1999年英譯漢試題參考譯文
（71）幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。由于受時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的限制，每一代史學(xué)家都要重新判斷過(guò)去哪些史料對(duì)其有重要價(jià)值。在這種探索中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)總是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏見(jiàn)的或帶有派別意識(shí)的。實(shí)際從事歷史研究的人總是知道，他們的努力只不過(guò)是為永無(wú)止境的探索過(guò)程添磚加瓦，這就使其工作頗具諷刺意味。
（72）人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見(jiàn)不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門(mén)學(xué)問(wèn)。盡管歷史學(xué)曾經(jīng)崇尚它與文學(xué)和哲學(xué)的相似性，但新興的社會(huì)科學(xué)似乎為人們提出新問(wèn)題和提供了解過(guò)去的有效途徑開(kāi)辟了更為廣闊的天地。社會(huì)科學(xué)研究的方法必須改變以適應(yīng)這樣一條指導(dǎo)，即以史料為基礎(chǔ)，而不是為當(dāng)代社會(huì)之需。（73）在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
在歷史學(xué)界，方法論這個(gè)詞從來(lái)都是模棱兩可的。（74）所謂方法論究竟是指一般的歷史研究研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見(jiàn)不一。史學(xué)家，尤其是那些局限于他們的研究興趣，以致被指責(zé)為單方同研究法的史學(xué)家，常常成了單純技術(shù)方法論的犧牲品。這種謬論在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里也是屢見(jiàn)不鮮的，它錯(cuò)誤地把整個(gè)學(xué)科與學(xué)科研究的某些操作方法等同起來(lái)。（75）這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派;前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的評(píng)論;后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
11.2000年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers;they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited;or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
（73）Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
2000年英譯漢試題參考譯文
世界各國(guó)政府都認(rèn)為，人民的幸福主要依賴于社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和財(cái)富。（71）在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和運(yùn)籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。（72）再者，顯而易見(jiàn)的是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。這就意味著，各國(guó)政府得越來(lái)越多地干預(yù)這些部門(mén)以便提高產(chǎn)量并確保產(chǎn)品會(huì)得到的利用。例如，政府可以用各種方法來(lái)鼓勵(lì)研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改革教育結(jié)構(gòu)，或以政府干預(yù)來(lái)減少自然資源的消費(fèi)量、開(kāi)發(fā)迄今未被利用的資源;或者政府可以在日益增加的與科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和工業(yè)有關(guān)的項(xiàng)目中直接進(jìn)行協(xié)作。無(wú)論如何，所有這些政府干預(yù)主要有賴于科學(xué)方面的咨詢和各種類型的科技人才。
（73）大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。而同時(shí)，全世界的正常的社會(huì)變革速度與過(guò)去相比大大加快了。（74）在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革，持續(xù)了大約一世紀(jì)之久，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在10年左右就可能完成這個(gè)過(guò)程。（75）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)（現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)容易）造成的種種問(wèn)題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。由于這些因素的結(jié)果，政府正越來(lái)越多地依靠生物學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)家來(lái)安排適當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)劃，并付諸實(shí)施。
（71）幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。由于受時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的限制，每一代史學(xué)家都要重新判斷過(guò)去哪些史料對(duì)其有重要價(jià)值。在這種探索中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)總是不完整的、零碎的，而且常常是有偏見(jiàn)的或帶有派別意識(shí)的。實(shí)際從事歷史研究的人總是知道，他們的努力只不過(guò)是為永無(wú)止境的探索過(guò)程添磚加瓦，這就使其工作頗具諷刺意味。
（72）人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見(jiàn)不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門(mén)學(xué)問(wèn)。盡管歷史學(xué)曾經(jīng)崇尚它與文學(xué)和哲學(xué)的相似性，但新興的社會(huì)科學(xué)似乎為人們提出新問(wèn)題和提供了解過(guò)去的有效途徑開(kāi)辟了更為廣闊的天地。社會(huì)科學(xué)研究的方法必須改變以適應(yīng)這樣一條指導(dǎo)，即以史料為基礎(chǔ)，而不是為當(dāng)代社會(huì)之需。（73）在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
在歷史學(xué)界，方法論這個(gè)詞從來(lái)都是模棱兩可的。（74）所謂方法論究竟是指一般的歷史研究研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見(jiàn)不一。史學(xué)家，尤其是那些局限于他們的研究興趣，以致被指責(zé)為單方同研究法的史學(xué)家，常常成了單純技術(shù)方法論的犧牲品。這種謬論在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域里也是屢見(jiàn)不鮮的，它錯(cuò)誤地把整個(gè)學(xué)科與學(xué)科研究的某些操作方法等同起來(lái)。（75）這種謬論同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派;前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的評(píng)論;后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
11.2000年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers;they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited;or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
（73）Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
2000年英譯漢試題參考譯文
世界各國(guó)政府都認(rèn)為，人民的幸福主要依賴于社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和財(cái)富。（71）在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和運(yùn)籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。（72）再者，顯而易見(jiàn)的是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。這就意味著，各國(guó)政府得越來(lái)越多地干預(yù)這些部門(mén)以便提高產(chǎn)量并確保產(chǎn)品會(huì)得到的利用。例如，政府可以用各種方法來(lái)鼓勵(lì)研究，其中包括建立自己的研究中心;政府可以改革教育結(jié)構(gòu)，或以政府干預(yù)來(lái)減少自然資源的消費(fèi)量、開(kāi)發(fā)迄今未被利用的資源;或者政府可以在日益增加的與科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和工業(yè)有關(guān)的項(xiàng)目中直接進(jìn)行協(xié)作。無(wú)論如何，所有這些政府干預(yù)主要有賴于科學(xué)方面的咨詢和各種類型的科技人才。
（73）大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。而同時(shí)，全世界的正常的社會(huì)變革速度與過(guò)去相比大大加快了。（74）在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革，持續(xù)了大約一世紀(jì)之久，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在10年左右就可能完成這個(gè)過(guò)程。（75）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)（現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)容易）造成的種種問(wèn)題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。由于這些因素的結(jié)果，政府正越來(lái)越多地依靠生物學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)家來(lái)安排適當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)劃，并付諸實(shí)施。