定語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：（1）關(guān)系代詞：that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)中都充當(dāng)一定的句法成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般可省去。
關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復(fù)雜，它受下列條件的制約：（1）先行詞是指人還是指物；（2）關(guān)系代詞在從句中的句法功能；（3）定語(yǔ)從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。關(guān)系代詞的選用情況見(jiàn)下表：
先行詞
在從句中的句法功能
用于限定性或非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
只用于限定性定語(yǔ)從句
指人 指物
指人或指物
主語(yǔ)
who which
That
賓語(yǔ)
whom which
That
定語(yǔ)
Whose whose (of which)
例如：
I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.
The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy (禮貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been found.
Here is the material which (that) you need.
You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.
關(guān)系副詞的選用相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)較簡(jiǎn)單。如先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞，如time, day等，則用when，如先先詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place, house, area等，則用where；如先行詞為reason，則用why。例如：
I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.
I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.
1） 當(dāng)先行詞是all, something, nothing等不定代詞時(shí)；或先行詞前有first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no等詞修飾時(shí)；或先行詞前有形容詞級(jí)修飾時(shí)，一般只用that而不用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you.
This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.
2.）定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系緊密，為句中不可缺少部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系松散，如去掉，主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書面語(yǔ)中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般被逗號(hào)隔開。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略。例如：
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.
3） 先行詞也可以是整個(gè)句子。這時(shí)，一般用which或as來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。Which在從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，as在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。which與as引導(dǎo)此類定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于：which只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比較靈活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如：
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.
He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.
As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十項(xiàng)全能) at that Olympic Games.
4） 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)也做介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前，一般只用介詞＋which或介詞＋whom，而不用介詞＋that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末，則可用that代替which或whom，且that這時(shí)可省去。例如：
This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.
One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with come today.
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：（1）關(guān)系代詞：that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)中都充當(dāng)一定的句法成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般可省去。
關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復(fù)雜，它受下列條件的制約：（1）先行詞是指人還是指物；（2）關(guān)系代詞在從句中的句法功能；（3）定語(yǔ)從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。關(guān)系代詞的選用情況見(jiàn)下表：
先行詞
在從句中的句法功能
用于限定性或非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
只用于限定性定語(yǔ)從句
指人 指物
指人或指物
主語(yǔ)
who which
That
賓語(yǔ)
whom which
That
定語(yǔ)
Whose whose (of which)
例如：
I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.
The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy (禮貌)。
The watch which (that) was lost has been found.
Here is the material which (that) you need.
You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.
關(guān)系副詞的選用相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)較簡(jiǎn)單。如先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞，如time, day等，則用when，如先先詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place, house, area等，則用where；如先行詞為reason，則用why。例如：
I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.
I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.
1） 當(dāng)先行詞是all, something, nothing等不定代詞時(shí)；或先行詞前有first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no等詞修飾時(shí)；或先行詞前有形容詞級(jí)修飾時(shí)，一般只用that而不用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：
I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you.
This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.
2.）定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系緊密，為句中不可缺少部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系松散，如去掉，主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書面語(yǔ)中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般被逗號(hào)隔開。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略。例如：
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.
3） 先行詞也可以是整個(gè)句子。這時(shí)，一般用which或as來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。Which在從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，as在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。which與as引導(dǎo)此類定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于：which只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比較靈活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如：
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.
He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.
As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十項(xiàng)全能) at that Olympic Games.
4） 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)也做介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前，一般只用介詞＋which或介詞＋whom，而不用介詞＋that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末，則可用that代替which或whom，且that這時(shí)可省去。例如：
This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.
One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with come today.