1998年英譯漢試題參考譯文
離地球大約150億光年的一塊狹長(zhǎng)的巨大宇宙云系是科學(xué)家在此以前所發(fā)現(xiàn)的、最遙遠(yuǎn)的物體。（71）但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。那大約就是宇宙形成的時(shí)候。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)的宇宙云既令人驚訝，又是人們所期待的，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的宇宙背景探測(cè)者Cobe號(hào)衛(wèi)星已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了劃時(shí)代的證據(jù)，證明宇宙確實(shí)起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人們一直所稱的大爆炸（此理論認(rèn)為宇宙起源于一大塊能量）。
（72）巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使本世紀(jì)二十年代首次提出的大爆炸論是以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所必不可少的。根據(jù)這一理論，宇宙的形成是由一團(tuán)亞微觀的、極其稠密的純能量團(tuán)朝四面八方向外發(fā)散，隨著放出輻射線，濃縮成粒子，然后形成氣體原子。數(shù)十億年來(lái)，這種氣體受引力的壓縮形成星系、恒星、行星，并最終甚至產(chǎn)生人類。
Cobe衛(wèi)星設(shè)計(jì)的目的就是觀察這些的物體結(jié)構(gòu)，但宇航員還想看到更為微小的熱點(diǎn)，即像星紗中的星團(tuán)和超星團(tuán)這樣一些局部物體的粒子?？磥?lái)他們不必長(zhǎng)期等待。（73）天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器及球工儀器，正越來(lái)越近地觀測(cè)這些云系，也許不久會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié)果。
（74）假如這些小熱點(diǎn)看上去同預(yù)計(jì)的一致，那就意味著又一科學(xué)論說(shuō)的勝利，這種論說(shuō)即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹說(shuō)。膨脹說(shuō)告訴我們，早在很久以前，宇宙的體積在不到一秒鐘內(nèi)被一種反引力驅(qū)動(dòng)而發(fā)生了無(wú)數(shù)倍的膨脹。（75）宇宙膨脹說(shuō)雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子的物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來(lái)似乎可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家七八年來(lái)一直確信這一論說(shuō)是正確的。
注:1.第4句中的at once意為既，又，如:The story is at once amusing and instructive.（這個(gè)故事既有趣又有教育意義。）
2.第1段最后一句中的a mass of意為一大塊（團(tuán)，堆）。
3.第3段最后一句中的close in on原意是從四面八方緊壓過(guò)來(lái)。例如:She had a queer feeling that the room was closing in on
her.（她有一種奇特的感覺(jué)，仿佛那房間從四面八方把她緊緊圍住了。）4.第3段第2句中的should表示推測(cè)的意思。
5.（71）題中的look（=see）意為:看見，作及物動(dòng)詞用，其賓語(yǔ)是關(guān)系代詞that。into the past意為對(duì)過(guò)去?？梢姟璱t was the
farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past…直譯為:…它是科學(xué)家對(duì)過(guò)去所能看到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的東西…。
10.1999年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
（71）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
（72）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.
（73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
（74）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused oftunnel method，frequently fall victim to thetechnicist fallacy.Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
（75）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources.And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
離地球大約150億光年的一塊狹長(zhǎng)的巨大宇宙云系是科學(xué)家在此以前所發(fā)現(xiàn)的、最遙遠(yuǎn)的物體。（71）但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。那大約就是宇宙形成的時(shí)候。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)的宇宙云既令人驚訝，又是人們所期待的，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的宇宙背景探測(cè)者Cobe號(hào)衛(wèi)星已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了劃時(shí)代的證據(jù)，證明宇宙確實(shí)起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人們一直所稱的大爆炸（此理論認(rèn)為宇宙起源于一大塊能量）。
（72）巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使本世紀(jì)二十年代首次提出的大爆炸論是以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所必不可少的。根據(jù)這一理論，宇宙的形成是由一團(tuán)亞微觀的、極其稠密的純能量團(tuán)朝四面八方向外發(fā)散，隨著放出輻射線，濃縮成粒子，然后形成氣體原子。數(shù)十億年來(lái)，這種氣體受引力的壓縮形成星系、恒星、行星，并最終甚至產(chǎn)生人類。
Cobe衛(wèi)星設(shè)計(jì)的目的就是觀察這些的物體結(jié)構(gòu)，但宇航員還想看到更為微小的熱點(diǎn)，即像星紗中的星團(tuán)和超星團(tuán)這樣一些局部物體的粒子?？磥?lái)他們不必長(zhǎng)期等待。（73）天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器及球工儀器，正越來(lái)越近地觀測(cè)這些云系，也許不久會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié)果。
（74）假如這些小熱點(diǎn)看上去同預(yù)計(jì)的一致，那就意味著又一科學(xué)論說(shuō)的勝利，這種論說(shuō)即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹說(shuō)。膨脹說(shuō)告訴我們，早在很久以前，宇宙的體積在不到一秒鐘內(nèi)被一種反引力驅(qū)動(dòng)而發(fā)生了無(wú)數(shù)倍的膨脹。（75）宇宙膨脹說(shuō)雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子的物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來(lái)似乎可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家七八年來(lái)一直確信這一論說(shuō)是正確的。
注:1.第4句中的at once意為既，又，如:The story is at once amusing and instructive.（這個(gè)故事既有趣又有教育意義。）
2.第1段最后一句中的a mass of意為一大塊（團(tuán)，堆）。
3.第3段最后一句中的close in on原意是從四面八方緊壓過(guò)來(lái)。例如:She had a queer feeling that the room was closing in on
her.（她有一種奇特的感覺(jué)，仿佛那房間從四面八方把她緊緊圍住了。）4.第3段第2句中的should表示推測(cè)的意思。
5.（71）題中的look（=see）意為:看見，作及物動(dòng)詞用，其賓語(yǔ)是關(guān)系代詞that。into the past意為對(duì)過(guò)去?？梢姟璱t was the
farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past…直譯為:…它是科學(xué)家對(duì)過(guò)去所能看到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的東西…。
10.1999年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
（71）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place，each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
（72）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.
（73）During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
（74）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians，especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused oftunnel method，frequently fall victim to thetechnicist fallacy.Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
（75）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources.And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.