TEXT C
Lighting Contrast
Since the brightness range that the color film will record is less than that of black-and-white film, the user of Kodachrome and Kodacolor Film should avoid subjects in which there are extreme highlights and deep shadows unless the pictures are taken for that effect. Good detail should not be expected in both the highlights and shadows when the lighting contrast is extreme. For pictures of people outdoors, the full lighting produced by sunlight coming over the shoulder of the Photographer to strike the subject from the front will give the most satisfactory effect. Subject positions that produce side lighting and back lighting may give effective Kodachrome pictures if the camera side of the subject is well illuminated by open sky, or if reflectors are used to light the shaded areas. Exposure recommendations for such lightings must be followed closely. A white cloth, sheet of cardboard, or a projection screen are good reflectors for building up light in shaded areas when taking close-ups of people and pictures of flowers and other small objects. Kodacolor pictures require even more care in adding light to shaded areas when the subject position does not afford full front lighting.
For pleasing effects in nearly all outdoor photographs, it is necessary to give careful consideration to the position of the sun. Pictures of people made during the middle of the day with the sun directly overhead are not pleasing because of the heavy shadows under the eyes, nose, and chin of the subject. During midmorning and midafternoon with the sun lower in the sky, excellent modeling and shadow effects are easily obtained. In some locations during winter, the sun is low enough in the sky during midday to afford good lighting. The angle of the sun is also important in making scenic and architectural photographs since their success depends largely upon shadows and texture.
Correctly exposed Kodachrome and Kodacolor pictures made under conditions of a hazy sun, with soft shadows cast, are usually quite good because of the soft lighting. Kodachrome pictures property exposed on dull days, while somewhat bluish, are pleasing, which is usually not the case in black-and-white photography.
74. For taking outdoor picture, the best effect will be obtained when ___.
A. the subject faces the sunlight
B. the photographer faces the sunlight
C. the subject is in the shadow
D. the photographer is in the shadow
75. The best color pictures are taken when____.
A. the sun is directly overhead
B. the range of highlights and shadows is large
C. the sun is lower in the sky
D. black and white film is used
76. A hazy sun____.
A. will produce soft lighting
B. will yield somewhat bluish pictures
C. needs to have the light supplemented by reflectors
D. will expose shaded areas fully.
TEXT D
Auctions
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asked the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or `bids’, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called `knocking down’ the goods. For the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning `increase’. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning `under the spear’, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather.
In England in the eighteenth centuries, goods were often sold `by the candle’:
a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayedalight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for landand property, antique furniture,pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a `lot’, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The aussible.
77. Auctioned goods are sold____.
A. for the highest price offered
B. only at fixed prices
C. at a price less than their true value
D. cheaply
78. The end of the bidding is called “knocking down” because____.
A. the auctioneer knocks the buyer down
B. the auctioneer knocks the rostrum down
C. the goods are knocked down on to the table
D. the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer
79. A candle used to burn at auction sales____.
A. because they took place at night
B. as a signal for the crowd to gather
C. to give light to the auctioneer
D. to limit the time when offers could be made
80. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers____.
A. the current market values of the goods
B. details of the goods to be sold
C. the order in which goods must be sold
D. free admission to the auction sale