1979年8月14日上海《文匯報(bào)》關(guān)于“錢(qián)圩公社黨委按照法律辦事”的一則通訊指出:“在婚禮問(wèn)題上,由于幾千年封建習(xí)慣勢(shì)力的影響,過(guò)去錢(qián)圩公社存在著兩種情況:一是未婚先孕,二是……”。這“未婚先孕”英語(yǔ)該怎么譯呢?
還是先從“未婚先孕”的直接原因說(shuō)起吧。舊社會(huì)有的人有“婚前性生活”的行為,即所謂“先*后娶”,亦即英語(yǔ)的"premarital sex". “premarital sex ”這種不文明行為引起的不文明結(jié)果就是“未婚先孕”:“premarital pregnancy”。有同志問(wèn):“為什么不用"extramarital pregnancy”,而用“premarital pregnancy”譯“未婚先孕”呢?回答是“extramarital”(多指已婚女子)含義比"premarital"廣,而 “premarital pregnancy”(多指未婚女子,且孕后還是可婚的)更緊扣原文。
“未婚先孕”者如果符合婚姻法關(guān)于結(jié)婚的規(guī)定,當(dāng)然勢(shì)必抓緊結(jié)婚。這種“奉子女之命”的婚姻,英語(yǔ)有個(gè)現(xiàn)成的詞兒——“shotgun marriage".下例中的"shotgun wedding"正是這種婚姻的婚禮。請(qǐng)看,連伴郎都沒(méi)有,多狼狽?。?BR> One morning there was a shotgun wedding with no
best man……
——Albert Eisele:Almost to the Presidency,US 1972,p.37
封建習(xí)慣勢(shì)力在婚姻方面的反映便是“溺殺女?huà)搿?、“童養(yǎng)媳”,“包辦婚姻”、索取“財(cái)禮”、“男尊女卑”、“納妾”和“賣*';等等一請(qǐng)看下例中的黑體部分:
It is impossible to consider the physical and emotionalaspects of individual sexual attitudes and behaviour with—out considering some of the history of female infanticide,bound feet,child marriage,arranged marriage,dowry,wifely subjugation,concubinage and widespread prostitution.
——ChinaNow,May/June 1978,p.17
上文我們已經(jīng)指出了 “extramarital”的含義比"premarital"廣,這里還可以得到進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明:上例中的"concubinage"必涉及 “extramarital sex",卻不能說(shuō)是"premarital sex”。但是,上例中雖提到了指“童養(yǎng)媳”的"child marriage“卻沒(méi)有提到另一種不文明的婚姻陋習(xí)——”早婚“。早婚早在拿破侖時(shí)代就遭到否定了。請(qǐng)看下例:
Early marriage must be discouraged to keep the birthrate down.
一Will&Ariel Durant:The Age of Napoleon;NY 1975,p.402
“早婚”與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),取決于各國(guó)法律所規(guī)定的“可以結(jié)婚的年齡”,即英語(yǔ)"marriageable age"或“marriage age”:未滿法定結(jié)婚年齡結(jié)婚者為早婚。我國(guó)新《婚姻法》對(duì)早婚而提倡晚婚。這“晚婚”,英語(yǔ)就是"late marrmge“,請(qǐng)看:
Marriage is based On comradeship,and late marriage is encouraged so that people don't make rash mistakes in choosing a partner.
——China Now,March/April 1979,p.16
一般法律只規(guī)定滿多少歲可以結(jié)婚,至于男女雙方一定要年齡相同與否以及最多可以相差幾歲,則是不加規(guī)定的。所以事實(shí)上各種情況都有。其中,男方年齡超過(guò)女方很多的,姑稱之為“老夫少妻”式婚姻吧,英語(yǔ)叫做"May-(to)December marriage",請(qǐng)看:
Firmly fixed at the center Of Cannon's personal life is her 13-year-old daughter,Jannifer,the product of herMay-to-December marriage to Gary Grant,which endedin a stormy divorce and custody battle.
——Look,April 30,1979,p.78
嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)英語(yǔ)"May-(to—)December marriage“中的"May"系指女方、”December"系指男方。所以用它譯“紅顏白發(fā)”也許更合適。反之,如果女方年齡比男方大許多,那么這種“老妻少夫”式的婚姻,該譯做"December-May marriage"了吧。這種雙方年齡懸殊的婚姻,大半如同上例所示,其終于"ended in a stormy divorce",是不足為奇的了。
說(shuō)到“divorce”,就令人聯(lián)想到美國(guó)的一種離婚——“旅行離婚”;而說(shuō)到“旅行離婚”,又令人聯(lián)想到“旅行結(jié)婚”。同漢語(yǔ)“旅行結(jié)婚”相當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z(yǔ)大概要算"honeymoon"了——特別是作為“新婚休假旅行”解的"honeymoon".
至于什么叫旅行離婚、“旅行離婚”的英語(yǔ)原文是怎么說(shuō)的以及美國(guó)“旅行離婚”的來(lái)龍去脈,請(qǐng)看下例,特別是黑體印刷的部分
The Federal system gave rise to the practice Of“migratory''divorce,with people traveling around the Republic to take advantage Of liberal states’laws.But Nevadawas determined to crush the competition.In 1931,it enacted a six-week residency requirement for divorce,and 1egalized gambling to boot.The marriage,so to speak,of divorce and gambling produced a growth industry.
一Newsweek,M—1—78-96
請(qǐng)注意:上例末句中的“marriage”可不是“結(jié)婚”,而是“結(jié)合”。這句的意思是:內(nèi)華達(dá)把“離婚業(yè)”和“賭博業(yè)”兩者“結(jié)合”起來(lái),從而形成了它所特有的一種“新興實(shí)業(yè)”。
離婚,有能力的一方要向有需要而又無(wú)能力的對(duì)方支付撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)(舊時(shí)漢語(yǔ)做“贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)”)。這種撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)即贍養(yǎng)費(fèi),如眾所周知,便是"alimony".不用說(shuō), “alimony"的前提是夫婦關(guān)系。如果只是所謂”朋友(pals)關(guān)系,則雙方在結(jié)束“朋友”關(guān)系時(shí),當(dāng)然談不上誰(shuí)給誰(shuí)"alimony"的問(wèn)題。但當(dāng)前的美國(guó)男女,關(guān)系復(fù)雜——不結(jié)婚也不準(zhǔn)備結(jié)婚而公然同居者大有人在。這種關(guān)系終止時(shí),“alimony"雖談不上,而一方卻要對(duì)方給一筆錢(qián),那又怎么辦呢?這筆錢(qián)英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)好呢?
好辦得很:雙方雖非夫婦,也總算“朋友”(pals)了一陣;雖無(wú)離婚夫婦間的"alimony"可談,卻有 “朋友”的“撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)”即“朋友”十“撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)”:=“pal+alimony”=“palimony"可以爭(zhēng)取。這個(gè)由此產(chǎn)生的融合詞"palimony" 近年來(lái)頗為引人注目,姑舉三例:
Michelle Triola Marvin filed a breach“contract claim against actor Lee Marvin for half Of his $3.6 mil—lion earnings during the period of six and a half years when they lived together,but were not married.Ms. Marvin said the actor had expressed the intention of sharing his assets with her;therefore,she argued,at the dissolution Of their relationship she deserved a property settlement comparable to that due a wife.In a 1976 landmark case,the California Supreme Court overruled 2 lower courts,deciding that Ms. Marvin had the right to sue for payment of such ”palimony“。
-The World Almanac&Bookas per The Study of Currenttember 1980,p.35
Palimony,the term for sharing money after an unmarried couple have split, survives the Lee Marvin case
——Time,January 28,1980,p.60
Not since the Lee Marvin“Palimony''ease has a Hol—lywood courtroom drama attracted such attention.
——Time,March 23,1981,p.58
· 如前所述,這種尚未結(jié)婚也不打算結(jié)婚而又經(jīng)常公然一起同居的男女在美國(guó)大有人在。這種人的存在給英語(yǔ)造成了一定的困難:既不能稱之為"fiance (e)“,又不能名之以”boy/girl friend“!究竟如何稱呼是好呢?有說(shuō)”live-in boy/girl friend"的,有說(shuō)“chamber-mate"的,似乎都不貼切。這就是下例中提出來(lái)的”語(yǔ)言難題“ (linguist problem)。美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局總給了這種人一個(gè)比較確切的名稱——”合用住所的異性伙伴“。請(qǐng)看:
How to handle the linguistic problem of what to call the person with whom one`s daughter lives?……The Census Bureau call them“Partners of the Opposite Sex Sharing Living Quarters''or PossLQs.
——Time,November 27,1978,p.49
A woman from Dallas took her PossLQ home for the weekend recently to meet her parents.
——Ibid·,p.50
從最后一例來(lái)看,PossLQs們?cè)诟改该媲熬谷蝗绱舜竽4髽?,社?huì)風(fēng)氣可見(jiàn)一斑。卻說(shuō)源于公文的“PossLQ"在日常語(yǔ)言中使用究竟不大方便。于是有些父母就把子女的PossLQ稱做”fiend-in—law"以區(qū)別于"son-in—law"和"daughter-in—law“云。
以上雖說(shuō)了那么些有關(guān)婚姻的詞語(yǔ),對(duì)“訂婚”卻只字不談,未免失責(zé)。為此,特補(bǔ)充如下。
“訂婚”通常叫做"engagement“,那是一般用語(yǔ)。在漢語(yǔ)法學(xué)術(shù)浯中,則除”訂婚“之外,多作”婚約“——如”解除婚約“中的”婚約“。漢語(yǔ)中雖有”解除婚約“,卻未聞?dòng)姓f(shuō)”解除訂婚“的。
“訂婚”也好,“婚約”也好,既有“訂”、有“約”,顧名思義,當(dāng)然是一種契約——是婚姻的“預(yù)約”,即男女雙方預(yù)先約定今后結(jié)婚。如眾所周知,英語(yǔ)是 “marriage".但千萬(wàn)不要把”婚約“譯成”contract of marriage"、“marriage contract”或"marital contract“——那都是”結(jié)婚“!
那么,“婚約”的英語(yǔ)是什么呢?——“contract to marry”是也。
不信,請(qǐng)比較以下三個(gè)實(shí)例(例1為我國(guó)新婚姻法的第二章“結(jié)婚”的英譯;例2、3均見(jiàn)于You and the Law一書(shū)):
1.ChapterⅡ
Marriage Contract
——"China`s Marriage Law“,Peking Review,No.11,1981,p.24
2. The fact that none of these considerations may be mentioned at the time Of marriage doesn't make them less binding.They are inherent in the marital contract.
——You and the Law,1980,p.209
3.You also cannot assign your contract to marry.(婚約也不能轉(zhuǎn)讓)
——Ibid.
從結(jié)構(gòu)著眼,“marriage contract”乃是“contract of marriage'”的一種變體,而“marriage contract”中的定語(yǔ)名詞換成形容詞,就成了它的另一種變體——"marital contract“。
結(jié)婚,在英美法(Anglo-American Law)來(lái)看,同買賣一樣——都是一種契約即合同?!百I賣”本身(作為一種契約)英語(yǔ)可作“contract of sale",而買賣的預(yù)約(即為了今后的買賣而預(yù)先訂立的契約),則是”contract to sell“。”contract of sale"與“contract to sell"指的是兩事而不是一碼事(下例中用連詞"and"而不用”or'就是結(jié)構(gòu)上的證明),不容混淆。請(qǐng)看:
Because a contract of sale and a contract to sell resemble other contracts,the remedies available to both sides for nonperformance are similar to the usual remedies for breach of contract
——You and the Law,1980,pp.224-5
談“結(jié)婚”、“訂婚”而竟談到“買賣合同”了,似乎有點(diǎn)不像話。但是讀者一定很明白,我們是要從結(jié)構(gòu)上用“contract of sale'”與“contract to sell"之各不相同作為旁證(corroborative evidence),借以論證"contract to marry”與"contract of marriage"(包括其變體在內(nèi))之迥然有異—前者為“訂婚”,后者乃“結(jié)婚”。
還是先從“未婚先孕”的直接原因說(shuō)起吧。舊社會(huì)有的人有“婚前性生活”的行為,即所謂“先*后娶”,亦即英語(yǔ)的"premarital sex". “premarital sex ”這種不文明行為引起的不文明結(jié)果就是“未婚先孕”:“premarital pregnancy”。有同志問(wèn):“為什么不用"extramarital pregnancy”,而用“premarital pregnancy”譯“未婚先孕”呢?回答是“extramarital”(多指已婚女子)含義比"premarital"廣,而 “premarital pregnancy”(多指未婚女子,且孕后還是可婚的)更緊扣原文。
“未婚先孕”者如果符合婚姻法關(guān)于結(jié)婚的規(guī)定,當(dāng)然勢(shì)必抓緊結(jié)婚。這種“奉子女之命”的婚姻,英語(yǔ)有個(gè)現(xiàn)成的詞兒——“shotgun marriage".下例中的"shotgun wedding"正是這種婚姻的婚禮。請(qǐng)看,連伴郎都沒(méi)有,多狼狽?。?BR> One morning there was a shotgun wedding with no
best man……
——Albert Eisele:Almost to the Presidency,US 1972,p.37
封建習(xí)慣勢(shì)力在婚姻方面的反映便是“溺殺女?huà)搿?、“童養(yǎng)媳”,“包辦婚姻”、索取“財(cái)禮”、“男尊女卑”、“納妾”和“賣*';等等一請(qǐng)看下例中的黑體部分:
It is impossible to consider the physical and emotionalaspects of individual sexual attitudes and behaviour with—out considering some of the history of female infanticide,bound feet,child marriage,arranged marriage,dowry,wifely subjugation,concubinage and widespread prostitution.
——ChinaNow,May/June 1978,p.17
上文我們已經(jīng)指出了 “extramarital”的含義比"premarital"廣,這里還可以得到進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明:上例中的"concubinage"必涉及 “extramarital sex",卻不能說(shuō)是"premarital sex”。但是,上例中雖提到了指“童養(yǎng)媳”的"child marriage“卻沒(méi)有提到另一種不文明的婚姻陋習(xí)——”早婚“。早婚早在拿破侖時(shí)代就遭到否定了。請(qǐng)看下例:
Early marriage must be discouraged to keep the birthrate down.
一Will&Ariel Durant:The Age of Napoleon;NY 1975,p.402
“早婚”與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),取決于各國(guó)法律所規(guī)定的“可以結(jié)婚的年齡”,即英語(yǔ)"marriageable age"或“marriage age”:未滿法定結(jié)婚年齡結(jié)婚者為早婚。我國(guó)新《婚姻法》對(duì)早婚而提倡晚婚。這“晚婚”,英語(yǔ)就是"late marrmge“,請(qǐng)看:
Marriage is based On comradeship,and late marriage is encouraged so that people don't make rash mistakes in choosing a partner.
——China Now,March/April 1979,p.16
一般法律只規(guī)定滿多少歲可以結(jié)婚,至于男女雙方一定要年齡相同與否以及最多可以相差幾歲,則是不加規(guī)定的。所以事實(shí)上各種情況都有。其中,男方年齡超過(guò)女方很多的,姑稱之為“老夫少妻”式婚姻吧,英語(yǔ)叫做"May-(to)December marriage",請(qǐng)看:
Firmly fixed at the center Of Cannon's personal life is her 13-year-old daughter,Jannifer,the product of herMay-to-December marriage to Gary Grant,which endedin a stormy divorce and custody battle.
——Look,April 30,1979,p.78
嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)英語(yǔ)"May-(to—)December marriage“中的"May"系指女方、”December"系指男方。所以用它譯“紅顏白發(fā)”也許更合適。反之,如果女方年齡比男方大許多,那么這種“老妻少夫”式的婚姻,該譯做"December-May marriage"了吧。這種雙方年齡懸殊的婚姻,大半如同上例所示,其終于"ended in a stormy divorce",是不足為奇的了。
說(shuō)到“divorce”,就令人聯(lián)想到美國(guó)的一種離婚——“旅行離婚”;而說(shuō)到“旅行離婚”,又令人聯(lián)想到“旅行結(jié)婚”。同漢語(yǔ)“旅行結(jié)婚”相當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z(yǔ)大概要算"honeymoon"了——特別是作為“新婚休假旅行”解的"honeymoon".
至于什么叫旅行離婚、“旅行離婚”的英語(yǔ)原文是怎么說(shuō)的以及美國(guó)“旅行離婚”的來(lái)龍去脈,請(qǐng)看下例,特別是黑體印刷的部分
The Federal system gave rise to the practice Of“migratory''divorce,with people traveling around the Republic to take advantage Of liberal states’laws.But Nevadawas determined to crush the competition.In 1931,it enacted a six-week residency requirement for divorce,and 1egalized gambling to boot.The marriage,so to speak,of divorce and gambling produced a growth industry.
一Newsweek,M—1—78-96
請(qǐng)注意:上例末句中的“marriage”可不是“結(jié)婚”,而是“結(jié)合”。這句的意思是:內(nèi)華達(dá)把“離婚業(yè)”和“賭博業(yè)”兩者“結(jié)合”起來(lái),從而形成了它所特有的一種“新興實(shí)業(yè)”。
離婚,有能力的一方要向有需要而又無(wú)能力的對(duì)方支付撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)(舊時(shí)漢語(yǔ)做“贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)”)。這種撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)即贍養(yǎng)費(fèi),如眾所周知,便是"alimony".不用說(shuō), “alimony"的前提是夫婦關(guān)系。如果只是所謂”朋友(pals)關(guān)系,則雙方在結(jié)束“朋友”關(guān)系時(shí),當(dāng)然談不上誰(shuí)給誰(shuí)"alimony"的問(wèn)題。但當(dāng)前的美國(guó)男女,關(guān)系復(fù)雜——不結(jié)婚也不準(zhǔn)備結(jié)婚而公然同居者大有人在。這種關(guān)系終止時(shí),“alimony"雖談不上,而一方卻要對(duì)方給一筆錢(qián),那又怎么辦呢?這筆錢(qián)英語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō)好呢?
好辦得很:雙方雖非夫婦,也總算“朋友”(pals)了一陣;雖無(wú)離婚夫婦間的"alimony"可談,卻有 “朋友”的“撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)”即“朋友”十“撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)”:=“pal+alimony”=“palimony"可以爭(zhēng)取。這個(gè)由此產(chǎn)生的融合詞"palimony" 近年來(lái)頗為引人注目,姑舉三例:
Michelle Triola Marvin filed a breach“contract claim against actor Lee Marvin for half Of his $3.6 mil—lion earnings during the period of six and a half years when they lived together,but were not married.Ms. Marvin said the actor had expressed the intention of sharing his assets with her;therefore,she argued,at the dissolution Of their relationship she deserved a property settlement comparable to that due a wife.In a 1976 landmark case,the California Supreme Court overruled 2 lower courts,deciding that Ms. Marvin had the right to sue for payment of such ”palimony“。
-The World Almanac&Bookas per The Study of Currenttember 1980,p.35
Palimony,the term for sharing money after an unmarried couple have split, survives the Lee Marvin case
——Time,January 28,1980,p.60
Not since the Lee Marvin“Palimony''ease has a Hol—lywood courtroom drama attracted such attention.
——Time,March 23,1981,p.58
· 如前所述,這種尚未結(jié)婚也不打算結(jié)婚而又經(jīng)常公然一起同居的男女在美國(guó)大有人在。這種人的存在給英語(yǔ)造成了一定的困難:既不能稱之為"fiance (e)“,又不能名之以”boy/girl friend“!究竟如何稱呼是好呢?有說(shuō)”live-in boy/girl friend"的,有說(shuō)“chamber-mate"的,似乎都不貼切。這就是下例中提出來(lái)的”語(yǔ)言難題“ (linguist problem)。美國(guó)人口調(diào)查局總給了這種人一個(gè)比較確切的名稱——”合用住所的異性伙伴“。請(qǐng)看:
How to handle the linguistic problem of what to call the person with whom one`s daughter lives?……The Census Bureau call them“Partners of the Opposite Sex Sharing Living Quarters''or PossLQs.
——Time,November 27,1978,p.49
A woman from Dallas took her PossLQ home for the weekend recently to meet her parents.
——Ibid·,p.50
從最后一例來(lái)看,PossLQs們?cè)诟改该媲熬谷蝗绱舜竽4髽?,社?huì)風(fēng)氣可見(jiàn)一斑。卻說(shuō)源于公文的“PossLQ"在日常語(yǔ)言中使用究竟不大方便。于是有些父母就把子女的PossLQ稱做”fiend-in—law"以區(qū)別于"son-in—law"和"daughter-in—law“云。
以上雖說(shuō)了那么些有關(guān)婚姻的詞語(yǔ),對(duì)“訂婚”卻只字不談,未免失責(zé)。為此,特補(bǔ)充如下。
“訂婚”通常叫做"engagement“,那是一般用語(yǔ)。在漢語(yǔ)法學(xué)術(shù)浯中,則除”訂婚“之外,多作”婚約“——如”解除婚約“中的”婚約“。漢語(yǔ)中雖有”解除婚約“,卻未聞?dòng)姓f(shuō)”解除訂婚“的。
“訂婚”也好,“婚約”也好,既有“訂”、有“約”,顧名思義,當(dāng)然是一種契約——是婚姻的“預(yù)約”,即男女雙方預(yù)先約定今后結(jié)婚。如眾所周知,英語(yǔ)是 “marriage".但千萬(wàn)不要把”婚約“譯成”contract of marriage"、“marriage contract”或"marital contract“——那都是”結(jié)婚“!
那么,“婚約”的英語(yǔ)是什么呢?——“contract to marry”是也。
不信,請(qǐng)比較以下三個(gè)實(shí)例(例1為我國(guó)新婚姻法的第二章“結(jié)婚”的英譯;例2、3均見(jiàn)于You and the Law一書(shū)):
1.ChapterⅡ
Marriage Contract
——"China`s Marriage Law“,Peking Review,No.11,1981,p.24
2. The fact that none of these considerations may be mentioned at the time Of marriage doesn't make them less binding.They are inherent in the marital contract.
——You and the Law,1980,p.209
3.You also cannot assign your contract to marry.(婚約也不能轉(zhuǎn)讓)
——Ibid.
從結(jié)構(gòu)著眼,“marriage contract”乃是“contract of marriage'”的一種變體,而“marriage contract”中的定語(yǔ)名詞換成形容詞,就成了它的另一種變體——"marital contract“。
結(jié)婚,在英美法(Anglo-American Law)來(lái)看,同買賣一樣——都是一種契約即合同?!百I賣”本身(作為一種契約)英語(yǔ)可作“contract of sale",而買賣的預(yù)約(即為了今后的買賣而預(yù)先訂立的契約),則是”contract to sell“。”contract of sale"與“contract to sell"指的是兩事而不是一碼事(下例中用連詞"and"而不用”or'就是結(jié)構(gòu)上的證明),不容混淆。請(qǐng)看:
Because a contract of sale and a contract to sell resemble other contracts,the remedies available to both sides for nonperformance are similar to the usual remedies for breach of contract
——You and the Law,1980,pp.224-5
談“結(jié)婚”、“訂婚”而竟談到“買賣合同”了,似乎有點(diǎn)不像話。但是讀者一定很明白,我們是要從結(jié)構(gòu)上用“contract of sale'”與“contract to sell"之各不相同作為旁證(corroborative evidence),借以論證"contract to marry”與"contract of marriage"(包括其變體在內(nèi))之迥然有異—前者為“訂婚”,后者乃“結(jié)婚”。