TEXT D
The founder of quantum mechanics (量子力學) and the inventor of the uncertainty principle, Werner Heisenberg was born in Wurzburg and brought up in Munich, where he entered the university in 1920 to study physics under Arnold Sommerfeld. After a brief stay at Gottingen University, he moved to Copenhagen to pursue research under Niels Boho and remained there until 1927.
After 1913 the quantum theory made considerable progress, but by 1924 it was running out of steam, largely owing to its lack of a coherent and systematic mathematical foundation. In the summer of 1925 Heisenberg discovered the foundation of just such a mechanics. Then his theory was rapidly developed by Max Born,Pascual Jordan, and P.A.M. Dirac.
In the spring of 1927, while a lecture at Boho’s insititute, Heisenberg followed uphis discovery of the uncertainty relations, which are of central importance in quantum mechanics.
Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1932 for his contribution to the development of quantum mechanics. From 1927 to 1941 he was professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leipzig. Although privately unsympathetic to the Nazi regime he remained in Germany throughout the Second World War, seeing it as his duty to work for the preservation of German physics and its future reconstruction. From 1941 to 1945 he was Director of the Kiser Wihelm Institute for Physics at Berlin, where he worked with Otto Hahn on the development of a nuclear reactor. After the war he became Director of the Max Planck Institute for Physics and played a prominent part in the promotion of scientific research in Germany.
Heisenberg has an important part in 20th century thought: the notion of uncertainty which he introduced is, like Einstein’s concept of relativity, one of the major idea of the century; it has changed not only physics but our entire world picture.
74. When was the firm foundation of quantum theory laid?
A. In 1913.B. In 1924.C. In 1925.D. In 1927.
75. Heisenberg did not leave Germany during the Second World War because he____.
A.supported the Nazi regime
B.wanted to contribute to the German physics
C.was not sympathetic for the Nazi regime
D.wanted to develop a nuclear reactor in Germany
76. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Quantum mechanics and uncertainty relations do not have obvious relationship.
B. Quantum theory, which contributes greatly to human beings, developed perfectly.
C. Quantum theory changed physics as well as the whole world picture.
D. Uncertainty principle is as great as Einstein’s concept of relativity.
77. Where does this article probably occur?
A. A magazine.
B. A physics textbook.
C. A physics report.
D. A government document.
TEXT E
It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanations.
Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obey” spoken instructions some time before they can speak though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能發(fā)出的全部聲音). This self-imitation leads to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
78. The third paragraph is mainly about____.
A.the development of babies’ early forms of language
B.the difficulties of babies in learning to speak
C.babies’ strong desire to communicate
D.babies’ intention to communicate
79. From the passage we learn that____.
A. early starters can learn to speak within only six months
B. children show a strong desire to communicate by making noises
C. imitation plays an important role in learning to speak
D. children have various difficulties in learning to speak
80. The best title for this passage would be ____.
A. How Babies Learn to Speak
B. Early Forms of Language
C. A Huge Task for Children
D. Noise Making and language Learning
SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING［5 MIN.］
In this section there are five passages with a total of ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
TEXT F
First read the following questions.
81. According to the article____.
A.if your bank fails, the government will make compensation
B.it is safe to deposit money in a bank
C.you may sue somebody for your drunkness
D.all above
82. It is very easy to find someone to blame____.
A.if something goes wrong
B.when you get a divorce from your spouse
C.if you suffer from a mental distress
D.when you are in a bad mood
Now read Text F quickly and mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
To a lot of Americans, it now seems that prosperity can be bought like insurance. If you lose your job you can sue for the mental distress of being fired. If your bank goes broken, the government has insured your deposits. If your marriage goes wrong you can divorce … and then sue for a share of the money your spouse would have earned, had he or she not given up a lucrative job. If you drive drunkand crash you can sue somebody for failing to warn you to stop drinking. There is always somebody else to blame.