十七、規(guī)則動詞過去分詞作定語結(jié)構(gòu)這里的規(guī)則動詞指的是過去式和過去分詞一樣，導(dǎo)致考生看不出句子結(jié)構(gòu)，比如： program, programmed, programmed 因此判斷這個詞是過去式還是過去分詞就顯得比較重要： 第一步：從邏輯上判斷這個動作是主動還是被動 第二步：如果是被動的話，做謂語前面一定有系動詞be
例1：___Wupatki National Monument in Arizona features structures built of red sandstone by ancestors of the Hopi people. (A) That the (B) In the (C) Around the (D) The 分析：空格后是結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子，空格處顯然缺定冠詞the 修飾主語，故選D。A中that引導(dǎo)主語從句，使整個句子變成從句而無主句，B、C構(gòu)成介詞短語，使句子缺主語，故排除。句子中的built是過去分詞。
例2：Antibodies ___by small, round cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells. (A) to be made (B) making (C) made (D) are made 分析：空格前為名詞作主語，空格后是介詞by引導(dǎo)的動作執(zhí)行者，called是過去分詞作定語，所以句子缺謂語，故選D。A、B、C均為非謂語動詞，故排除。
例3：Automatons programmed to perform a given task ___the flexibility and adaptability of human beings. (A) without (B) lack (C) minus (D) not having 分析：programmed在句中是過去分詞作名詞后置修飾語，空格處缺謂語動詞。四個選擇答案中只有（B）是可作謂語的動詞，故選（B）。 B， programmed是一個定語，而不是謂語，機器人被編制程序，所以是過去分詞，而不是謂語動詞
十八、邏輯主語結(jié)構(gòu)在一個完整的句子前面出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、或者介詞短語，那么這個句子的主語是前面這三種結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯上的主語。
例1：Having been served lunch, ___. (A) the problem was discussed by the members of the committee (B) the committee members discussed the problem (C) it was discussed by the committee members the problem (D) a discussion of the problem was make by the members of the committee 分析：Having been served lunch指被招待了午飯，那么只可能是委員會的成員被招待，而不可能是問題，所以選擇B
例2：___was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later, in 1834. (A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch (B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn (C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch (D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 分析：空格后面是謂語和狀語，空格處缺主語。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主語，但是從as a city可知，主語不是人名，而是地名，由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子，不合要求。D符合句法和題意。
例3：At thirteen___at a district school near her home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her first article in print. (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane Hawes had (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane Hawe''s first (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching position (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching position 分析：從并列連詞and 可知，第一個逗號前是一個完整的句子，空格處缺主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而且主語是一個人名。四個選項中只有D以人名作主語，故選D。
例4： Even at low levels, ___. (A) the nervous system has produced detrimental effects by lead (B) lead''s detrimental effects are producing the nervous system (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the nervous system (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on the nervous system 分析：空格前為介詞短語狀語，空格處缺一個完整的句子。A、B結(jié)構(gòu)上似乎完整，但意思不清，D不是完整的句子，故選C。
例5：The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking A B C areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. D 分析：應(yīng)該把D中的were去掉
十九、復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)有些及物動詞+賓語后意思表達(dá)不完整，需要再加形容詞或者名詞來補充說明賓語被叫做不完全及物動詞，該形容詞或者名詞叫做賓語補足語。賓語加補足語叫做復(fù)合賓語。當(dāng)賓語和賓補由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，分別變?yōu)橹髡Z和主補。 We played soccer. We called him Bob. Bob在這里作賓語補足語 He was called Bob. Bob在這里作主語補足語
下面列出了一些經(jīng)常要求使用賓補的動詞 make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 例：We appoint him monitor. We elected him president.
例1：Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not consider them___because they are now primarily kept as pets. (A) where sporting dogs (B) sporting dogs (C) when sporting dogs (D) they are sportingdogs 分析：選擇B, them是賓語，sporting dogs賓補
二十、It結(jié)構(gòu)
一、強調(diào)句型 It is + 強調(diào)部分+that +其余部分
這個句型需要注意幾點：強調(diào)部分+其余部分是一個完整的句子；強調(diào)部分可以強調(diào)主語、賓語和狀語，不能強調(diào)謂語和定語；強調(diào)人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是時間和地點)，who 和that絕對不能省略如果原句是過去時態(tài)，強調(diào)句型使用it was.，例如：原句：Ann bought these books last year. 強調(diào)賓語：It was these books that Ann bought last year. 強調(diào)狀語：It was last year that Ann bought these books.
二、形式主語 It is + 名詞/形容詞+ to do/that 引導(dǎo)的句子 to do/that 引導(dǎo)的句子是真正的主語，it 是形式主語，這是為了避免頭重腳輕。
例1：It is the interaction between people , rather than A B the events that occur in their lives , that are C the main focus of social psychology. D 分析：Rather than …是插入語，主句是強調(diào)句型, it is …that, 主語是interaction, 所以是is
例2： ___an increasing international exchange of educational films. (A) It is (B) There is (C) Though there is (D) Although it is 分析：缺少主謂，選擇B, it 用在句子的句首，只可能作強調(diào)句型或者形式主語?？崭窈笫且粋€名詞短語，只有B與之構(gòu)成完整的句子。A語義不完整，C、D則使整個句子成了讓步從句而缺主句，故都可排除。
二十一、which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu) which是關(guān)系代詞，which后面應(yīng)該加缺主語或者賓語的句子，在這個句子中，which要作成分，作主語或者賓語 in which+完整的句子 which在定語從句中作in的賓語，所以不能作后面句子的主語 名詞+of which+謂語動詞 of which來修飾名詞，名詞在定語從句中作主語，所以后面直接跟謂語動詞
例1：In blank verse___of ten syllables, five of which are accented. (A) line consists of each (B) consists of each line (C) each line consists (D) it consists of each line 分析：空格前后均為介詞詞組，逗號后為非限定性定語從句，空格處缺主句主謂成分。A單數(shù)名詞line前沒有限定詞，而且語義不清，B沒有主語，D中it 指代不明，所以選C。 five of which are accented表示其中五個要被重讀，of which修飾five, 十個中的五個
例2：The spiral threads of spider''s web have a sticky substance on them___insects. (A) traps (B) trap its (C) which traps (D) which it traps 分析：空格前為完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，后面是一個名詞，A和B顯然不能與前面的謂語動詞并列，故可以首先排除。D中的代詞it明顯是多余的，故也不對。C為正確選項，其中關(guān)系代詞which指代前面的名詞短語a sticky substance。網(wǎng)上有粘狀的物質(zhì)來誘捕昆蟲。
例3：Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists have paid little attention to cultural A interpretations given to silence, or to the types of B C social contexts in which tends to occur. D 分析：D錯，in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列
例4：After the First World War, the author Anais Nin became interested in the art movement known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis,both ___her novels and short stories. (A) in which the influence (B) of which influenced (C) to have influence (D) its influence in 分析：第二個逗號前為結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子，A中有從句引導(dǎo)詞which, 卻沒有謂語動詞，構(gòu)成不了完整的句子。C中最后一個詞為名詞，無法與后面的名詞短語連接，D構(gòu)成名詞短語，不合題意，而且名詞influence一般接介詞on, 故三個選項都可排除。B構(gòu)成一個非限定性定語從句，故選B。