1994年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
According to the new school of scientists，technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.（71）Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.（72）In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.
（73）Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo，Newton，Maxwell，Einstein，and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to，and derived great benefit from，craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technologyyes，geniusno advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution.The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy，an astronomer of the second century，whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.（74）Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.But the real hero of the story，according to the new school of scientists，was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs.genius dispute.（75）Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
1994年英譯漢試題參考譯文
新學(xué)派的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，技術(shù)是擴(kuò)大科學(xué)知識(shí)的范圍中被忽視的力量。（71）他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識(shí)，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。（72）新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說:簡(jiǎn)言之，我們所稱謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及。
（73）工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。為技術(shù)而歡呼的現(xiàn)代學(xué)派爭(zhēng)辯說，像伽利略、牛頓、麥克斯威爾、愛因斯坦這樣的科學(xué)大師和像愛迪生這樣的發(fā)明家十分重視科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中能使用的各種不同的工藝信息和技術(shù)裝置并從中受益匪淺。
鼓吹技術(shù)第一、天才第二的論據(jù)的核心是分析了科學(xué)革命初期伽利略的作用。那時(shí)的聰明才智取自第二世紀(jì)的天文學(xué)家托勒密;了精心創(chuàng)立的太空體系把地球置于所有天體運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心。（74）伽利略的光輝的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。但是，在新學(xué)派科學(xué)家看來，這件事中真正重要的因素是制造鏡片的機(jī)械長(zhǎng)期以來不斷的改進(jìn)和發(fā)展。
聯(lián)邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技術(shù)與天才之爭(zhēng)中去。（75）政府究竟是以減少對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。
6.1995年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.（71）The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predicitions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.（72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is.The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
（74）In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.（75）For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
1995年英譯漢試題參考譯文
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理同在廣泛應(yīng)用于協(xié)助選拔、委派或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員;這些測(cè)試一直是某些人近年來在書本、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至國(guó)會(huì)中進(jìn)行抨擊的目標(biāo)。（71）把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測(cè)試時(shí)，批評(píng)者沒有注意到其弊病來自測(cè)試使用者對(duì)測(cè)試不解或使用不當(dāng)。這些測(cè)試本身只是一種工具。它的各種特性可以在規(guī)定條件下用適當(dāng)?shù)木葋頊y(cè)定。測(cè)試的結(jié)果是在有價(jià)值的、無意義的、還是誤導(dǎo)的，部分取決于這種工具本身，但主要取決于測(cè)試使用者。
所有對(duì)未來表現(xiàn)的有見識(shí)地的預(yù)測(cè)都是以在某種程度上了解有關(guān)過去的表現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)的:學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)、研究效益、銷售記錄或任何符合需要的信息。（72）這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為的后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。任何仔細(xì)記分的人都知道，所得到的信息總是不完全的，而且這些預(yù)測(cè)也總是會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤的。
應(yīng)該根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)去考察標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試提供了快速、客觀地得到某些信息的方法，這些信息是有關(guān)一個(gè)人所學(xué)到的知識(shí)、他所獲得的技能，或者他是屬于哪一類型的人。這樣得到的信息，從性質(zhì)上講，與其它種類的信息一樣具有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或缺點(diǎn)。（73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無來源等因素。
（74）一般來說，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試為有效;而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則差。這些測(cè)試如能恰當(dāng)使用，就能提供一種快速的方法來獲得有關(guān)許多人的可比性信息。有時(shí)這些測(cè)試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生，他們很高的潛在能力過去一直沒有被承認(rèn)。但是也有入場(chǎng)多事情這些測(cè)試是不能勝任的。（75）例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公;因此，它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。
7.1996年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.（71）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable;but it is a frightening trend.（72）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted，however，that from time to time，questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.（73）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support，like all government support，requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds.Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supportinggoodas opposed tobadscience，but a valid determination is difficult to make.Generally，the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.（74）However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.（75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.
1996年英譯漢試題參考譯文
科學(xué)研究的各種領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)發(fā)展，存在若干原因。（71）在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會(huì)需求。另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。然而，有些發(fā)展速度的差異其原因就不盡合理，這是因?yàn)槟承?quán)威人干對(duì)科學(xué)理論研究應(yīng)采取何種形式有先入為主的想法，這些想法起了改變不同科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展模式的作用。這是一個(gè)新問題，也許并非是不可避免的問題，但其趨勢(shì)卻令人擔(dān)憂。（72）這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論:政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。然而，人們可以預(yù)見，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些問題要求科學(xué)做出具體的回答。因此，將科研機(jī)構(gòu)視為一種資源或一臺(tái)機(jī)器，應(yīng)維持其良好的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。這樣做通常是很有價(jià)值的。（73）給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來通常能有效地解決這個(gè)問題。
此種資助也與所有政府資助一樣，需要決定合適的投資對(duì)象。根據(jù)某一項(xiàng)目是否有效來做出決策是明確無誤的。但是在幾個(gè)都沒有直接效用的項(xiàng)目中，要做出抉擇就特別困難。資助機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)是支持好的科學(xué)，而不資助壞的科學(xué)，那是值得贊揚(yáng)的。然而要做出正確的抉擇卻是困難的。人們往往將好科學(xué)與該科學(xué)是否有能力提出一套完美的理論混淆起來。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般是無法解決世上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。（75）同過去一樣，將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
According to the new school of scientists，technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.（71）Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.（72）In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.
（73）Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo，Newton，Maxwell，Einstein，and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to，and derived great benefit from，craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technologyyes，geniusno advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution.The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy，an astronomer of the second century，whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.（74）Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.But the real hero of the story，according to the new school of scientists，was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs.genius dispute.（75）Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
1994年英譯漢試題參考譯文
新學(xué)派的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，技術(shù)是擴(kuò)大科學(xué)知識(shí)的范圍中被忽視的力量。（71）他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識(shí)，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。（72）新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說:簡(jiǎn)言之，我們所稱謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及。
（73）工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。為技術(shù)而歡呼的現(xiàn)代學(xué)派爭(zhēng)辯說，像伽利略、牛頓、麥克斯威爾、愛因斯坦這樣的科學(xué)大師和像愛迪生這樣的發(fā)明家十分重視科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中能使用的各種不同的工藝信息和技術(shù)裝置并從中受益匪淺。
鼓吹技術(shù)第一、天才第二的論據(jù)的核心是分析了科學(xué)革命初期伽利略的作用。那時(shí)的聰明才智取自第二世紀(jì)的天文學(xué)家托勒密;了精心創(chuàng)立的太空體系把地球置于所有天體運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心。（74）伽利略的光輝的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。但是，在新學(xué)派科學(xué)家看來，這件事中真正重要的因素是制造鏡片的機(jī)械長(zhǎng)期以來不斷的改進(jìn)和發(fā)展。
聯(lián)邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技術(shù)與天才之爭(zhēng)中去。（75）政府究竟是以減少對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。
6.1995年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.（71）The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predicitions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance:school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.（72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is.The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
（74）In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.（75）For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
1995年英譯漢試題參考譯文
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測(cè)試或心理同在廣泛應(yīng)用于協(xié)助選拔、委派或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員;這些測(cè)試一直是某些人近年來在書本、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至國(guó)會(huì)中進(jìn)行抨擊的目標(biāo)。（71）把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測(cè)試時(shí)，批評(píng)者沒有注意到其弊病來自測(cè)試使用者對(duì)測(cè)試不解或使用不當(dāng)。這些測(cè)試本身只是一種工具。它的各種特性可以在規(guī)定條件下用適當(dāng)?shù)木葋頊y(cè)定。測(cè)試的結(jié)果是在有價(jià)值的、無意義的、還是誤導(dǎo)的，部分取決于這種工具本身，但主要取決于測(cè)試使用者。
所有對(duì)未來表現(xiàn)的有見識(shí)地的預(yù)測(cè)都是以在某種程度上了解有關(guān)過去的表現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)的:學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)、研究效益、銷售記錄或任何符合需要的信息。（72）這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為的后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。任何仔細(xì)記分的人都知道，所得到的信息總是不完全的，而且這些預(yù)測(cè)也總是會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤的。
應(yīng)該根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)去考察標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試提供了快速、客觀地得到某些信息的方法，這些信息是有關(guān)一個(gè)人所學(xué)到的知識(shí)、他所獲得的技能，或者他是屬于哪一類型的人。這樣得到的信息，從性質(zhì)上講，與其它種類的信息一樣具有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或缺點(diǎn)。（73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無來源等因素。
（74）一般來說，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測(cè)試為有效;而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則差。這些測(cè)試如能恰當(dāng)使用，就能提供一種快速的方法來獲得有關(guān)許多人的可比性信息。有時(shí)這些測(cè)試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生，他們很高的潛在能力過去一直沒有被承認(rèn)。但是也有入場(chǎng)多事情這些測(cè)試是不能勝任的。（75）例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公;因此，它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。
7.1996年英譯漢試題及參考譯文
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.（71）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable;but it is a frightening trend.（72）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted，however，that from time to time，questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.（73）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support，like all government support，requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds.Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supportinggoodas opposed tobadscience，but a valid determination is difficult to make.Generally，the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.（74）However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.（75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.
1996年英譯漢試題參考譯文
科學(xué)研究的各種領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)發(fā)展，存在若干原因。（71）在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來自社會(huì)需求。另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。然而，有些發(fā)展速度的差異其原因就不盡合理，這是因?yàn)槟承?quán)威人干對(duì)科學(xué)理論研究應(yīng)采取何種形式有先入為主的想法，這些想法起了改變不同科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展模式的作用。這是一個(gè)新問題，也許并非是不可避免的問題，但其趨勢(shì)卻令人擔(dān)憂。（72）這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論:政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。然而，人們可以預(yù)見，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些問題要求科學(xué)做出具體的回答。因此，將科研機(jī)構(gòu)視為一種資源或一臺(tái)機(jī)器，應(yīng)維持其良好的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。這樣做通常是很有價(jià)值的。（73）給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無關(guān)但將來可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來通常能有效地解決這個(gè)問題。
此種資助也與所有政府資助一樣，需要決定合適的投資對(duì)象。根據(jù)某一項(xiàng)目是否有效來做出決策是明確無誤的。但是在幾個(gè)都沒有直接效用的項(xiàng)目中，要做出抉擇就特別困難。資助機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)是支持好的科學(xué)，而不資助壞的科學(xué)，那是值得贊揚(yáng)的。然而要做出正確的抉擇卻是困難的。人們往往將好科學(xué)與該科學(xué)是否有能力提出一套完美的理論混淆起來。（74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般是無法解決世上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。（75）同過去一樣，將來必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。