TEXT H First read the questions. 54. The reviewers attitude towards the book is ____. A. ambiguous B. objective C. doubtful D. hostile Now go through TEXT H quickly to answer question 54. The 1990s have witnessed a striking revival of the idea that liberal democratic political systems are the best basis for international peace. Western statesmen and scholars have witnessed a worldwide process of democratization, and tend to see it as a sounder basis for peace than anything we have had in the past. Central to the vision of a peaceful democratic world had been the proposition that liberal democracies do not fight each other, that they may and frequently do get into fights with illiberal states, but not with other countries that are basically similar in their political systems. The proposition appeals to political leaders and scholars as well. Yet it is doubtful whether the proposition is strong enough to bear the vast weight of generalization that has been placed on it. Among the many difficulties it poses, two stand out: first, there are many possible exceptions to the rule that democracies do not fight each other, and second, there is much uncertainty about why democracies have, for the most part, not fought each other. Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American politics and international security by John M. Owen is an attempt to explain the twin phenomena of liberal peace (why democracies do not fight each other) and liberal war (why they fight other states, sometimes with the intent of making them liberal). Owens analysis in the book strongly suggests that political leaders on all sides judged a given foreign country largely on the basis of its political system; and this heavily influenced decisions on whether or not to wage war against it. However, he also shows that military factors, including calculations of the cost of going to war, were often influential in tipping the balance against war. In other words, democratic peace does not mean the end of power politics. Owen hints at, but never address directly, a sinister aspect of democratic peace theory: its assumption that there would be peace if only everybody else was like us. This can lead only too easily to attempts to impose the favored system on benighted foreigners by force - regardless of the circumstances and sensibilities that make the undertaking hazardous. Owens central argument is not strengthened by the occasional repetition nor by the remorselessly academic tone of the more theoretical chapters. However, most of the writing is succinct; the historical accounts are clear and to the point; and the investigation of the causal links between liberalism and war is admirably thorough. There are several grounds on which the books thesis might be criticized. The most obvious is that some twentieth-century experience goes against the argument that liberal states ally with others, above all, because they perceive them as fellow liberals. In our own time, several liberal democracies have maintained long and close relations with autocracies. However, Owens argument for a degree of solidarity between liberal states provides at least part of the explanation for the continuation and even expansion of NATO in the post-Cold War era.
54. The reviewer's attitude towards the book is ____.
A) ambiguous
B) objective
C) doubtful
D) hostile
TEXT I First read the questions. 55. In ____, the table of contents of the magazine was placed on its back cover. A. 1922 B. 1948 C. the 1930s D. the 1960s 56. The magazine was criticized for failing to ____. A. appeal to the young. B. attract old people. C. interest readers aged 47. D. captivate readers in their 50s. Now go through TEXT I quickly to answer question 57. NEW YORK —— Readers Digest, the most widely read magazine in the world, will get a new look in a bid to attract younger readers, Readers Digest Association Inc. Announced on March 29. Beginning with the May issue, the worlds largest-circulation magazine will move its table of contents off the front cover to modernize its look and make it easier for readers to navigate, editor in chief Christopher Willcox said. "When you have the table of contents on the cover, it limits what you can say about whats in the magazine", Willcox said. The magazines familiar table of contents will be replaced with a photograph. The small size and focus of the editorial content will be unchanged, publisher Gregory Coleman said. "It will be a much more visual magazine, with more photography and less illustration," he said in an interview. Readers Digest was first published in 1922, with line drawings on the covers, and in the 1930s begun listing the contents on the front. For a couple of years in the 1960s, Willcox said, the table of contents was shifted to the back cover. The May issue will feature a cover photo of a woman firefighter in San Francisco for an excerpt from a new book, "Fighting Fire." The names of a few articles are listed on the cover, but the full table of contents will be on pages 2 and 3. The issue began reaching subscribers on April 10 and will be on newsstands two weeks later. All 48 of the Digests worldwide editions —— 27 million copies in 19 languages —— are making the change. Publisher Gregory Coleman said he expected the redesign to boost advertising sales. "Weve done a lot of research, and have tested the concept in the US, Sweden, and New Zealand," Coleman said. The move comes as Readers Digest Association Inc. has struggled to boost profits. But industry analysis said its problems stretch beyond changed that were needed at the magazine. Publishing industry executives and Wall Street analysts have criticized the magazine for failing to attract the next generation of readers. The company says its average reader is about 47, the same as the age for weekly new magazines. "Theyve been looking for ways to make the magazine a little bit more the 90s than the 50s," said Doug Arthur at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. "The company has to be addressing the response rate on its direct marketing campaign," where its main problem lie. The company earned US 133.5 million on sales of USD 2.8 billion in the year which ended last June. But it said, when it reported results, that profits would fall in the current year. In answer to a question, Coleman said the redesign was not done because of advertisers, although they were enthusiastic about the changes. "This is being done from a reader-driven standpoint," he said.
55. In ____, the table of contents of the magazine was placed on its back cover.
A) 1922
B) 1948
C) the 1930s
D) the 1960s
56. The magazine was criticized for failing to ____.
A) appeal to the young.
B) attract old people.
C) interest readers aged 47.
D) captivate readers in their 50s.
TEXT J First read the questions. 57. Words in both the OWF and Longman Activator are ____. A. listed according to alphabetical order B. listed according to use frequency C. grouped according to similarities only D. grouped according to differences only 58. To know the correct word for "boiling with a low hear", you will probably turn to ____ first. A. page 10 B. page 99 C. page 100 D. page 448 Now go through TEXT J quickly to answer questions 58 and 59. The Oxford Wordfinder (OWF) is a "production dictionary" designed for learners of English at Intermediate level and above. It is a useful tool with which to discover and encode (produce) meaning, rather than just to simply check the meaning, grammar and pronunciation of words. The OWF encourages a reversal of the traditional role of the language learners dictionary which is normally to help decode and explain aspects of words that appear in a text. The OWF is based upon similar lines to the ground breaking Longman Activator in that words in each dictionary are not simply listed in alphabetical order. Instead, they are grouped according to their similarities and differences in both meaning and use. Twenty-three main groups of 630 "keywords" (concept) in alphabetical order, assist the learner in exploring semantic areas such as: "People", "Food and drink", and "Language and Communication". Each of these rather large areas contains cross-referencing in order to provide further helpful lexical information. Some of the keywords helpfully direct the learner to another keyword. Most keywords, however, have an index that shows how lexical items and their related terms are organized. Other keywords point to smaller sub-section headings whilst a few contain sections labeled "More", which deal with less frequent occurring vocabulary. The majority of words in the OWF are group together because they are clearly related in meaning. Examples include: "rucksack", "suitcase", "truck" and "hold-all", on page 28, under the keyword "Bag". Other words are grouped together because statistically they tend to "collocate", i.e. appear in English very near if not next to each other. The reader would, more often than not, find them in the same sentence or phrase. Examples include those for "butter", "spread" and "melt", and those for Television on page 448: "watching", "turn on/off" and "program". The OWF is an ideal supplementary resource for learners to engage in word-building activities during topic based lessons. How is it best used? Lets say the learner wishes to know the correct word for "boiling with a low heat". The intermediate learner, who will probably begin her search under "Cook" on page 99, locates the sub-section: "cooking food in water" and finally finds the definition followed by the word: —— to boil slowly and gently: simmer. With the help of the OWF teachers could design a variety of such vocabulary exercises for a class, or even go on to designing a vocabulary-based syllabus. Definitions in the OWF are, as with all good dictionaries, concise but clear. They are obviously written according to a controlled defining vocabulary. Linguistic varieties are also taken into consideration: formal/informal labels are provided and, where it occurs, American English (AmE) is pointed out, e.g. for alcohol, liquor in AmE. on page 10. The OWF also contains many drawings that outline meaning where words could not possibly do so or would require too much space. Items chosen for inclusion in the OWF, along with example phrases outlining meaning are, it is assumed, based on evidence of frequency from a carefully constructed linguistic corpus, although this is not made clear.
57. Words in both the OWF and Longman Activator are ____.
A) listed according to alphabetical order
B) listed according to use frequency
C) grouped according to similarities only
D) grouped according to differences only
58. To know the correct word for "boiling with a low hear", you will probably turn to ____ first.
A) page 10
B) page 99
C) page 100
D) page 448
TEXT K First read the questions. 59. Students who wish to take courses in Dutch or French ____. A. should pass the TOFEL test first B. must speak Dutch or French fluently C. may receive language training D. must have a good command of English 60. Belgian universities do NOT offer courses on ____. A. medical sciences B. computer sciences C. political and social sciences D. archaeology and art sciences Now go through TEXT K quickly to answer questions 59 and 60. To qualify to study in Belgium, it is essential to meet relevant requirements in (1) academic credentials, (2) linguistic skills, (3) academic objectives and (4) financial resources. Let us review these four points: 1. Academic credentials Equivalence and admissibility of degrees will be assessed according to Belgian law and individual university regulations. Please submit a copy of your degree with a translation to the chosen universitys admission board. 2. Language skills Chinese students who wish to follow courses in Dutch or French must realize that a superficial knowledge of the language will not do. The ability to speak Dutch or French is imperative in order to follow lectures and to pass examinations. A preparatory year of language instruction is available in some universities for already enrolled students. Please apply for information at university of your choice. Students who wish to attend lectures in English (post-academic training international courses) must of course have a good command of that language. Universities will inform you about their individual TOFEL requirements. 3. Programs Belgium universities offer basic academic courses, advance academic training courses, doctoral programs, post-academic training and various international study programs (Masters) in the fields of technology, law, economics and applied economies, political and social sciences, dentistry, pharmaceutical sciences, language and literature/history, archaeology and art sciences, psychology and educational sciences, medical sciences, engineering and applied biological sciences. 4. Financing Although precise determination of study and living expenses depends on individual life style, one can assess that about 350,000 Belgian Francs (BEF) (about 88,000 RMB) is necessary for one years study. This amount should include books, housing, food, transport, and health insurance. It does not include registration fees which can vary from about 25,000 BEF for a student under scholarship to 290,000 BEF for a self financing student, according to the chosen study program.
59. Students who wish to take courses in Dutch or French ____.
A) should pass the TOFEL test first
B) must speak Dutch or French fluently
C) may receive language training
D) must have a good command of English
60. Belgian universities do NOT offer courses on ____.
A) medical sciences
B) computer sciences
C) political and social sciences
D) archaeology and art sciences
54. The reviewer's attitude towards the book is ____.
A) ambiguous
B) objective
C) doubtful
D) hostile
TEXT I First read the questions. 55. In ____, the table of contents of the magazine was placed on its back cover. A. 1922 B. 1948 C. the 1930s D. the 1960s 56. The magazine was criticized for failing to ____. A. appeal to the young. B. attract old people. C. interest readers aged 47. D. captivate readers in their 50s. Now go through TEXT I quickly to answer question 57. NEW YORK —— Readers Digest, the most widely read magazine in the world, will get a new look in a bid to attract younger readers, Readers Digest Association Inc. Announced on March 29. Beginning with the May issue, the worlds largest-circulation magazine will move its table of contents off the front cover to modernize its look and make it easier for readers to navigate, editor in chief Christopher Willcox said. "When you have the table of contents on the cover, it limits what you can say about whats in the magazine", Willcox said. The magazines familiar table of contents will be replaced with a photograph. The small size and focus of the editorial content will be unchanged, publisher Gregory Coleman said. "It will be a much more visual magazine, with more photography and less illustration," he said in an interview. Readers Digest was first published in 1922, with line drawings on the covers, and in the 1930s begun listing the contents on the front. For a couple of years in the 1960s, Willcox said, the table of contents was shifted to the back cover. The May issue will feature a cover photo of a woman firefighter in San Francisco for an excerpt from a new book, "Fighting Fire." The names of a few articles are listed on the cover, but the full table of contents will be on pages 2 and 3. The issue began reaching subscribers on April 10 and will be on newsstands two weeks later. All 48 of the Digests worldwide editions —— 27 million copies in 19 languages —— are making the change. Publisher Gregory Coleman said he expected the redesign to boost advertising sales. "Weve done a lot of research, and have tested the concept in the US, Sweden, and New Zealand," Coleman said. The move comes as Readers Digest Association Inc. has struggled to boost profits. But industry analysis said its problems stretch beyond changed that were needed at the magazine. Publishing industry executives and Wall Street analysts have criticized the magazine for failing to attract the next generation of readers. The company says its average reader is about 47, the same as the age for weekly new magazines. "Theyve been looking for ways to make the magazine a little bit more the 90s than the 50s," said Doug Arthur at Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. "The company has to be addressing the response rate on its direct marketing campaign," where its main problem lie. The company earned US 133.5 million on sales of USD 2.8 billion in the year which ended last June. But it said, when it reported results, that profits would fall in the current year. In answer to a question, Coleman said the redesign was not done because of advertisers, although they were enthusiastic about the changes. "This is being done from a reader-driven standpoint," he said.
55. In ____, the table of contents of the magazine was placed on its back cover.
A) 1922
B) 1948
C) the 1930s
D) the 1960s
56. The magazine was criticized for failing to ____.
A) appeal to the young.
B) attract old people.
C) interest readers aged 47.
D) captivate readers in their 50s.
TEXT J First read the questions. 57. Words in both the OWF and Longman Activator are ____. A. listed according to alphabetical order B. listed according to use frequency C. grouped according to similarities only D. grouped according to differences only 58. To know the correct word for "boiling with a low hear", you will probably turn to ____ first. A. page 10 B. page 99 C. page 100 D. page 448 Now go through TEXT J quickly to answer questions 58 and 59. The Oxford Wordfinder (OWF) is a "production dictionary" designed for learners of English at Intermediate level and above. It is a useful tool with which to discover and encode (produce) meaning, rather than just to simply check the meaning, grammar and pronunciation of words. The OWF encourages a reversal of the traditional role of the language learners dictionary which is normally to help decode and explain aspects of words that appear in a text. The OWF is based upon similar lines to the ground breaking Longman Activator in that words in each dictionary are not simply listed in alphabetical order. Instead, they are grouped according to their similarities and differences in both meaning and use. Twenty-three main groups of 630 "keywords" (concept) in alphabetical order, assist the learner in exploring semantic areas such as: "People", "Food and drink", and "Language and Communication". Each of these rather large areas contains cross-referencing in order to provide further helpful lexical information. Some of the keywords helpfully direct the learner to another keyword. Most keywords, however, have an index that shows how lexical items and their related terms are organized. Other keywords point to smaller sub-section headings whilst a few contain sections labeled "More", which deal with less frequent occurring vocabulary. The majority of words in the OWF are group together because they are clearly related in meaning. Examples include: "rucksack", "suitcase", "truck" and "hold-all", on page 28, under the keyword "Bag". Other words are grouped together because statistically they tend to "collocate", i.e. appear in English very near if not next to each other. The reader would, more often than not, find them in the same sentence or phrase. Examples include those for "butter", "spread" and "melt", and those for Television on page 448: "watching", "turn on/off" and "program". The OWF is an ideal supplementary resource for learners to engage in word-building activities during topic based lessons. How is it best used? Lets say the learner wishes to know the correct word for "boiling with a low heat". The intermediate learner, who will probably begin her search under "Cook" on page 99, locates the sub-section: "cooking food in water" and finally finds the definition followed by the word: —— to boil slowly and gently: simmer. With the help of the OWF teachers could design a variety of such vocabulary exercises for a class, or even go on to designing a vocabulary-based syllabus. Definitions in the OWF are, as with all good dictionaries, concise but clear. They are obviously written according to a controlled defining vocabulary. Linguistic varieties are also taken into consideration: formal/informal labels are provided and, where it occurs, American English (AmE) is pointed out, e.g. for alcohol, liquor in AmE. on page 10. The OWF also contains many drawings that outline meaning where words could not possibly do so or would require too much space. Items chosen for inclusion in the OWF, along with example phrases outlining meaning are, it is assumed, based on evidence of frequency from a carefully constructed linguistic corpus, although this is not made clear.
57. Words in both the OWF and Longman Activator are ____.
A) listed according to alphabetical order
B) listed according to use frequency
C) grouped according to similarities only
D) grouped according to differences only
58. To know the correct word for "boiling with a low hear", you will probably turn to ____ first.
A) page 10
B) page 99
C) page 100
D) page 448
TEXT K First read the questions. 59. Students who wish to take courses in Dutch or French ____. A. should pass the TOFEL test first B. must speak Dutch or French fluently C. may receive language training D. must have a good command of English 60. Belgian universities do NOT offer courses on ____. A. medical sciences B. computer sciences C. political and social sciences D. archaeology and art sciences Now go through TEXT K quickly to answer questions 59 and 60. To qualify to study in Belgium, it is essential to meet relevant requirements in (1) academic credentials, (2) linguistic skills, (3) academic objectives and (4) financial resources. Let us review these four points: 1. Academic credentials Equivalence and admissibility of degrees will be assessed according to Belgian law and individual university regulations. Please submit a copy of your degree with a translation to the chosen universitys admission board. 2. Language skills Chinese students who wish to follow courses in Dutch or French must realize that a superficial knowledge of the language will not do. The ability to speak Dutch or French is imperative in order to follow lectures and to pass examinations. A preparatory year of language instruction is available in some universities for already enrolled students. Please apply for information at university of your choice. Students who wish to attend lectures in English (post-academic training international courses) must of course have a good command of that language. Universities will inform you about their individual TOFEL requirements. 3. Programs Belgium universities offer basic academic courses, advance academic training courses, doctoral programs, post-academic training and various international study programs (Masters) in the fields of technology, law, economics and applied economies, political and social sciences, dentistry, pharmaceutical sciences, language and literature/history, archaeology and art sciences, psychology and educational sciences, medical sciences, engineering and applied biological sciences. 4. Financing Although precise determination of study and living expenses depends on individual life style, one can assess that about 350,000 Belgian Francs (BEF) (about 88,000 RMB) is necessary for one years study. This amount should include books, housing, food, transport, and health insurance. It does not include registration fees which can vary from about 25,000 BEF for a student under scholarship to 290,000 BEF for a self financing student, according to the chosen study program.
59. Students who wish to take courses in Dutch or French ____.
A) should pass the TOFEL test first
B) must speak Dutch or French fluently
C) may receive language training
D) must have a good command of English
60. Belgian universities do NOT offer courses on ____.
A) medical sciences
B) computer sciences
C) political and social sciences
D) archaeology and art sciences