作者：田育英 人大外語(yǔ)學(xué)院教授
語(yǔ)言的連貫與否是評(píng)價(jià)一篇文章優(yōu)劣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在一篇文章里，語(yǔ)言的連貫主要體現(xiàn)在句與句、段與段之間。上句要能很自然地帶出下句，后句與前句呼應(yīng)，形成句句相連，讀起來(lái)一氣呵成；就如同聽(tīng)一段優(yōu)美的樂(lè)曲，中間是不能停頓的。同樣，段與段之間也要相互呼應(yīng)，不可各自獨(dú)立、前段不接后段、后段不理前段，使文章缺乏整體性。
語(yǔ)言的連貫方法很多，有我們最常說(shuō)到的過(guò)渡詞(transitional words)，也可以稱為轉(zhuǎn)折詞，還有代詞、同義詞、近義詞等許多成分。為了進(jìn)一步了解英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言連貫特點(diǎn)，我們先看下面的實(shí)例分析?！灸F(xiàn)在閱讀的文章來(lái)自“英語(yǔ)考試學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)”，請(qǐng)記住我們的永久域名：www.english-exam.com 】
(一)了解連貫——實(shí)例分析
Directions：
A. Title: A Trip I Would Like to Take
B. Time limit: 40 minutes
C. Word limit: 120～150 words
D. Your composition must be written on the ANSWER SHEET.
這篇作文題目要求寫“我所喜歡的旅行”，但這一旅行還沒(méi)實(shí)現(xiàn)，是計(jì)劃、打算或是愿望。如不清楚這一點(diǎn)，就有可能跑題。
請(qǐng)看一篇學(xué)生例文分析：
［“I have a dream one day, I can travel around China.” At that time I was only a little girl. Now I am an adult. I can turn it into reality. ］ ［I will begin my trip from our capital, Beijing. It is the center of politics, economy and culture. It is just a living history museum. The Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace Museum…There are so many interests that I even cannot count all them out. ］ ［My first stop is Huhehaote, I want to see the grassland, to drink a cup of tea with milk, to listen to the wonderful tune played with matouqin.］ ［After that I will get on a train, leave for Jiuzhaigou. It is a beautiful place. There are a lot of trees, flowers and waterfalls, if I am lucky I will meet pandas. ］ ［Several days later, I will arrive in another ancient capital—Nanjing. I want to pay a visit to Zhong Shanling and Yu Huatai. ］ ［As we all know, Hang Zhou is very close to Nanjing. So I will choose Hang Zhou to be my next stop. I had been told that West Lake is very charming. It is a rarity of the great nature. It is always beautiful, moving and lovely. ］ ［Now I do not have much money. So I will go back to my hometown—Tianjin. ］
這篇例文在語(yǔ)言和語(yǔ)法方面有些問(wèn)題，但本節(jié)主要講語(yǔ)言的連貫，所以，對(duì)其他問(wèn)題不作評(píng)論。
這篇文章雖然只由一段組成，但其中可分為七個(gè)層次，以文中的括號(hào)為標(biāo)志。
下面依次從連貫性角度進(jìn)行修改。
第一個(gè)層次主要講作者從小就想周游中國(guó)，現(xiàn)在是成人了，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)愿望。這個(gè)用了五句英文表達(dá)的層次，句與句之間的連貫不夠好，如果修改一下，感覺(jué)就會(huì)好得多。
To travel around the country has long been my dream. 此句用不定式做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)為完成時(shí)，較好地概括了例文中前三句的內(nèi)容。This dream is much more likely to be realized now than it would have been ten years ago, 此句中的This dream呼應(yīng)上句中的my dream，這里的重復(fù)是句子上下連貫的方法之一。since I have grown up and have begun to earn my living. since是表示因果關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)折詞，起連接作用。此外，ｓｉｎｃｅ帶的句子內(nèi)容比原句意義充實(shí)完整，表明我已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大，而且已經(jīng)自立了。使句子內(nèi)容充實(shí)完整也是語(yǔ)義連貫的基礎(chǔ)。第一層次可完整表述如下：
To travel around the country has long been my dream. This dream is much more likely to be realized now than it would have been ten years ago, since I have grown up and have begun to earn my living.
第二個(gè)層次是作者旅行的第一站，共寫了五句話，但句與句之間缺乏連貫之意。這五句可以并為一句：For me, an ideal travel experience would begin in Beijing, known as the capital of China, where there are many places of historic interest and scenic beauty. 這句中的ｍｅ與前面的Ｉ呼應(yīng)，ideal travel experience與my dream to travel呼應(yīng)，這里的代詞、同義詞或詞組在起連貫作用。此外，kｎｏｗｎ ａｓ過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，ｗｈｅｒｅ非限定定語(yǔ)從句比原文中的單句使上下文連貫得更緊密。
第三個(gè)層次中的ｆｉｒｓｔ ｓｔｏｐ顯然不合適，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)全文分析這里應(yīng)是第二站。再有，使用呼和浩特之前應(yīng)提一下省份的名稱，外國(guó)人也許更熟悉比較大一些的地名。原文為一句，現(xiàn)改為兩句，為的是內(nèi)容更加充實(shí)完整，使其更加連貫。
From Beijing I would cross the north part of the country to Inner Mongolia. In Huhehaote I would explore the grassland, taste milk tea and listen to folk music. 這個(gè)層次中的From Beijing…to Mongolia是承上啟下，發(fā)揮連接作用的短語(yǔ)，即介詞詞組也起連貫作用。
第四個(gè)層次共四句話，但四句話間仍缺乏連貫性。讓我們使用多種方法把它們合為一句：My next stop would be Jiuzhaigou, a place in Sichuan Province which is very attractive for its undisturbed nature covered with trees, flowers and water falls. 修改后句中的next是一承上啟下的過(guò)渡詞，連接了上下文。另外，九寨溝后面的同位語(yǔ)a place in Si Chuan Province，是必須要充實(shí)的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)榫耪瘻袭吘故莻€(gè)太小的地方，用同位語(yǔ)比另寫一句更加連貫。同位語(yǔ)后面還帶出了一定語(yǔ)從句，這定語(yǔ)從句也比另寫一單句連貫得多。
第五個(gè)層次的句式仍然單一不連貫，請(qǐng)看修改后的句子：
Having seen enough nature by this time, I would head east along the Yangtze River to Nanjing and Shanghai, for both cities are considered as a pair of shining pearls on the river.
句子開(kāi)始的分詞短語(yǔ)發(fā)揮了很好的連貫作用，這一作用是通過(guò)分詞短語(yǔ)的形式總結(jié)歸納前面旅行的內(nèi)容而實(shí)現(xiàn)的，因?yàn)槿ズ羰泻途耪瘻隙际菫榱诵蕾p自然景觀。此外，句子中其他的詞也發(fā)揮了黏合作用，如On the river與前面的the Yangtze River呼應(yīng)；a pair of shining pearls與both cities呼應(yīng)，both cities 又與Nanjing and Shanghai呼應(yīng)。這是一句連貫性非常好的句子。
第六個(gè)層次共五句話。原文中的As we all know…ｓｏ等也有連貫作用，但是用得不夠好。請(qǐng)看修改后的句子：Continuing south, I would visit Hang Zhou, a “paradise” on earth. Here I would go boating and take pictures in the beautiful West Lake. 文中的Continuing south 起承上啟下作用，這一分詞短語(yǔ)同上一層次的Having seen enough nature by this time功能一樣。Hang Zhou與a “paradise”是同位語(yǔ)。
第七個(gè)層次請(qǐng)先看修改后的句子：At this time it would be necessary to count how much money I still have. If a tour of Guangdong Province were still possible, I would stop in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. But by this time my money would run low, there is only one place to end my trip—Tianjin, my home town. 修改后的句子又加了一些內(nèi)容，這后加的內(nèi)容完全是為后邊的ｂｕｔ作鋪墊，使文章結(jié)束既不唐突、不給人以戛然而止的印象，又使人覺(jué)得此文作者對(duì)旅行意猶未盡，所以中間的鋪墊用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
綜合以上實(shí)例分析，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)可以使句句相連的方法很多。
1. 詞、詞組
(1)代詞：
Ｉ，ｍｅ，ｉｔ(指ｄｒｅａｍ)。
(2)同義詞：
travel, an ideal travel experience, explore, head east, visit, a tour, my trip等。
(3)重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)詞或詞組：
my dream, this dream; to travel, an ideal travel; at this time, by this time; Beijing, from Beijing… to…等。
(4)使用過(guò)渡詞：
since, here, next, but等。
(5)使用同位語(yǔ)：
Jiuzhaigou, a place…或Hangzhou, a paradise…或Tianjin， my hometown等。
2. 使用句子連接上下文的方式
(1)從句：
At that time I was only a little girl. Now I am an adult. I can turn it into reality.
—This dream is much likely to be realized now than it would have been ten years ago, since I have grown up and have begun to earn my living. After that I will get on a train, leave for Jiuzhaigou. It is a beautiful place. There are a lot of trees, flowers and waterfalls.
—My next stop would be Jiuzhaigou, a place in Sichuan Province which is very attractive for its undisturbed nature covered with trees, flowers and waterfalls.
(2)分詞短語(yǔ)：
Having seen enough nature by this time…
continuing south…
…known as the capital of China…
…covered with trees…
通過(guò)以上分析，我們可以用圖中—1—2來(lái)表示文章的連貫形式。
根據(jù)圖中—1—2，我們也可以這樣總結(jié)本文的連貫特征：內(nèi)容上下貫通，句句首尾相連。下面請(qǐng)?jiān)偻暾乜匆槐樾薷暮蟮奈恼??！灸F(xiàn)在閱讀的文章來(lái)自“英語(yǔ)考試學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)”，請(qǐng)記住我們的永久域名：www.english-exam.com 】
Sample for reference:
To travel around the country has long been my dream. This dream is much more likely to be realized now than it would have been ten years ago, since I have grown up and have begun to earn my living. For me, an ideal travel experience would begin in Beijing, known as the capital of China, where there are many places of historic interest and scenic beauty.
From Beijing I would cross the north part of the country to Inner Mongolia. In Huhehaote I would explore the grassland, taste milk tea and listen to folk music.
My next stop would be Jiuzhaigou, a place in Sichuan Province, which is very attractive for its undisturbed nature covered with trees, flowers and waterfalls.
Having seen enough nature by this time, I would head east along the Yangtse River to Nanjing and Shanghai, for both cities are considered as a pair of shining pearls on the river.
Continuing south, I would visit Hangzhou, a “paradise” on earth. Here I would go boating and take pictures in the beautiful West Lake.
At this time it would be necessary to count how much money I still have, if a tour of Guangdong Province were still possible, I would stop in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. But by this time my money would run low, there is only one place to end my trip—Tianjin, my hometown.
通過(guò)對(duì)這篇例文的分析，我們清楚地了解到英語(yǔ)連貫的多種方法。要想掌握這些技巧，還要多寫多練。
(二)內(nèi)容充實(shí)完整是語(yǔ)義連貫的基礎(chǔ)
有些作文習(xí)作語(yǔ)言欠連貫的原因之一是語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容不充實(shí)。請(qǐng)先看下例：
Teenagers are active to voice their opinions. Parents are afraid that they have no experience. As a result, children feel caged. Parents feel difficult.
由于內(nèi)容不充實(shí)完整，讀者就不能完全理解作者的意思，讀起來(lái)感覺(jué)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)。請(qǐng)看修改后的段落：
Today’s teenagers are more active in taking part in social life, more ready to voice their opinions on social and political phenomena and more confident in dealing with the outside world. Meanwhile, parents often underestimate their children and are afraid that they have no experience. Thus, many parents think it is their duty to make decisions for their children. As a result, children feel caged, and regard parental protection as a burden. So both children and parents feel it is sometimes very difficult to communicate with each other.
再看一例：
It is not easy to be a tolerant person. One has to possess a kind of love for other people. And a person is eager to show consideration to those people. Forgiveness is an important character. So being a tolerant person asks for other important virtues.
請(qǐng)對(duì)比修改后的例子：
As a matter of fact, in reality it is not easy to be a tolerant person. This is because, to be a tolerant person, one has to possess other personal qualities contributing to tolerance. It requires a kind of love for other people. This is the foundation of being a tolerant person. And a person with tolerance is eager to show consideration to those people who need help or care. In addition, forgivingness is as an important character as the above two qualities. So being a tolerant person asks for not only tolerance but also other important virtues.
由于內(nèi)容充實(shí)，語(yǔ)義自然就連貫多了。
以上例子很說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，所以在寫文章時(shí)一定要注意把內(nèi)容寫得充實(shí)完整。
(三)使用復(fù)合句連接上下文
英語(yǔ)句子共分三類：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。各類句子各有其長(zhǎng)處和功能。在文章中過(guò)多地使用簡(jiǎn)單句，就會(huì)使上下文缺乏連貫性。請(qǐng)看下例：【您現(xiàn)在閱讀的文章來(lái)自“英語(yǔ)考試學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)”，請(qǐng)記住我們的永久域名：www.english-exam.com 】
例1
We can find successful women everywhere; they are government officials, scientists, athletes, teachers and doctors.
這是兩個(gè)連貫不好的單句。把這句修改為：
Successful women who are government officials, scientists, athletes, teachers and doctors， are found everywhere. (用定語(yǔ)從句連接兩句)
例2
Opportunities come quietly. They go quietly.
修改為：When opportunities come they come quietly and go by without being noticed. (用主從句連接兩句)
例3
They are lazy people. They suffer more from serious problems.
修改為： Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from more serious problems. (用定語(yǔ)從句連接兩句)
例4
We live in the same world and share the same lot. We have to cooperate with each other. This is a win-win matter.
修改為：As we live in the same world and share the same lot, we have to cooperate with each other, since this is a win-win matter. (用主從句連接三句)
例5
The rich countries, however, are falling short in meeting the financial promises. These financial promises were made at the Cairo Population Conference in 1994. This left most of the population stabilization cost with the poorer nations.
修改為：
The rich countries, however, are falling short in meeting the financial promises made at the Cairo Population Conference in 1994, leaving most of the population stabilization cost with the poorer nations. (用過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞連接上下句)
(四)使用過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)連接上下文
前面已經(jīng)提到過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)可以連接上下文。過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)很多，有表示層次遞進(jìn)的，如：first, second, furthermore等；有表示比較和對(duì)比的，如：in contrast， similarly，contrary to；有表示結(jié)論的，如：in short, in conclusion, in a word等；還有表示轉(zhuǎn)折的，如：however，nevertheless,等等。恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠@些詞或詞組，會(huì)使文章展開(kāi)得自然流暢。請(qǐng)看下例：
In their haste to get practical preparation for a career, students often overlook the liberal arts(文科)college. There are good reasons why they should consider a liberal arts school.
上兩句之間不夠連貫。仔細(xì)分析句意，前后兩句有轉(zhuǎn)折之意，如使用yet，整句就會(huì)連貫自然。
In their haste to get practical preparation for a career, students often overlook the liberal arts college. Yet there are good reasons why they should consider a liberal arts school.
依第二句，我們判斷good reasons是全段的關(guān)鍵詞，下文應(yīng)該是羅列幾條理由來(lái)論證說(shuō)明其觀點(diǎn)——上文科院校的好處。原文中表述了三個(gè)理由：
①Learning is more exciting in a liberal arts college.
②Liberal arts education is the most likely to develop one’s ability to think, speak, read and write.
③Students of liberal arts can get top professions.
為了使各條理由之間連貫，我們可使用first，second，third，來(lái)連接上下文；還可使用first of all, next, finally；也可使用furthermore， besides等?？傊?，遞進(jìn)式的連貫方式很多，也很靈活，請(qǐng)看全文：
In their haste to get practical preparation for a career, students often overlook the liberal arts college. Yet there are good reasons why they should consider a liberal arts school, even if getting a job is their main concern. For one thing, learning itself may be more exciting in a liberal arts college due to a broader and more flexible curriculum than one might find at a technical school. Thus students may do better in their courses and earn higher grades, which will certainly make them more attractive to employers. More important, a liberal arts education is the most likely to develop one’s ability to think, speak, read, and write—all critical skills that business and industry are coming to value more and more. Finally, students should realize that a liberal arts education has always been the preferred path for entry into the top professions: law, medicine, government, and education.
—adapted from Writing: Invention, Form, and Style
過(guò)渡詞在使上下文連貫方面起著重要作用。若使用得熟練和巧妙，過(guò)渡詞能把相差很遠(yuǎn)的內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)，請(qǐng)看下例：
Luis and Mario are different in three ways. First
語(yǔ)言的連貫與否是評(píng)價(jià)一篇文章優(yōu)劣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在一篇文章里，語(yǔ)言的連貫主要體現(xiàn)在句與句、段與段之間。上句要能很自然地帶出下句，后句與前句呼應(yīng)，形成句句相連，讀起來(lái)一氣呵成；就如同聽(tīng)一段優(yōu)美的樂(lè)曲，中間是不能停頓的。同樣，段與段之間也要相互呼應(yīng)，不可各自獨(dú)立、前段不接后段、后段不理前段，使文章缺乏整體性。
語(yǔ)言的連貫方法很多，有我們最常說(shuō)到的過(guò)渡詞(transitional words)，也可以稱為轉(zhuǎn)折詞，還有代詞、同義詞、近義詞等許多成分。為了進(jìn)一步了解英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言連貫特點(diǎn)，我們先看下面的實(shí)例分析?！灸F(xiàn)在閱讀的文章來(lái)自“英語(yǔ)考試學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)”，請(qǐng)記住我們的永久域名：www.english-exam.com 】
(一)了解連貫——實(shí)例分析
Directions：
A. Title: A Trip I Would Like to Take
B. Time limit: 40 minutes
C. Word limit: 120～150 words
D. Your composition must be written on the ANSWER SHEET.
這篇作文題目要求寫“我所喜歡的旅行”，但這一旅行還沒(méi)實(shí)現(xiàn)，是計(jì)劃、打算或是愿望。如不清楚這一點(diǎn)，就有可能跑題。
請(qǐng)看一篇學(xué)生例文分析：
［“I have a dream one day, I can travel around China.” At that time I was only a little girl. Now I am an adult. I can turn it into reality. ］ ［I will begin my trip from our capital, Beijing. It is the center of politics, economy and culture. It is just a living history museum. The Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Palace Museum…There are so many interests that I even cannot count all them out. ］ ［My first stop is Huhehaote, I want to see the grassland, to drink a cup of tea with milk, to listen to the wonderful tune played with matouqin.］ ［After that I will get on a train, leave for Jiuzhaigou. It is a beautiful place. There are a lot of trees, flowers and waterfalls, if I am lucky I will meet pandas. ］ ［Several days later, I will arrive in another ancient capital—Nanjing. I want to pay a visit to Zhong Shanling and Yu Huatai. ］ ［As we all know, Hang Zhou is very close to Nanjing. So I will choose Hang Zhou to be my next stop. I had been told that West Lake is very charming. It is a rarity of the great nature. It is always beautiful, moving and lovely. ］ ［Now I do not have much money. So I will go back to my hometown—Tianjin. ］
這篇例文在語(yǔ)言和語(yǔ)法方面有些問(wèn)題，但本節(jié)主要講語(yǔ)言的連貫，所以，對(duì)其他問(wèn)題不作評(píng)論。
這篇文章雖然只由一段組成，但其中可分為七個(gè)層次，以文中的括號(hào)為標(biāo)志。
下面依次從連貫性角度進(jìn)行修改。
第一個(gè)層次主要講作者從小就想周游中國(guó)，現(xiàn)在是成人了，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)愿望。這個(gè)用了五句英文表達(dá)的層次，句與句之間的連貫不夠好，如果修改一下，感覺(jué)就會(huì)好得多。
To travel around the country has long been my dream. 此句用不定式做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)為完成時(shí)，較好地概括了例文中前三句的內(nèi)容。This dream is much more likely to be realized now than it would have been ten years ago, 此句中的This dream呼應(yīng)上句中的my dream，這里的重復(fù)是句子上下連貫的方法之一。since I have grown up and have begun to earn my living. since是表示因果關(guān)系的轉(zhuǎn)折詞，起連接作用。此外，ｓｉｎｃｅ帶的句子內(nèi)容比原句意義充實(shí)完整，表明我已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大，而且已經(jīng)自立了。使句子內(nèi)容充實(shí)完整也是語(yǔ)義連貫的基礎(chǔ)。第一層次可完整表述如下：
To travel around the country has long been my dream. This dream is much more likely to be realized now than it would have been ten years ago, since I have grown up and have begun to earn my living.
第二個(gè)層次是作者旅行的第一站，共寫了五句話，但句與句之間缺乏連貫之意。這五句可以并為一句：For me, an ideal travel experience would begin in Beijing, known as the capital of China, where there are many places of historic interest and scenic beauty. 這句中的ｍｅ與前面的Ｉ呼應(yīng)，ideal travel experience與my dream to travel呼應(yīng)，這里的代詞、同義詞或詞組在起連貫作用。此外，kｎｏｗｎ ａｓ過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，ｗｈｅｒｅ非限定定語(yǔ)從句比原文中的單句使上下文連貫得更緊密。
第三個(gè)層次中的ｆｉｒｓｔ ｓｔｏｐ顯然不合適，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)全文分析這里應(yīng)是第二站。再有，使用呼和浩特之前應(yīng)提一下省份的名稱，外國(guó)人也許更熟悉比較大一些的地名。原文為一句，現(xiàn)改為兩句，為的是內(nèi)容更加充實(shí)完整，使其更加連貫。
From Beijing I would cross the north part of the country to Inner Mongolia. In Huhehaote I would explore the grassland, taste milk tea and listen to folk music. 這個(gè)層次中的From Beijing…to Mongolia是承上啟下，發(fā)揮連接作用的短語(yǔ)，即介詞詞組也起連貫作用。
第四個(gè)層次共四句話，但四句話間仍缺乏連貫性。讓我們使用多種方法把它們合為一句：My next stop would be Jiuzhaigou, a place in Sichuan Province which is very attractive for its undisturbed nature covered with trees, flowers and water falls. 修改后句中的next是一承上啟下的過(guò)渡詞，連接了上下文。另外，九寨溝后面的同位語(yǔ)a place in Si Chuan Province，是必須要充實(shí)的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)榫耪瘻袭吘故莻€(gè)太小的地方，用同位語(yǔ)比另寫一句更加連貫。同位語(yǔ)后面還帶出了一定語(yǔ)從句，這定語(yǔ)從句也比另寫一單句連貫得多。
第五個(gè)層次的句式仍然單一不連貫，請(qǐng)看修改后的句子：
Having seen enough nature by this time, I would head east along the Yangtze River to Nanjing and Shanghai, for both cities are considered as a pair of shining pearls on the river.
句子開(kāi)始的分詞短語(yǔ)發(fā)揮了很好的連貫作用，這一作用是通過(guò)分詞短語(yǔ)的形式總結(jié)歸納前面旅行的內(nèi)容而實(shí)現(xiàn)的，因?yàn)槿ズ羰泻途耪瘻隙际菫榱诵蕾p自然景觀。此外，句子中其他的詞也發(fā)揮了黏合作用，如On the river與前面的the Yangtze River呼應(yīng)；a pair of shining pearls與both cities呼應(yīng)，both cities 又與Nanjing and Shanghai呼應(yīng)。這是一句連貫性非常好的句子。
第六個(gè)層次共五句話。原文中的As we all know…ｓｏ等也有連貫作用，但是用得不夠好。請(qǐng)看修改后的句子：Continuing south, I would visit Hang Zhou, a “paradise” on earth. Here I would go boating and take pictures in the beautiful West Lake. 文中的Continuing south 起承上啟下作用，這一分詞短語(yǔ)同上一層次的Having seen enough nature by this time功能一樣。Hang Zhou與a “paradise”是同位語(yǔ)。
第七個(gè)層次請(qǐng)先看修改后的句子：At this time it would be necessary to count how much money I still have. If a tour of Guangdong Province were still possible, I would stop in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. But by this time my money would run low, there is only one place to end my trip—Tianjin, my home town. 修改后的句子又加了一些內(nèi)容，這后加的內(nèi)容完全是為后邊的ｂｕｔ作鋪墊，使文章結(jié)束既不唐突、不給人以戛然而止的印象，又使人覺(jué)得此文作者對(duì)旅行意猶未盡，所以中間的鋪墊用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
綜合以上實(shí)例分析，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)可以使句句相連的方法很多。
1. 詞、詞組
(1)代詞：
Ｉ，ｍｅ，ｉｔ(指ｄｒｅａｍ)。
(2)同義詞：
travel, an ideal travel experience, explore, head east, visit, a tour, my trip等。
(3)重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)詞或詞組：
my dream, this dream; to travel, an ideal travel; at this time, by this time; Beijing, from Beijing… to…等。
(4)使用過(guò)渡詞：
since, here, next, but等。
(5)使用同位語(yǔ)：
Jiuzhaigou, a place…或Hangzhou, a paradise…或Tianjin， my hometown等。
2. 使用句子連接上下文的方式
(1)從句：
At that time I was only a little girl. Now I am an adult. I can turn it into reality.
—This dream is much likely to be realized now than it would have been ten years ago, since I have grown up and have begun to earn my living. After that I will get on a train, leave for Jiuzhaigou. It is a beautiful place. There are a lot of trees, flowers and waterfalls.
—My next stop would be Jiuzhaigou, a place in Sichuan Province which is very attractive for its undisturbed nature covered with trees, flowers and waterfalls.
(2)分詞短語(yǔ)：
Having seen enough nature by this time…
continuing south…
…known as the capital of China…
…covered with trees…
通過(guò)以上分析，我們可以用圖中—1—2來(lái)表示文章的連貫形式。
根據(jù)圖中—1—2，我們也可以這樣總結(jié)本文的連貫特征：內(nèi)容上下貫通，句句首尾相連。下面請(qǐng)?jiān)偻暾乜匆槐樾薷暮蟮奈恼??！灸F(xiàn)在閱讀的文章來(lái)自“英語(yǔ)考試學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)”，請(qǐng)記住我們的永久域名：www.english-exam.com 】
Sample for reference:
To travel around the country has long been my dream. This dream is much more likely to be realized now than it would have been ten years ago, since I have grown up and have begun to earn my living. For me, an ideal travel experience would begin in Beijing, known as the capital of China, where there are many places of historic interest and scenic beauty.
From Beijing I would cross the north part of the country to Inner Mongolia. In Huhehaote I would explore the grassland, taste milk tea and listen to folk music.
My next stop would be Jiuzhaigou, a place in Sichuan Province, which is very attractive for its undisturbed nature covered with trees, flowers and waterfalls.
Having seen enough nature by this time, I would head east along the Yangtse River to Nanjing and Shanghai, for both cities are considered as a pair of shining pearls on the river.
Continuing south, I would visit Hangzhou, a “paradise” on earth. Here I would go boating and take pictures in the beautiful West Lake.
At this time it would be necessary to count how much money I still have, if a tour of Guangdong Province were still possible, I would stop in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. But by this time my money would run low, there is only one place to end my trip—Tianjin, my hometown.
通過(guò)對(duì)這篇例文的分析，我們清楚地了解到英語(yǔ)連貫的多種方法。要想掌握這些技巧，還要多寫多練。
(二)內(nèi)容充實(shí)完整是語(yǔ)義連貫的基礎(chǔ)
有些作文習(xí)作語(yǔ)言欠連貫的原因之一是語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容不充實(shí)。請(qǐng)先看下例：
Teenagers are active to voice their opinions. Parents are afraid that they have no experience. As a result, children feel caged. Parents feel difficult.
由于內(nèi)容不充實(shí)完整，讀者就不能完全理解作者的意思，讀起來(lái)感覺(jué)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)。請(qǐng)看修改后的段落：
Today’s teenagers are more active in taking part in social life, more ready to voice their opinions on social and political phenomena and more confident in dealing with the outside world. Meanwhile, parents often underestimate their children and are afraid that they have no experience. Thus, many parents think it is their duty to make decisions for their children. As a result, children feel caged, and regard parental protection as a burden. So both children and parents feel it is sometimes very difficult to communicate with each other.
再看一例：
It is not easy to be a tolerant person. One has to possess a kind of love for other people. And a person is eager to show consideration to those people. Forgiveness is an important character. So being a tolerant person asks for other important virtues.
請(qǐng)對(duì)比修改后的例子：
As a matter of fact, in reality it is not easy to be a tolerant person. This is because, to be a tolerant person, one has to possess other personal qualities contributing to tolerance. It requires a kind of love for other people. This is the foundation of being a tolerant person. And a person with tolerance is eager to show consideration to those people who need help or care. In addition, forgivingness is as an important character as the above two qualities. So being a tolerant person asks for not only tolerance but also other important virtues.
由于內(nèi)容充實(shí)，語(yǔ)義自然就連貫多了。
以上例子很說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，所以在寫文章時(shí)一定要注意把內(nèi)容寫得充實(shí)完整。
(三)使用復(fù)合句連接上下文
英語(yǔ)句子共分三類：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。各類句子各有其長(zhǎng)處和功能。在文章中過(guò)多地使用簡(jiǎn)單句，就會(huì)使上下文缺乏連貫性。請(qǐng)看下例：【您現(xiàn)在閱讀的文章來(lái)自“英語(yǔ)考試學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)”，請(qǐng)記住我們的永久域名：www.english-exam.com 】
例1
We can find successful women everywhere; they are government officials, scientists, athletes, teachers and doctors.
這是兩個(gè)連貫不好的單句。把這句修改為：
Successful women who are government officials, scientists, athletes, teachers and doctors， are found everywhere. (用定語(yǔ)從句連接兩句)
例2
Opportunities come quietly. They go quietly.
修改為：When opportunities come they come quietly and go by without being noticed. (用主從句連接兩句)
例3
They are lazy people. They suffer more from serious problems.
修改為： Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from more serious problems. (用定語(yǔ)從句連接兩句)
例4
We live in the same world and share the same lot. We have to cooperate with each other. This is a win-win matter.
修改為：As we live in the same world and share the same lot, we have to cooperate with each other, since this is a win-win matter. (用主從句連接三句)
例5
The rich countries, however, are falling short in meeting the financial promises. These financial promises were made at the Cairo Population Conference in 1994. This left most of the population stabilization cost with the poorer nations.
修改為：
The rich countries, however, are falling short in meeting the financial promises made at the Cairo Population Conference in 1994, leaving most of the population stabilization cost with the poorer nations. (用過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞連接上下句)
(四)使用過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)連接上下文
前面已經(jīng)提到過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)可以連接上下文。過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)很多，有表示層次遞進(jìn)的，如：first, second, furthermore等；有表示比較和對(duì)比的，如：in contrast， similarly，contrary to；有表示結(jié)論的，如：in short, in conclusion, in a word等；還有表示轉(zhuǎn)折的，如：however，nevertheless,等等。恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠@些詞或詞組，會(huì)使文章展開(kāi)得自然流暢。請(qǐng)看下例：
In their haste to get practical preparation for a career, students often overlook the liberal arts(文科)college. There are good reasons why they should consider a liberal arts school.
上兩句之間不夠連貫。仔細(xì)分析句意，前后兩句有轉(zhuǎn)折之意，如使用yet，整句就會(huì)連貫自然。
In their haste to get practical preparation for a career, students often overlook the liberal arts college. Yet there are good reasons why they should consider a liberal arts school.
依第二句，我們判斷good reasons是全段的關(guān)鍵詞，下文應(yīng)該是羅列幾條理由來(lái)論證說(shuō)明其觀點(diǎn)——上文科院校的好處。原文中表述了三個(gè)理由：
①Learning is more exciting in a liberal arts college.
②Liberal arts education is the most likely to develop one’s ability to think, speak, read and write.
③Students of liberal arts can get top professions.
為了使各條理由之間連貫，我們可使用first，second，third，來(lái)連接上下文；還可使用first of all, next, finally；也可使用furthermore， besides等?？傊?，遞進(jìn)式的連貫方式很多，也很靈活，請(qǐng)看全文：
In their haste to get practical preparation for a career, students often overlook the liberal arts college. Yet there are good reasons why they should consider a liberal arts school, even if getting a job is their main concern. For one thing, learning itself may be more exciting in a liberal arts college due to a broader and more flexible curriculum than one might find at a technical school. Thus students may do better in their courses and earn higher grades, which will certainly make them more attractive to employers. More important, a liberal arts education is the most likely to develop one’s ability to think, speak, read, and write—all critical skills that business and industry are coming to value more and more. Finally, students should realize that a liberal arts education has always been the preferred path for entry into the top professions: law, medicine, government, and education.
—adapted from Writing: Invention, Form, and Style
過(guò)渡詞在使上下文連貫方面起著重要作用。若使用得熟練和巧妙，過(guò)渡詞能把相差很遠(yuǎn)的內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)，請(qǐng)看下例：
Luis and Mario are different in three ways. First