TEXT J First read the questions. 57. What does the word "epigram" originate from? A. Epitaph in ancient Rome. B. Concise, pointed or sarcastic saying in the Greek Anthology. C. Words carved on stones, etc, usually terse, sage or sarcastic. D. A figure of speech in writing. 58. If wisely used, epigram can ____. A. add a philosophical touch to the article B. deliver the implied sense of the article C. shorten the article as well as intensify its theme D. All of the above Now go through TEXT J quickly to answer question 57 and 58. The word "epigram" is from Greek, meaning "inscription, to write upon or to carve upon". Thus it refers to the words carved on stones, monument or statue, normally concise, pointed or sarcastic. It has about the same contents as epitaph. Later, many writers adopted it as a figure in verse, prose or poem. Early at the beginning of the century, Roman authors, especially Martial composed epigrams. Many epigrams are gathered in the Greek Anthology. However, the verse epigram has become relatively rare in more recent time. But very many have used the form in prose or speech to express something tersely or wittily, especially from the 16th century onwards. Epigram was much cultivated in the 17th century in England by Johnson, Donne, Herrick, Dryden, Swift … In the 18th century and 19th century, Pope, Burns, Blake, Landon and others can be taken as the experts of using epigram. Thus, epigram has developed from the inscription on a gravestone, into a figure of speech in writing. An epigram is concise, or sarcastic saying. It is a terse, sage witty and often paradoxical line. It states a simple truth pitifully and pungently and usually arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior of feeling. Among all the figures, epigram is remarkable for its philosophical touch and double meaning transferring ability. Therefore, authors often appeals to epigram when they want to express their political idea in an implied way. Generally speaking, this figure, when wisely used, can shorten the spaces of your article, can deepen the meaning of the sentence, can touch the reader in a richer way, can deliver the subtle sense of the writer philosophically. Partially, epigram mingles with Paradox in wit; antithesis in giving force; satire in sharpness; epitaph in initial usage. An epitaph differs from an epigram in being a kind of valediction which may be solemn, complimentary or even flippant. It follows epigrammatic style. Epigram is the same as oxymoron and antithesis in clever diction and neatness. In Chinese, epigram has been an outstanding figure in literature for ages. Especially in ancient Chinese, it appeared so frequently that it almost was the way to write articles of philosophy. Epigram can be translated directly, only occasionally the meaning can not be put through owing to the different habit, custom or anecdote between nations. Besides, it is rare for us to put an English epigram into a Chinese one.
57. What does the word "epigram" originate from?
A) Epitaph in ancient Rome.
B) Concise, pointed or sarcastic saying in the Greek Anthology.
C) Words carved on stones, etc, usually terse, sage or sarcastic.
D) A figure of speech in writing.
58. If wisely used, epigram can ____.
A) add a philosophical touch to the article
B) deliver the implied sense of the article
C) shorten the article as well as intensify its theme
D) All of the above
TEXT K First read the questions. 59. This text deals with ____. A. the scope of sociolinguistics B. the development of sociolinguistics C. the nature of sociolingustics D. the achievement of sociolinguistics 60. Which of the following statement is Not true according to the text? A. Socioliguistics is a new interdisciplinary field. B. The study of language and society with purely sociological objectives does not belong to sociolinguistics. C. The ethnography of speaking is an area which explores the ways language is used in different cultures. D. Chapter 9 in this book will introduce some basics of social dialectology. Now go through TEXT K quickly to answer question 59 and 60. Sociolinguistics views language as a social-cultural phenomenon which should be studied in relation to society. Linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists and educationalists are interested in enquiring in the relationship between language, and culture and society. All of them have made very important contributions to the emergence and development of the discipline. Sociolingusistics is a new interdisciplinary field. The term sociolinguistics means many different things to many different people. This multiplicity of interpretations is due to the fact that, while everybody would agree that sociolinguistics has something to do with language and society, it is clearly also not concerned with everything that could be considered "language and society". Therefore, different scholars draw the line between language and society, and sociolinguistics in different places and hence a number of areas of study have appeared. In terms of objectivities, it is possible to divide studies of language and society into three groups: those where the objectives are purely sociological; those where they are partly sociological and partly linguistic; and those where the objectives are wholly linguistic. The first group does not belong to sociolinguistics. The second category is where the main problem with the term sociolinguistics lies: some people would include the whole of this area within sociolinguistics; others would exclude it totally; yet others would include some areas but not all. In the case of the third category, the term sociolinguistics is uncontroversial. In this book we will introduce you to some aspects of the last two categories. And now we will highlight five of the major areas of study in this interdisciplinary field as follows. The sociology of language is a label applied to courses taught in linguistics departments in the United States, and it is a field whose objectives are at least partly linguistic. The term is most prominently associated with the work of Joshua Fishman. The sociology of language focuses upon the social organization of language behavior, including not only language usage but also language attitudes. The sociology of language most typically studied topics such as bilingualism or multilingualism, diglossia, verbal repertoire, code-switching, language loyalty and language planning, etc. Descriptions in this field typically concentrate on, in Fishmans words, "who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end?" (Fishman 1969, in Giglioli 1972: 46). In this book we will highlight some aspects of the above topics in Chapter 5, 6, 12 and 13. The ethnography of speaking refers to an area whose objectives are clearly both linguistic and social. As employed first by Hymes in the 1960s, this term is applied to a field which looks at the role of language in the "communicative conduct of communities" —— the ways is which language is actually used in different cultures. It examines the functions and uses of styles, dialects and languages, and looks at the way in which speech acts are interpreted and carried through in particular societies. It also tends to be cross-cultural in emphasis. It involves elements from sociology, social anthropology, education, folklore and poetics, as well as linguistics. There is no clear boundary between the ethnography of speaking and the sociology of language, and they overlap with each other in many respects. Chapter 9 in this book will introduce some basics of the ethnography of speaking. Social dialectology addresses itself to issues such as the relationship between language and social class. However, the general heading of "language and society" presupposes some kind of social interaction i.e. conversational discourse. This can not be fully identified with "discourse analysis" where it is understood to mean simply text grammar or the grammatical analysis of units larger than then sentence. There are many studies in conversational analysis which are concerned with the organization of conversation. Some researchers have looked more specifically at the structures of discourse, and pointed out that stretches of discourse are no more unstructured sequences of utterances than sentences are unstructured sequences of words. Other researches have examined the nature of the cohesion of conversational discourse. Yet other scholars have been concerned with what has been referred to as "rules for discourse". Chapter 10 and 11 in this book will highlight some important approaches to the discourse analysis. Discourse analysis belongs to the second category of the studies on language and society. Some discourse analysts would refer to their own work as falling under the heading of sociolinguistics but others would not. The analysis of discourse under main objectives has not been to learn more about a particular society. Rather, it has been concerned to learn more about language. It examines the uses of language; the mechanism of language change; the nature of linguistic systems, etc. Therefore, this type of work is sometimes referred to as "sociolinguistics proper". Labor is the major founder of social dialectology. His survey of the social dialects of New York city in the 1960s is regarded as the pioneering work and The Social stratification of English in New York City (1966) is the representative work in this area. Chapter 2, 3, and 4 of this book will be devoted to some aspects of this area.
59. This text deals with ____.
A) the scope of sociolinguistics
B) the development of sociolinguistics
C) the nature of sociolingustics
D) the achievement of sociolinguistics
60. Which of the following statement is Not true according to the text?
A) Socioliguistics is a new interdisciplinary field.
B) The study of language and society with purely sociological objectives does not belong to sociolinguistics.
C) The ethnography of speaking is an area which explores the ways language is used in different cultures.
D) Chapter 9 in this book will introduce some basics of social dialectology.
57. What does the word "epigram" originate from?
A) Epitaph in ancient Rome.
B) Concise, pointed or sarcastic saying in the Greek Anthology.
C) Words carved on stones, etc, usually terse, sage or sarcastic.
D) A figure of speech in writing.
58. If wisely used, epigram can ____.
A) add a philosophical touch to the article
B) deliver the implied sense of the article
C) shorten the article as well as intensify its theme
D) All of the above
TEXT K First read the questions. 59. This text deals with ____. A. the scope of sociolinguistics B. the development of sociolinguistics C. the nature of sociolingustics D. the achievement of sociolinguistics 60. Which of the following statement is Not true according to the text? A. Socioliguistics is a new interdisciplinary field. B. The study of language and society with purely sociological objectives does not belong to sociolinguistics. C. The ethnography of speaking is an area which explores the ways language is used in different cultures. D. Chapter 9 in this book will introduce some basics of social dialectology. Now go through TEXT K quickly to answer question 59 and 60. Sociolinguistics views language as a social-cultural phenomenon which should be studied in relation to society. Linguists, anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists and educationalists are interested in enquiring in the relationship between language, and culture and society. All of them have made very important contributions to the emergence and development of the discipline. Sociolingusistics is a new interdisciplinary field. The term sociolinguistics means many different things to many different people. This multiplicity of interpretations is due to the fact that, while everybody would agree that sociolinguistics has something to do with language and society, it is clearly also not concerned with everything that could be considered "language and society". Therefore, different scholars draw the line between language and society, and sociolinguistics in different places and hence a number of areas of study have appeared. In terms of objectivities, it is possible to divide studies of language and society into three groups: those where the objectives are purely sociological; those where they are partly sociological and partly linguistic; and those where the objectives are wholly linguistic. The first group does not belong to sociolinguistics. The second category is where the main problem with the term sociolinguistics lies: some people would include the whole of this area within sociolinguistics; others would exclude it totally; yet others would include some areas but not all. In the case of the third category, the term sociolinguistics is uncontroversial. In this book we will introduce you to some aspects of the last two categories. And now we will highlight five of the major areas of study in this interdisciplinary field as follows. The sociology of language is a label applied to courses taught in linguistics departments in the United States, and it is a field whose objectives are at least partly linguistic. The term is most prominently associated with the work of Joshua Fishman. The sociology of language focuses upon the social organization of language behavior, including not only language usage but also language attitudes. The sociology of language most typically studied topics such as bilingualism or multilingualism, diglossia, verbal repertoire, code-switching, language loyalty and language planning, etc. Descriptions in this field typically concentrate on, in Fishmans words, "who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end?" (Fishman 1969, in Giglioli 1972: 46). In this book we will highlight some aspects of the above topics in Chapter 5, 6, 12 and 13. The ethnography of speaking refers to an area whose objectives are clearly both linguistic and social. As employed first by Hymes in the 1960s, this term is applied to a field which looks at the role of language in the "communicative conduct of communities" —— the ways is which language is actually used in different cultures. It examines the functions and uses of styles, dialects and languages, and looks at the way in which speech acts are interpreted and carried through in particular societies. It also tends to be cross-cultural in emphasis. It involves elements from sociology, social anthropology, education, folklore and poetics, as well as linguistics. There is no clear boundary between the ethnography of speaking and the sociology of language, and they overlap with each other in many respects. Chapter 9 in this book will introduce some basics of the ethnography of speaking. Social dialectology addresses itself to issues such as the relationship between language and social class. However, the general heading of "language and society" presupposes some kind of social interaction i.e. conversational discourse. This can not be fully identified with "discourse analysis" where it is understood to mean simply text grammar or the grammatical analysis of units larger than then sentence. There are many studies in conversational analysis which are concerned with the organization of conversation. Some researchers have looked more specifically at the structures of discourse, and pointed out that stretches of discourse are no more unstructured sequences of utterances than sentences are unstructured sequences of words. Other researches have examined the nature of the cohesion of conversational discourse. Yet other scholars have been concerned with what has been referred to as "rules for discourse". Chapter 10 and 11 in this book will highlight some important approaches to the discourse analysis. Discourse analysis belongs to the second category of the studies on language and society. Some discourse analysts would refer to their own work as falling under the heading of sociolinguistics but others would not. The analysis of discourse under main objectives has not been to learn more about a particular society. Rather, it has been concerned to learn more about language. It examines the uses of language; the mechanism of language change; the nature of linguistic systems, etc. Therefore, this type of work is sometimes referred to as "sociolinguistics proper". Labor is the major founder of social dialectology. His survey of the social dialects of New York city in the 1960s is regarded as the pioneering work and The Social stratification of English in New York City (1966) is the representative work in this area. Chapter 2, 3, and 4 of this book will be devoted to some aspects of this area.
59. This text deals with ____.
A) the scope of sociolinguistics
B) the development of sociolinguistics
C) the nature of sociolingustics
D) the achievement of sociolinguistics
60. Which of the following statement is Not true according to the text?
A) Socioliguistics is a new interdisciplinary field.
B) The study of language and society with purely sociological objectives does not belong to sociolinguistics.
C) The ethnography of speaking is an area which explores the ways language is used in different cultures.
D) Chapter 9 in this book will introduce some basics of social dialectology.