[英譯漢]
Individuals must be distributed among occupations in such a way as to serve two basic purposes. First, the labourer must be placed where he is most productive--making certain that Enrico Fermi becomes a physicist rather than a chef and that there are not too many plumbers and too few electricians.(1)Second, the individual worker should be given an occupation that is congenial to him: since he will spend a large part of his life at work, it will be a better life if he can choose the type he prefers.
(2) The price of labour is the instrument by which workers are distributed among occupations : wages in rapidly growing occupations and rapidly growing parts of the nation are higher than in corresponding employment in declining occupations and areas. The choice of occupation involves, however, much more than simply a comparison of wage rates. The following are a few of the complications: The wages of an occupation must as a rule be sufficient to compensate the costs of training. The wages of an occupation must be sufficient to compensate special disadvantages (such as a large chance of unemployment). Wages must be higher in large cities than in small because living costs are higher in large cities. Wages must compensate workers for their additional skill as they acquire experience (they usually reach a peak of earnings between ages 40 and 55) and thereafter decline as the workers efficiency declines. Wages will reflect differences in taxation, fringe benefits (pensions, vacations), etc. Accordingly the wage structure even for a single occupation in a single city is elaborate. (3)When a single wage (price) is imposed upon an occupation, labourers are no longer properly distributed by wages;for example, a city school system that pays all teachers of given experience the same wage finds it difficult to staff its less attractive schools.
The preferences of the individual worker cannot be given full play, or each person would become president of the corporation at a sumptuous salary. (4)Yet the labourer may choose to live in California rather than Maine then the price system will incite employers to move their operations to California, where they can hire this labourer more cheaply. (5)The labourer may prefer to work long hours or short hours, and employers are induced by wage offers to cater to the labourer’s diverse preferences. In fact it is equally appropriate to speak of the worker buying conditions of work and of the employer buying the services of the worker. examda.[418 words]
【參考譯文】
(1)其次，應(yīng)該給每人安排適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぷ鳌Ｈ说囊簧蟛糠謺r(shí)間都用于工作。如果一個(gè)人能選擇他喜歡的工作，那么，他的一生就會(huì)更美好。
(2)勞動(dòng)力的價(jià)格是用來(lái)給人分配職業(yè)的手段。迅速發(fā)展的行業(yè)和一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展的地區(qū)的工資水平要高衰退的行業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟地區(qū)相應(yīng)就業(yè)的工資水平。
(3)當(dāng)某行業(yè)實(shí)行單一工資制(勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格制)時(shí)，就不能再依靠工資適當(dāng)安排勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)。例如：如果某城市的學(xué) 校系統(tǒng)給所有資歷相同的教師都付相同工資，條件較差的學(xué)校就難以找到教師了。
(4)不過(guò)，勞動(dòng)者或許會(huì)有所選擇，不愿去緬因州而愿生活在加利福尼亞州。那么，價(jià)格機(jī)制就會(huì)激勵(lì)雇主把業(yè)務(wù) 遷到加州，在加州可以更廉價(jià)地雇到勞動(dòng)者。
(5)勞動(dòng)者對(duì)工時(shí)長(zhǎng)短各有偏好，雇主可以靠調(diào)節(jié)工資來(lái)迎合勞動(dòng)者的不同偏好。實(shí)際上，既可以說(shuō)工人買(mǎi)的是工 作條件，同樣也可以說(shuō)，雇主買(mǎi)的是工人的服務(wù)?！揪浣Y(jié)構(gòu)解析】
(1)Second，the individual worker should be given an occupation Ethat is congenial to him]：Esince he will spend a large part of his life at work]，it will be a better life[-if he can choose the type(he prefers)]．
(2)The price of labour is the instrument[-by zohich workers are distributed among occupations]：wages[in rapidly growing occupations and rapidly growing parts of the nation]are higher than[-in corresponding employment in declining occupations and areas]．
(3)[When a single wage(price)is imposed upon an occupation]，labourers are no longer properly distributed by wages：for example,a city school system[-that pays all teachers of given experience the Same wage]finds it difficult to staff its less attractive schools．
(4)Yet the labourer may choose tO live in California rather than Maine；then the price system will incite employers to move their operations to California，．where they con hire this labourer more cheaply]．
(5)The labourer may prefe，to work long hours or short hours。and 2’employers are induced by wage offers[to cater to the labourer’S diverse preferences]．In fact it is equally appropriate[to speak l’of the worker buying conditions of work and”of the employer buying the services of the workers．
全文翻譯
個(gè)人必須通過(guò)分配職業(yè)這樣一種方式來(lái)達(dá)成兩種目的。首先，勞動(dòng)者必須被安排到他具效率的崗位上，要確定恩里克·費(fèi)米是物理學(xué)家而非廚師，還要確定管道工人和電工數(shù)量別太多。(1)其次，應(yīng)該給每人安排適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぷ?。人的一生大部分時(shí)間都用于工作。如果一個(gè)人能選擇他喜歡的工作，那么，他的一生就會(huì)更美好。
(2)勞動(dòng)力的價(jià)格是用來(lái)給人分配職業(yè)的手段。迅速發(fā)展的行業(yè)和一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展的地區(qū)的工資水平要高于衰退的行業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟地區(qū)相應(yīng)就業(yè)的工資水平。然而，職業(yè)選擇并不僅僅跟比較工資水平相關(guān)。它還跟下列一些因素有關(guān)：①通常，一個(gè)職業(yè)的工資必須足夠支付培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用。②職業(yè)工資必須足夠補(bǔ)償特殊的不利條件(比如失業(yè)的可能性較大)。③大城市的工資必須比小城鎮(zhèn)的工資要高，因?yàn)榍罢叩南M(fèi)水平較高。④隨著工人不斷獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)，必須支付工人額外的技術(shù)水平(工人通常在40到55歲之間達(dá)到工資高水平)，此后隨著工作效率降低工資也開(kāi)始減少。⑤工資會(huì)反映稅款，附加福利(養(yǎng)老金，假期)等等方面的區(qū)別。據(jù)此，甚至一個(gè)城市中單個(gè)職業(yè)的工資結(jié)構(gòu)都制定得非常詳細(xì)。(3)當(dāng)某行業(yè)實(shí)行單一工資制(勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格制)時(shí)，就不能再依靠工資適當(dāng)安排勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)。例如：如果某城市的學(xué)校系統(tǒng)給所有資歷相同的教師都付相同工資，條件較差的學(xué)校就難以找到教師了。
單個(gè)勞動(dòng)者的偏好不能充分發(fā)揮作用，否則每個(gè)人都會(huì)成為公司老總，享受優(yōu)厚的工資待遇。(4)不過(guò)，勞動(dòng)者或許會(huì)有所選擇，不愿去緬因州而愿生活在加利福尼亞州。那么，價(jià)格機(jī)制就會(huì)激勵(lì)雇主把業(yè)務(wù)遷到加州，在加州司以更廉價(jià)地雇到勞動(dòng)者。(5)勞動(dòng)者對(duì)工時(shí)長(zhǎng)短各有偏好，雇主可以靠調(diào)節(jié)工資來(lái)迎合勞動(dòng)者的不同偏好。實(shí)際上，既可以說(shuō)工人買(mǎi)的是工作條件，同樣也可以說(shuō)，雇主買(mǎi)的是工人的服務(wù)。
Individuals must be distributed among occupations in such a way as to serve two basic purposes. First, the labourer must be placed where he is most productive--making certain that Enrico Fermi becomes a physicist rather than a chef and that there are not too many plumbers and too few electricians.(1)Second, the individual worker should be given an occupation that is congenial to him: since he will spend a large part of his life at work, it will be a better life if he can choose the type he prefers.
(2) The price of labour is the instrument by which workers are distributed among occupations : wages in rapidly growing occupations and rapidly growing parts of the nation are higher than in corresponding employment in declining occupations and areas. The choice of occupation involves, however, much more than simply a comparison of wage rates. The following are a few of the complications: The wages of an occupation must as a rule be sufficient to compensate the costs of training. The wages of an occupation must be sufficient to compensate special disadvantages (such as a large chance of unemployment). Wages must be higher in large cities than in small because living costs are higher in large cities. Wages must compensate workers for their additional skill as they acquire experience (they usually reach a peak of earnings between ages 40 and 55) and thereafter decline as the workers efficiency declines. Wages will reflect differences in taxation, fringe benefits (pensions, vacations), etc. Accordingly the wage structure even for a single occupation in a single city is elaborate. (3)When a single wage (price) is imposed upon an occupation, labourers are no longer properly distributed by wages;for example, a city school system that pays all teachers of given experience the same wage finds it difficult to staff its less attractive schools.
The preferences of the individual worker cannot be given full play, or each person would become president of the corporation at a sumptuous salary. (4)Yet the labourer may choose to live in California rather than Maine then the price system will incite employers to move their operations to California, where they can hire this labourer more cheaply. (5)The labourer may prefer to work long hours or short hours, and employers are induced by wage offers to cater to the labourer’s diverse preferences. In fact it is equally appropriate to speak of the worker buying conditions of work and of the employer buying the services of the worker. examda.[418 words]
【參考譯文】
(1)其次，應(yīng)該給每人安排適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぷ鳌Ｈ说囊簧蟛糠謺r(shí)間都用于工作。如果一個(gè)人能選擇他喜歡的工作，那么，他的一生就會(huì)更美好。
(2)勞動(dòng)力的價(jià)格是用來(lái)給人分配職業(yè)的手段。迅速發(fā)展的行業(yè)和一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展的地區(qū)的工資水平要高衰退的行業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟地區(qū)相應(yīng)就業(yè)的工資水平。
(3)當(dāng)某行業(yè)實(shí)行單一工資制(勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格制)時(shí)，就不能再依靠工資適當(dāng)安排勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)。例如：如果某城市的學(xué) 校系統(tǒng)給所有資歷相同的教師都付相同工資，條件較差的學(xué)校就難以找到教師了。
(4)不過(guò)，勞動(dòng)者或許會(huì)有所選擇，不愿去緬因州而愿生活在加利福尼亞州。那么，價(jià)格機(jī)制就會(huì)激勵(lì)雇主把業(yè)務(wù) 遷到加州，在加州可以更廉價(jià)地雇到勞動(dòng)者。
(5)勞動(dòng)者對(duì)工時(shí)長(zhǎng)短各有偏好，雇主可以靠調(diào)節(jié)工資來(lái)迎合勞動(dòng)者的不同偏好。實(shí)際上，既可以說(shuō)工人買(mǎi)的是工 作條件，同樣也可以說(shuō)，雇主買(mǎi)的是工人的服務(wù)?！揪浣Y(jié)構(gòu)解析】
(1)Second，the individual worker should be given an occupation Ethat is congenial to him]：Esince he will spend a large part of his life at work]，it will be a better life[-if he can choose the type(he prefers)]．
(2)The price of labour is the instrument[-by zohich workers are distributed among occupations]：wages[in rapidly growing occupations and rapidly growing parts of the nation]are higher than[-in corresponding employment in declining occupations and areas]．
(3)[When a single wage(price)is imposed upon an occupation]，labourers are no longer properly distributed by wages：for example,a city school system[-that pays all teachers of given experience the Same wage]finds it difficult to staff its less attractive schools．
(4)Yet the labourer may choose tO live in California rather than Maine；then the price system will incite employers to move their operations to California，．where they con hire this labourer more cheaply]．
(5)The labourer may prefe，to work long hours or short hours。and 2’employers are induced by wage offers[to cater to the labourer’S diverse preferences]．In fact it is equally appropriate[to speak l’of the worker buying conditions of work and”of the employer buying the services of the workers．
全文翻譯
個(gè)人必須通過(guò)分配職業(yè)這樣一種方式來(lái)達(dá)成兩種目的。首先，勞動(dòng)者必須被安排到他具效率的崗位上，要確定恩里克·費(fèi)米是物理學(xué)家而非廚師，還要確定管道工人和電工數(shù)量別太多。(1)其次，應(yīng)該給每人安排適當(dāng)?shù)墓ぷ?。人的一生大部分時(shí)間都用于工作。如果一個(gè)人能選擇他喜歡的工作，那么，他的一生就會(huì)更美好。
(2)勞動(dòng)力的價(jià)格是用來(lái)給人分配職業(yè)的手段。迅速發(fā)展的行業(yè)和一個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展的地區(qū)的工資水平要高于衰退的行業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)疲軟地區(qū)相應(yīng)就業(yè)的工資水平。然而，職業(yè)選擇并不僅僅跟比較工資水平相關(guān)。它還跟下列一些因素有關(guān)：①通常，一個(gè)職業(yè)的工資必須足夠支付培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用。②職業(yè)工資必須足夠補(bǔ)償特殊的不利條件(比如失業(yè)的可能性較大)。③大城市的工資必須比小城鎮(zhèn)的工資要高，因?yàn)榍罢叩南M(fèi)水平較高。④隨著工人不斷獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)，必須支付工人額外的技術(shù)水平(工人通常在40到55歲之間達(dá)到工資高水平)，此后隨著工作效率降低工資也開(kāi)始減少。⑤工資會(huì)反映稅款，附加福利(養(yǎng)老金，假期)等等方面的區(qū)別。據(jù)此，甚至一個(gè)城市中單個(gè)職業(yè)的工資結(jié)構(gòu)都制定得非常詳細(xì)。(3)當(dāng)某行業(yè)實(shí)行單一工資制(勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格制)時(shí)，就不能再依靠工資適當(dāng)安排勞動(dòng)者就業(yè)。例如：如果某城市的學(xué)校系統(tǒng)給所有資歷相同的教師都付相同工資，條件較差的學(xué)校就難以找到教師了。
單個(gè)勞動(dòng)者的偏好不能充分發(fā)揮作用，否則每個(gè)人都會(huì)成為公司老總，享受優(yōu)厚的工資待遇。(4)不過(guò)，勞動(dòng)者或許會(huì)有所選擇，不愿去緬因州而愿生活在加利福尼亞州。那么，價(jià)格機(jī)制就會(huì)激勵(lì)雇主把業(yè)務(wù)遷到加州，在加州司以更廉價(jià)地雇到勞動(dòng)者。(5)勞動(dòng)者對(duì)工時(shí)長(zhǎng)短各有偏好，雇主可以靠調(diào)節(jié)工資來(lái)迎合勞動(dòng)者的不同偏好。實(shí)際上，既可以說(shuō)工人買(mǎi)的是工作條件，同樣也可以說(shuō)，雇主買(mǎi)的是工人的服務(wù)。