Text 7
In the early days of sea travel, seamen on long voyages lived exclusively on salted meat and biscuits. Many of them died of scurvy (壞血病), a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums, livid white spots on the flesh and general exhaustion. On one occasion, in 1535, an English ship arrived in Newfoundland with its crew desperately ill. The men’s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them vegetable leaves to eat. Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused by some lack in the sailors’ diet and Captain Cook, on his long voyages of discovery to Australia and New Zealand, established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for the sailors.
Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may yet result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. These elements are called “vitamins”. Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given letters to identify them, A, B, C, D, and so on. Different diseases are associated with deficiencies of particular vitamins. Even a slight lack of Vitamin C, for example, the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit and vegetables, is thought to increase significantly our susceptibility (敏感度) to colds and influenza.
The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet, including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet, say during extended periods of religious fasting (齋戒), or when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins.
11. Scurvy is a disease that is provoked by ____
A. salted meat and biscuits B. exhaustion
C. want of some essential substances D. lack of fresh vegetables and fruits
12. In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, “warded off” could probably be replaced by ____.
A. got rid of B. killedC. avoided D. cleared away
13. To avoid such disease as scurvy, it’s better for us ____.
A. not to eat much salted meatB. to supplement our diet with various vitamin pills
C. to have more fresh fruit and vegetablesD. to develop a good dietary habit
14. Based on the passage we can safely conclude that if our diet is not comprehensive enough ____.
A. vitamin pills are of no availB. nutritious food might be unhealthy
C. vegetable leaves can be a good remedyD. religious fasting may help out a lot
15. Which of the following sentences best expresses the central ideal of the passage?
A. Deficiencies of Vitamin C may cause serious diseases.
B. Fresh fruit and green vegetables contain enough nutrition that is necessary for a healthy body.
C. Vitamins play a vitally important role in people’s health.
D. A good mixed diet normally supplies sufficient vitamins for us.
11.【答案】C。
【解析】對于scurvy(敗血癥)整個第一段都在介紹其情況，是什么引起它的呢?這就要求讀者對這一段的各細(xì)節(jié)都準(zhǔn)確理解，文中很明確地提到敗血癥是由于水手的飲食中缺少一些東西而引起的，而敗血癥又可通過吃新鮮蔬果而避免，這是否意味著敗血癥是由于缺少新鮮蔬果而引起的呢?從字面看，似乎是正確的，有的讀者會選D項，但我們仔細(xì)理解每一選項及原文，新鮮蔬果為什么能避免敗血癥，當(dāng)然是由于其中含有豐富的維生素，從下文主要講述的對象——維生素來看，我們也可猜到，真正引起敗血癥的是缺乏蔬果中的維生素，所以C項者是最準(zhǔn)確的。
12.【答案】C。（北京安通學(xué)校提供）
【解析】用一個詞或短語代替另一個詞或短語，也是對詞義的考查，通?？梢詮纳舷挛膩硗茢?，既然敗血癥的產(chǎn)生原因已被查明，那么通過提供新鮮蔬果敗血癥當(dāng)然能被“避免”。A項的除掉顯然不正確，因為防治敗血癥可以通過多吃蔬果，但要除掉一種病癥卻不是那么簡單的事。B項“殺死”，這與A項意思基本相似，也是不正確的。C項“避免”這與原文相符。D項“清除”這也與A、B兩項相近，是不正確的。
13.【答案】D。
【解析】如何避免敗血癥的方法，文中已提到，可通過多吃新鮮蔬果的方法，正如第一題一樣，透過表面文字新鮮蔬果的真正意義是什么?當(dāng)然是指水手們單一的腌肉飲食太不合理，要補充蔬果以增加維生素，也就是說需要合理的飲食習(xí)慣，這樣在仔細(xì)理解原文和選項后，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)D項是最合適的答案。
14.【答案】B。
【解析】這一題需要我們對全文都理解后才能得出答案，如果我們的食物攝取不夠廣泛會如何?A項“維生素丸沒有用”，而文中未曾提到維生素丸的作用，而根據(jù)常識服食維生素丸是可以補充暫時的維生素不足的，因此A不正確。B項“有營養(yǎng)的食物也可能是不健康的”，正如文中提到的腌肉，雖然腌肉也有營養(yǎng)，但只吃咸肉而沒有足夠的維生素，水手們依然患了敗血癥，第二段第一句也表達(dá)了此意，因此B項是正確的。C項“蔬菜葉子可以作為一味好藥”，如果食物攝取不廣泛，蔬菜葉子并不能作萬能的藥，在文中它只適合于敗血癥的治療，所以C項不準(zhǔn)確。D項“宗教式的齋戒會很有幫助”，而文中提到，在進(jìn)行齋戒時需要特別補充某些缺乏的維生素，所以D項不正確。
15.【答案】C。
【解析】這一題是讀者對全文中心的理解，文章以敗血癥開篇引出維生素的重要性，末尾也提到了維生素的攝取途徑，而這些都是為了突出維生素的重要性服務(wù)的。因此這篇文章的中心在于講述維生素的重要性，所以應(yīng)選C項。
Text 8
The exact number of English words is not known. The large dictionaries have over half a million entries, but many of these are compound words (schoolroom, sugar bowl) or different derivatives of the same word (rare—rarely, rarefy), and a good many are obsolete words to help us read older literature. Dictionaries do not attempt to cover completely words that we can draw on: the informal vocabulary, especially slang, localism, the terms of various occupations and professions; words use only occasionally by scientists and specialists in many fields; foreign words borrowed for use in English; or many new words or new senses of words that come into use every year and that may or may not be used long enough to warrant being included. It would be conservative to say that there are over a million English words that any of us might meet in our listening and reading and that we may draw on in our speaking and writing.
Professor Seashore concluded that first graders enter school with at least 2,000 words and add 5,000 each year so that they leave high school with at least 80,000. These figures are for recognition vocabulary, the words we understand when we read or hear them. Our active vocabulary, the words we use in speaking and writing, is considerably smaller.
You cannot always produce a word exactly when you want it. But consciously using the words you recognize in reading will help get them into your active vocabulary. Occasionally in your reading pay particular attention to these words, especially when the subject is one that you might well write or talk about. Underline or make a list of words that you feel a need for and look up the less familiar ones in a dictionary. And then before very long find a way to use some of them.
Once you know how they are pronounced and what they stand for, you can safely use them.
16. In the author’s estimation, there are ____ words in English.
A. more than half a million B. at least 24,000
C. at least 80,000 D. more than a million
17. The word “obsolete” most probably means ____.
A. no longer in use B. profoundC. colorful or amusing D. common
18. One’s recognition vocabulary is ____.
A. less often used than his active vocabularyB. smaller than his active vocabulary
C. as large as his active vocabularyD. much larger than his active vocabulary
19. The author does not suggest getting recognition vocabulary into active vocabulary by ____.
A. making a list of words you need and looking up the new ones in a dictionary
B. everyday spending half an hour study the dictionary
C. consciously using the words you recognize in reading
D. trying to use the words you recognize
20. From this passage we learn that ____.
A. dictionaries completely cover the words we can make use of
B. “schoolroom” is used in the passage as an example of a specialized term
C. once you know how a word is pronounced and what it represents, you have turned it into your active word
D. active vocabulary refers to words we understand when we read and hear them
16.【答案】D。（北京安通學(xué)校提供）
【解析】在第一段中明確寫道：保守估計，在聽說讀寫各方面可能會遇到的英語單詞超過一百萬個。從這一句我們可以看出D項“一百萬多個”是正確的。A項不正確，而B項是指高中畢業(yè)生的詞匯量，C項是指一年級學(xué)生的詞匯量。
17.【答案】A。
【解析】對這一題我們可以通過上下文的意思來判斷，文中寫道obsolete words是用來幫助我們閱讀古代文學(xué)的，由此我們可推斷出，obsolete words是用于古代文學(xué)中的，即老式詞，所以A項“不再使用的”與原文相近，B、C、D都不正確。
18.【答案】D。
【解析】在第二段末尾，明確提到recognition vocabulary(認(rèn)識詞匯)是用于讀或聽的詞匯，active vocabulary(會用的詞匯)是說和寫時用的詞匯，后者比前者小得多，即會用的詞匯小于認(rèn)識的詞匯，這樣不難看出D項是正確的，而A項“比會用的詞匯用得少”，這在原文中未曾提及，B、C兩項與原文意思不符。
19.【答案】B。
【解析】這一題要求我們對原文充分理解后，結(jié)合排除法來做。文中第三段討論了這個問題，我們可以在其中發(fā)現(xiàn)A項：把你需要用的詞列成一張單子，然后在字典中查出生詞的涵義，C項：有意識地多用你在閱讀中認(rèn)識的新詞，D項：嘗試使用你認(rèn)識的詞。在排除以上三項之后只有B項，每天讀半小時的字典符合題意。
20.【答案】C。
【解析】這一題要求對全文通篇有所理解后才能決定出答案，并且這種題無法從文中找到一個可用判斷的確切依據(jù)，須用排除法結(jié)合大意來做。A項認(rèn)為“字典完全包括我們所用的詞匯”，而原文中提到字典并不企圖完全包含我們所用的詞匯”，因此A是不正確的。B項認(rèn)為“schoolroom在本文中用于說明特定術(shù)語”，而文中提到schoolroom時是作為復(fù)合詞的例證，因此B是不正確的。C項認(rèn)為“一旦你知道一個詞如何發(fā)音且代表什么，你就掌握了這一單詞”，這與原文中的“一旦你知道一個詞如何發(fā)音且代表著什么，你就能安全地運用它”的意思相符，所以C項是正確的。
In the early days of sea travel, seamen on long voyages lived exclusively on salted meat and biscuits. Many of them died of scurvy (壞血病), a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums, livid white spots on the flesh and general exhaustion. On one occasion, in 1535, an English ship arrived in Newfoundland with its crew desperately ill. The men’s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them vegetable leaves to eat. Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused by some lack in the sailors’ diet and Captain Cook, on his long voyages of discovery to Australia and New Zealand, established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for the sailors.
Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may yet result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. These elements are called “vitamins”. Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given letters to identify them, A, B, C, D, and so on. Different diseases are associated with deficiencies of particular vitamins. Even a slight lack of Vitamin C, for example, the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit and vegetables, is thought to increase significantly our susceptibility (敏感度) to colds and influenza.
The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet, including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet, say during extended periods of religious fasting (齋戒), or when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins.
11. Scurvy is a disease that is provoked by ____
A. salted meat and biscuits B. exhaustion
C. want of some essential substances D. lack of fresh vegetables and fruits
12. In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, “warded off” could probably be replaced by ____.
A. got rid of B. killedC. avoided D. cleared away
13. To avoid such disease as scurvy, it’s better for us ____.
A. not to eat much salted meatB. to supplement our diet with various vitamin pills
C. to have more fresh fruit and vegetablesD. to develop a good dietary habit
14. Based on the passage we can safely conclude that if our diet is not comprehensive enough ____.
A. vitamin pills are of no availB. nutritious food might be unhealthy
C. vegetable leaves can be a good remedyD. religious fasting may help out a lot
15. Which of the following sentences best expresses the central ideal of the passage?
A. Deficiencies of Vitamin C may cause serious diseases.
B. Fresh fruit and green vegetables contain enough nutrition that is necessary for a healthy body.
C. Vitamins play a vitally important role in people’s health.
D. A good mixed diet normally supplies sufficient vitamins for us.
11.【答案】C。
【解析】對于scurvy(敗血癥)整個第一段都在介紹其情況，是什么引起它的呢?這就要求讀者對這一段的各細(xì)節(jié)都準(zhǔn)確理解，文中很明確地提到敗血癥是由于水手的飲食中缺少一些東西而引起的，而敗血癥又可通過吃新鮮蔬果而避免，這是否意味著敗血癥是由于缺少新鮮蔬果而引起的呢?從字面看，似乎是正確的，有的讀者會選D項，但我們仔細(xì)理解每一選項及原文，新鮮蔬果為什么能避免敗血癥，當(dāng)然是由于其中含有豐富的維生素，從下文主要講述的對象——維生素來看，我們也可猜到，真正引起敗血癥的是缺乏蔬果中的維生素，所以C項者是最準(zhǔn)確的。
12.【答案】C。（北京安通學(xué)校提供）
【解析】用一個詞或短語代替另一個詞或短語，也是對詞義的考查，通?？梢詮纳舷挛膩硗茢?，既然敗血癥的產(chǎn)生原因已被查明，那么通過提供新鮮蔬果敗血癥當(dāng)然能被“避免”。A項的除掉顯然不正確，因為防治敗血癥可以通過多吃蔬果，但要除掉一種病癥卻不是那么簡單的事。B項“殺死”，這與A項意思基本相似，也是不正確的。C項“避免”這與原文相符。D項“清除”這也與A、B兩項相近，是不正確的。
13.【答案】D。
【解析】如何避免敗血癥的方法，文中已提到，可通過多吃新鮮蔬果的方法，正如第一題一樣，透過表面文字新鮮蔬果的真正意義是什么?當(dāng)然是指水手們單一的腌肉飲食太不合理，要補充蔬果以增加維生素，也就是說需要合理的飲食習(xí)慣，這樣在仔細(xì)理解原文和選項后，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)D項是最合適的答案。
14.【答案】B。
【解析】這一題需要我們對全文都理解后才能得出答案，如果我們的食物攝取不夠廣泛會如何?A項“維生素丸沒有用”，而文中未曾提到維生素丸的作用，而根據(jù)常識服食維生素丸是可以補充暫時的維生素不足的，因此A不正確。B項“有營養(yǎng)的食物也可能是不健康的”，正如文中提到的腌肉，雖然腌肉也有營養(yǎng)，但只吃咸肉而沒有足夠的維生素，水手們依然患了敗血癥，第二段第一句也表達(dá)了此意，因此B項是正確的。C項“蔬菜葉子可以作為一味好藥”，如果食物攝取不廣泛，蔬菜葉子并不能作萬能的藥，在文中它只適合于敗血癥的治療，所以C項不準(zhǔn)確。D項“宗教式的齋戒會很有幫助”，而文中提到，在進(jìn)行齋戒時需要特別補充某些缺乏的維生素，所以D項不正確。
15.【答案】C。
【解析】這一題是讀者對全文中心的理解，文章以敗血癥開篇引出維生素的重要性，末尾也提到了維生素的攝取途徑，而這些都是為了突出維生素的重要性服務(wù)的。因此這篇文章的中心在于講述維生素的重要性，所以應(yīng)選C項。
Text 8
The exact number of English words is not known. The large dictionaries have over half a million entries, but many of these are compound words (schoolroom, sugar bowl) or different derivatives of the same word (rare—rarely, rarefy), and a good many are obsolete words to help us read older literature. Dictionaries do not attempt to cover completely words that we can draw on: the informal vocabulary, especially slang, localism, the terms of various occupations and professions; words use only occasionally by scientists and specialists in many fields; foreign words borrowed for use in English; or many new words or new senses of words that come into use every year and that may or may not be used long enough to warrant being included. It would be conservative to say that there are over a million English words that any of us might meet in our listening and reading and that we may draw on in our speaking and writing.
Professor Seashore concluded that first graders enter school with at least 2,000 words and add 5,000 each year so that they leave high school with at least 80,000. These figures are for recognition vocabulary, the words we understand when we read or hear them. Our active vocabulary, the words we use in speaking and writing, is considerably smaller.
You cannot always produce a word exactly when you want it. But consciously using the words you recognize in reading will help get them into your active vocabulary. Occasionally in your reading pay particular attention to these words, especially when the subject is one that you might well write or talk about. Underline or make a list of words that you feel a need for and look up the less familiar ones in a dictionary. And then before very long find a way to use some of them.
Once you know how they are pronounced and what they stand for, you can safely use them.
16. In the author’s estimation, there are ____ words in English.
A. more than half a million B. at least 24,000
C. at least 80,000 D. more than a million
17. The word “obsolete” most probably means ____.
A. no longer in use B. profoundC. colorful or amusing D. common
18. One’s recognition vocabulary is ____.
A. less often used than his active vocabularyB. smaller than his active vocabulary
C. as large as his active vocabularyD. much larger than his active vocabulary
19. The author does not suggest getting recognition vocabulary into active vocabulary by ____.
A. making a list of words you need and looking up the new ones in a dictionary
B. everyday spending half an hour study the dictionary
C. consciously using the words you recognize in reading
D. trying to use the words you recognize
20. From this passage we learn that ____.
A. dictionaries completely cover the words we can make use of
B. “schoolroom” is used in the passage as an example of a specialized term
C. once you know how a word is pronounced and what it represents, you have turned it into your active word
D. active vocabulary refers to words we understand when we read and hear them
16.【答案】D。（北京安通學(xué)校提供）
【解析】在第一段中明確寫道：保守估計，在聽說讀寫各方面可能會遇到的英語單詞超過一百萬個。從這一句我們可以看出D項“一百萬多個”是正確的。A項不正確，而B項是指高中畢業(yè)生的詞匯量，C項是指一年級學(xué)生的詞匯量。
17.【答案】A。
【解析】對這一題我們可以通過上下文的意思來判斷，文中寫道obsolete words是用來幫助我們閱讀古代文學(xué)的，由此我們可推斷出，obsolete words是用于古代文學(xué)中的，即老式詞，所以A項“不再使用的”與原文相近，B、C、D都不正確。
18.【答案】D。
【解析】在第二段末尾，明確提到recognition vocabulary(認(rèn)識詞匯)是用于讀或聽的詞匯，active vocabulary(會用的詞匯)是說和寫時用的詞匯，后者比前者小得多，即會用的詞匯小于認(rèn)識的詞匯，這樣不難看出D項是正確的，而A項“比會用的詞匯用得少”，這在原文中未曾提及，B、C兩項與原文意思不符。
19.【答案】B。
【解析】這一題要求我們對原文充分理解后，結(jié)合排除法來做。文中第三段討論了這個問題，我們可以在其中發(fā)現(xiàn)A項：把你需要用的詞列成一張單子，然后在字典中查出生詞的涵義，C項：有意識地多用你在閱讀中認(rèn)識的新詞，D項：嘗試使用你認(rèn)識的詞。在排除以上三項之后只有B項，每天讀半小時的字典符合題意。
20.【答案】C。
【解析】這一題要求對全文通篇有所理解后才能決定出答案，并且這種題無法從文中找到一個可用判斷的確切依據(jù)，須用排除法結(jié)合大意來做。A項認(rèn)為“字典完全包括我們所用的詞匯”，而原文中提到字典并不企圖完全包含我們所用的詞匯”，因此A是不正確的。B項認(rèn)為“schoolroom在本文中用于說明特定術(shù)語”，而文中提到schoolroom時是作為復(fù)合詞的例證，因此B是不正確的。C項認(rèn)為“一旦你知道一個詞如何發(fā)音且代表什么，你就掌握了這一單詞”，這與原文中的“一旦你知道一個詞如何發(fā)音且代表著什么，你就能安全地運用它”的意思相符，所以C項是正確的。