TEXT J First read the question. 57. The in-house technique developed and used by Venter is to _____. A. to discover new genes B. to decode for the first time the genome of a living organism C. to spread up his research D. to isolate the DNA of the organism 58. Why is Venter criticized and doubted? A. His goal is to ambitious to be achieved by the end of 2001. B. There are loopholes in his technique. C. US 300 million is far from being ample for such an ambitious research. D. All of above. Now go through Text G quickly to answer question 57 and 58. ROCKVILLE, Maryland —— A pioneer of genetic research, 52-year-old biologist Craig Venter is challenging what he sees as the ultimate frontier of the discipline —— mapping the human genome. His announcement in May 1998 that he would complete the process by the end of 2001 at a cost of US 300 million drew considerable skepticism. For numerous colleagues, deciphering the totality of the genetic instructions necessary for the creation and running of the human body in only three years and with so little money is nothing short of science fiction. But Venter stands by his bold ambition and is determined to achieve his goal. "We are very confident we can complete the full genome sequence by the end of 2001", he said in an interview. "We cannot be absolutely confident because this is the biggest project that anybody has ever tried in biology. But we are very confident." In order to take on the financial and organizational might of the public sector, which is chasing the same goal, Venter and his firm Calera Genomic are using an in-house technique development by Venter to speed them on their way. This technique was born when Venter was an ocscure researcher at the government-funded National Institute of Health (NIH) in the 1980s, attempting to discover new genes. Rather than continue with the method of relying on chance to unearth genes, he decided instead to follow the gene trail by way of DNA, the molecule that transmits genetic information to cells. The procedure was a success and very quickly Venter was expanding the known gene library to include information on hundreds of new ones he had discovered. However, his technique has detractors, and his determination to patent his discoveries has added even more. His boss at the time, the Nobel Prize laureate James Watson, described his ambition as "sheer lunacy." Thus with a band of faithful followers, including his scientist wife Claire Fraser, Venter slammed the public sector door behind him and founded his own research center, The Institute for Genomic Research, with an ambitious aim: to decode for the first time the genome of a living organism, the bacteria that causes meningitis, Haemophilus influenza. With his eye on speed, Venter innovated to cut corners. Where tried and trusted techniques of gene sequencing dictate orderly process, Venter isolated the DNA of the organism, scrambled it and used a computer to reassemble the resulting puzzle. His method worked. In 1995, the 1.8 million letters of the entire genetic coke of the organism were published . "That was major breakthrough," said Fraser. "What we have shown is …… our approach can be used on virtually any genome and is one that will save a great deal of time and money." Here again, the critics were vocal, suggesting that his technique lacked rigor. "There will be a lot of holes," said Michael Waterson, a leader of the government-sponsored genome project. "Their book of life will need a lot of further editing."
57. The in-house technique developed and used by Venter is to _____.
A) to discover new genes
B) to decode for the first time the genome of a living organism
C) to spread up his research
D) to isolate the DNA of the organism
58. Why is Venter criticized and doubted?
A) His goal is to ambitious to be achieved by the end of 2001.
B) There are loopholes in his technique.
C) US' 300 million is far from being ample for such an ambitious research.
D) All of above.
TEXT K First read the question. 59. What is the cornerstone of writing according to the writer? A. conciseness B. clarity C. coherence D. continuity 60. Whats the main difference between persuasive writing and information writing? A. The writer of persuasive writing has to persuade readers as well as impart information. B. Concerned with affecting readers view, persuasive writing calls for special planning. C. The interest of the readers must be stimulated in persuasive writing. D. Readers are easy to follow the flow of persuasive writing. Now go through Text K quickly to answer question 59 and 60. Some principles for business writing Attitude: The writers point of view. The writer always has a point of view and it should be reflected in information writing. It may affect the readers point of view, but that is not the purpose. Here, the writers point of view provides clarity to the communication. Furthermore, it offers a personal approach to the communication —— naturalness. Courtesy and tact are also a part of the writers point of view. Sincerity reflects a quality that is very important for developing the readers opinion of the writers credibility. Clarity: The cornerstone of writing. Clarity is reflected in the writers knowledge of the subject. Placing the information in simple, short sentences for efficient comprehension is vital. Selecting words for specific meaning and eliminating ambiguity are essential. The vocabulary must be familiar to the reader, taking into consideration the readers background and experience with the subject of the communication. Clarity is also reflected in the organizational ability of the writer. If the writer creates a workable organization, the reader will be able to grasp the communication quickly and accurately. Conciseness: Respecting the readers time. Unnecessary detail is the constant plague of written business communications. The details are too many and, quite often, unnecessary. Much valuable time is wasted for readers by writers who are careless about brevity. Repetition has a place in writing, and it belongs in the summary of written communications. Often writes repeat the same ideas from paragraph to paragraph. Coherence: The writers organizational flow. All ideas should have some order. When order is established, the reader immediately begins to comprehend. If ideas are structured in time-order sequence, ascending or descending pattern, in a cause-and-effect, or in problem-and-solution structure, the essence of the message flows. It is easy to follow the relationship of multiple ideas in a simple communication. Some guidelines for persuasive writing Sometimes writing is a way of negotiation. You need take a position and give enough evidence to persuade your clients to accept your point of view, and take action. Writing persuasively is challenging for the business professional. Whether it is to be a memo, a formal letter, a report, or a elaborate contract, the writer must take time to analyze the intended readers. A clear understanding of writing to communication is necessary in order to recognize the difference with influencing the readers point of view. This could range from stimulating the reader to make a change in attitude, to coercing the reader to accept an issue. It takes more strategic planning for the writer to create a persuasive argument on paper. Stimulating interest: Starting on the right foot. The opening paragraph in written persuasion must get things off on the right foot. The interest of the reader must be stimulated by the introduction. It the writer has some notion of the readers attitude on the subject, it is much easier to stimulate interest. The conclusion, which normally comes at the end of a written communication, should appear right in the opening. By starting off with the conclusion, the reader will know immediately where the writer is aiming. This will eliminate any hidden fears, confusions, or possible misinterpretation on the part of the reader. This immediately places emphasis on clarity at the very beginning of the communication. Continuity: Establishing organizational flow. As in information writing, persuasive writing must have an organizational flow. By taking the topic and structure it into a sequence, the writer will be sure that the reader is able to follow the flow. Order of important is an excellent way to structure the ideas in a persuasive communication. By starting with the most important idea and moving to the least important, the writer is setting up priorities and emphasis. In this manner, it is very easy for the reader to understand the rationale for the writer. Cause and effect is another pattern of organization easy for the reader to follow and be influenced by. The writer can carefully establish all of the causes and then, one by one, describe each effect. This makes it very easy to show the relationship between cause and effect. It is the established relationship between the two that appears logical to the reader and that creates the positive attitude necessary for persuasion. Problem and solution as an organizational pattern works very much like cause and effect, in that the relationship between the two is important. The solution, if it does eliminate the problem, in a practical, workable, or desirable manner, will gain strong acceptance from the reader. Chronological, topical, and spatial patterns of organization can all be used in persuasive writing, these depend on the relationship of the subject to the reader. Need/satisfaction is another common structural pattern, and it works well in persuasive writing, in this pattern, the writer establishes a need for the reader, and once this has been clearly explained, an idea is presented that will satisfy that need. Once the need is met, the writer can then set up some plan of action that will explain how this satisfaction will take place and offer benefits to the reader. Credibility: A must for the writer and the content. As the writer presents conclusions, their justification must be established. This justification is accomplished by presenting good evidence in an organized structure that will support the conclusions.
59. What is the cornerstone of writing according to the writer?
A) conciseness
B) clarity
C) coherence
D) continuity
60. What's the main difference between persuasive writing and information writing?
A) The writer of persuasive writing has to persuade readers as well as impart information.
B) Concerned with affecting readers' view, persuasive writing calls for special planning.
C) The interest of the readers must be stimulated in persuasive writing.
D) Readers are easy to follow the flow of persuasive writing.
57. The in-house technique developed and used by Venter is to _____.
A) to discover new genes
B) to decode for the first time the genome of a living organism
C) to spread up his research
D) to isolate the DNA of the organism
58. Why is Venter criticized and doubted?
A) His goal is to ambitious to be achieved by the end of 2001.
B) There are loopholes in his technique.
C) US' 300 million is far from being ample for such an ambitious research.
D) All of above.
TEXT K First read the question. 59. What is the cornerstone of writing according to the writer? A. conciseness B. clarity C. coherence D. continuity 60. Whats the main difference between persuasive writing and information writing? A. The writer of persuasive writing has to persuade readers as well as impart information. B. Concerned with affecting readers view, persuasive writing calls for special planning. C. The interest of the readers must be stimulated in persuasive writing. D. Readers are easy to follow the flow of persuasive writing. Now go through Text K quickly to answer question 59 and 60. Some principles for business writing Attitude: The writers point of view. The writer always has a point of view and it should be reflected in information writing. It may affect the readers point of view, but that is not the purpose. Here, the writers point of view provides clarity to the communication. Furthermore, it offers a personal approach to the communication —— naturalness. Courtesy and tact are also a part of the writers point of view. Sincerity reflects a quality that is very important for developing the readers opinion of the writers credibility. Clarity: The cornerstone of writing. Clarity is reflected in the writers knowledge of the subject. Placing the information in simple, short sentences for efficient comprehension is vital. Selecting words for specific meaning and eliminating ambiguity are essential. The vocabulary must be familiar to the reader, taking into consideration the readers background and experience with the subject of the communication. Clarity is also reflected in the organizational ability of the writer. If the writer creates a workable organization, the reader will be able to grasp the communication quickly and accurately. Conciseness: Respecting the readers time. Unnecessary detail is the constant plague of written business communications. The details are too many and, quite often, unnecessary. Much valuable time is wasted for readers by writers who are careless about brevity. Repetition has a place in writing, and it belongs in the summary of written communications. Often writes repeat the same ideas from paragraph to paragraph. Coherence: The writers organizational flow. All ideas should have some order. When order is established, the reader immediately begins to comprehend. If ideas are structured in time-order sequence, ascending or descending pattern, in a cause-and-effect, or in problem-and-solution structure, the essence of the message flows. It is easy to follow the relationship of multiple ideas in a simple communication. Some guidelines for persuasive writing Sometimes writing is a way of negotiation. You need take a position and give enough evidence to persuade your clients to accept your point of view, and take action. Writing persuasively is challenging for the business professional. Whether it is to be a memo, a formal letter, a report, or a elaborate contract, the writer must take time to analyze the intended readers. A clear understanding of writing to communication is necessary in order to recognize the difference with influencing the readers point of view. This could range from stimulating the reader to make a change in attitude, to coercing the reader to accept an issue. It takes more strategic planning for the writer to create a persuasive argument on paper. Stimulating interest: Starting on the right foot. The opening paragraph in written persuasion must get things off on the right foot. The interest of the reader must be stimulated by the introduction. It the writer has some notion of the readers attitude on the subject, it is much easier to stimulate interest. The conclusion, which normally comes at the end of a written communication, should appear right in the opening. By starting off with the conclusion, the reader will know immediately where the writer is aiming. This will eliminate any hidden fears, confusions, or possible misinterpretation on the part of the reader. This immediately places emphasis on clarity at the very beginning of the communication. Continuity: Establishing organizational flow. As in information writing, persuasive writing must have an organizational flow. By taking the topic and structure it into a sequence, the writer will be sure that the reader is able to follow the flow. Order of important is an excellent way to structure the ideas in a persuasive communication. By starting with the most important idea and moving to the least important, the writer is setting up priorities and emphasis. In this manner, it is very easy for the reader to understand the rationale for the writer. Cause and effect is another pattern of organization easy for the reader to follow and be influenced by. The writer can carefully establish all of the causes and then, one by one, describe each effect. This makes it very easy to show the relationship between cause and effect. It is the established relationship between the two that appears logical to the reader and that creates the positive attitude necessary for persuasion. Problem and solution as an organizational pattern works very much like cause and effect, in that the relationship between the two is important. The solution, if it does eliminate the problem, in a practical, workable, or desirable manner, will gain strong acceptance from the reader. Chronological, topical, and spatial patterns of organization can all be used in persuasive writing, these depend on the relationship of the subject to the reader. Need/satisfaction is another common structural pattern, and it works well in persuasive writing, in this pattern, the writer establishes a need for the reader, and once this has been clearly explained, an idea is presented that will satisfy that need. Once the need is met, the writer can then set up some plan of action that will explain how this satisfaction will take place and offer benefits to the reader. Credibility: A must for the writer and the content. As the writer presents conclusions, their justification must be established. This justification is accomplished by presenting good evidence in an organized structure that will support the conclusions.
59. What is the cornerstone of writing according to the writer?
A) conciseness
B) clarity
C) coherence
D) continuity
60. What's the main difference between persuasive writing and information writing?
A) The writer of persuasive writing has to persuade readers as well as impart information.
B) Concerned with affecting readers' view, persuasive writing calls for special planning.
C) The interest of the readers must be stimulated in persuasive writing.
D) Readers are easy to follow the flow of persuasive writing.