the establishment of good general and specific education programs if essential to the maintenance of efficiency and contemporary practices in production. This is particularly true at managerial levels. The quality of management has a large significance to productivity since management teams are responsible for keeping equipment up to date, deciding production methods, developing marketing programs, fostering good relations between employers and employees, establishing good working conditions and installing incentives. incentives Incentives to efficiency at the individual and small group level can take various forms. Financial gain is one of the most common and also one of the most effective. However, others such as good working conditions, employee benefits and a positive social environment in the work place are important considerations. At the production unit level, whether it be a small workshop or a large factory, competition provides a serious incentive. When a company has a monopoly or a protected niche for its operation, a general lassitude can delay replacement of aging equipment, allow loss of vigor in marketing, and permit slackness in individual behaviors. Thus, a certain amount of competition is useful to keep a company at the forefront of production efficiency. capital equipment Appropriate capital equipment implies, in term of efficiency, having equipment which optimizes the output of items produced per dollar input. Generally, this means regular updating of all equipment, from production machinery to hand tools to office instrumentation. However, modernization incurs expenditure. If such spending is very large, it may be considered as a form of saving. Such investment spending may, under some circumstances delay a rise in standard of living. This could be because of preferred production of industrial products over consumer products and a reduction in consumer spending, because of deferred wage increase. So capital expenditure which will cause increased production in the future, can be considered as an enforced saving with a view to achieving a higher standard of living at a later date. market size As the quality of production increases, it is usually possible to reduce the cost of production per item. Thus, with very large production runs, the cost per item may be vastly reduced and profit per item will consequently be greater. Such as economy of scale is dependent on the accessibility of a large enough to justify the enormous but necessary start-up costs, Estimation of the market size may determine that the production must be distributed regionally, nationally or even world wide. It is clear that the supply side of the economy is the basis of economic viability. This applies to highly industrialized nations where labor is expensive and the tendency is towards technical specialization. It also applies to less developed nations where there is an abundance of labor. In all cases a balance exists between production costs and profits available in the product market.
53. Which of the following is the most suitable title?
A) key to economic prosperity
B) source of High Productivity
C) elements in efficient management
D) efficient of use of resource