Chlamydia Chlamydia is the most common and fastest spreading sexually transmitted disease in the UK. It stems from a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis.
Chlamydia考試大(www．Examda。com)
Chlamydia is the most common and fastest spreading sexually transmitted disease in the UK. It stems from a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis.
Women diagnosed with Chlamydia can also infect their newborn infant during delivery. Symptoms usually appear approximately 7 to 21 days after infection and differ for men, women and children.
Symptoms in men:考試大論壇
inflammation of the urethra (the bladder duct within the penis)
stinging feeling when passing water
clear discharge from penis and possible itchiness around the opening
pain or tenderness in the testicles.
Symptoms in women:
stinging feeling when passing water
unusual vaginal discharge
pain caused by pelvic inflammation (pelvic inflammatory disease)
pain during intercourse來源：考試大
in some cases, bleeding between periods.
Symptoms in infants:
inflammation of the eye (conjunctivitis) at birth
problems breathing
premature birth考試大論壇
in rarer instances, pneumonia.
Gonorrhoea 淋病
Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a bacteria that grows and multiplies quickly in moist, warm areas of the body such as the cervix, urethra, mouth, or rectum. In women, the cervix is the most common site of infection. However, the disease can also spread to the uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease leading to infertility. Gonorrhoea is most commonly spread during genital contact, but can also be passed from the genitals of one partner to the throat of the other during oral sex. Gonorrhoea of the rectum can occur in people who practice anal intercourse. In pregnant women, gonorrhoea can be passed from an infected woman to her newborn infant during delivery if left untreated.
The early symptoms of gonorrhoea are often mild, and many women who are infected have no visible symptoms of the disease. If symptoms of gonorrhoea develop, they usually appear within 2 to 10 days after sexual contact with an infected partner, although a small percentage of patients may be infected for several months without showing symptoms.
Symptoms in women include:
painful, burning sensation when urinating
yellowish or bloody discharge from the vagina
bleeding between periods
abdominal pain.來源：www.examda.com
Men are more likely to show symptoms than women. Some of the symptoms in men include:
burning sensation during urination
yellowish-white discharge from the penis.
Other symptoms affecting the rectal area include itching, discharge and sometimes painful bowel movements.
A diagnosis is made through detection of bacteria in samples taken from the urethra, cervix, throat or rectum. The condition is treated with antibiotics, and treatment should also be given to the patient's partner. As with Chlamydia, further testing is recommended once treatment has ended to check whether the infection has cleared. For more information, read the factsheet on gonorrhoea.
Herpes genitalis (genital herpes) 生殖器皰疹
Gential herpes is a highly contagious viral condition caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It principally infects the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals and rectum, but can also appear in areas such as the mouth. It is transmitted primarily through physical and sexual contact. During birth, the presence of herpes simplex virus on the genitalia or in the birth canal is a threat to the infant. Infection in the newborn infant can lead to herpetic meningitis, herpetic viremia (herpes virus particles present in the blood) and chronic skin infection.
The symptoms of herpes simplex virus usually occur a week after infection, but sometimes take longer to appear. Initially, the skin becomes reddened and multiple small blisters filled with a clear, straw-coloured fluid appear. Prior to the presence of blisters, the infected individual may also experience increased skin sensitivity, tingling, burning or pain at the site where blisters will appear. Later, the blisters burst leaving shallow, painful ulcers which eventually scab and heal over a period of 7 to 14 days.
The outbreak may be accompanied by other symptoms such as:
swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes in the groin area.
in women, vaginal discharge and painful urination.
in men, a possibility of painful urination if the lesion is near the opening of the urethra.
fever.來源：考試大
In most cases, a description of the condition and the appearance of the blisters will be enough to make a diagnosis. The GP may also advise referral to a specialist genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic for confirmation of the diagnosis.
There is no cure for the herpes simplex virus; once infected, patients will remain a carrier for the rest of their lives. Some remedies, however, can reduce the duration of the eruption. In addition, by being more aware of the initial symptoms of recurrence (skin sensitivity and tingling), timely treatment with medication such as aciclovir (Zovirax tablets/suspension) will often abort the outbreak of blisters.
The best way to avoid transmission is to avoid direct contact with an open lesion. People with herpes simplex virus should avoid sexual contact when active lesions are present.
Although the symptoms of genital herpes may not be present, it is important for those infected to inform their partner that they have the disease. This will encourage both parties to use barrier protection (condoms) to prevent the spread of the illness. Using condoms and not sharing towels are good ways of reducing the chance of infection in the first place. For more information, read the factsheet on Herpes genitalis.
HIV and AIDS來源：考試大
AIDS is a potentially lethal sexually transmitted disease and is caused by the HIV virus. HIV invades and destroys the immune system, which protects the body from infection. This means that a person who carries the HIV virus is prone to many different illnesses and may die from diseases that are harmless to healthy people.
AIDS is still most widespread south of the Sahara in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean islands, and is more common among homosexual and bisexual men. However, in more developed countries the disease is becoming more frequent among heterosexuals, especially young people. In the UK, new cases of HIV are now more prevalent among heterosexuals.
Intravenous drug users and people with many different partners are particularly at risk from HIV. The virus is found in bodily fluids such as blood, sperm and vaginal secretions, and can pass through little scratches that may occur during sexual intercourse.
Although they vary considerably, the symptoms include:
fever
diarrhoea來源：
sweating at night
loss of weight
swollen glands
general discomfort.
Chlamydia考試大(www．Examda。com)
Chlamydia is the most common and fastest spreading sexually transmitted disease in the UK. It stems from a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis.
Women diagnosed with Chlamydia can also infect their newborn infant during delivery. Symptoms usually appear approximately 7 to 21 days after infection and differ for men, women and children.
Symptoms in men:考試大論壇
inflammation of the urethra (the bladder duct within the penis)
stinging feeling when passing water
clear discharge from penis and possible itchiness around the opening
pain or tenderness in the testicles.
Symptoms in women:
stinging feeling when passing water
unusual vaginal discharge
pain caused by pelvic inflammation (pelvic inflammatory disease)
pain during intercourse來源：考試大
in some cases, bleeding between periods.
Symptoms in infants:
inflammation of the eye (conjunctivitis) at birth
problems breathing
premature birth考試大論壇
in rarer instances, pneumonia.
Gonorrhoea 淋病
Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a bacteria that grows and multiplies quickly in moist, warm areas of the body such as the cervix, urethra, mouth, or rectum. In women, the cervix is the most common site of infection. However, the disease can also spread to the uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease leading to infertility. Gonorrhoea is most commonly spread during genital contact, but can also be passed from the genitals of one partner to the throat of the other during oral sex. Gonorrhoea of the rectum can occur in people who practice anal intercourse. In pregnant women, gonorrhoea can be passed from an infected woman to her newborn infant during delivery if left untreated.
The early symptoms of gonorrhoea are often mild, and many women who are infected have no visible symptoms of the disease. If symptoms of gonorrhoea develop, they usually appear within 2 to 10 days after sexual contact with an infected partner, although a small percentage of patients may be infected for several months without showing symptoms.
Symptoms in women include:
painful, burning sensation when urinating
yellowish or bloody discharge from the vagina
bleeding between periods
abdominal pain.來源：www.examda.com
Men are more likely to show symptoms than women. Some of the symptoms in men include:
burning sensation during urination
yellowish-white discharge from the penis.
Other symptoms affecting the rectal area include itching, discharge and sometimes painful bowel movements.
A diagnosis is made through detection of bacteria in samples taken from the urethra, cervix, throat or rectum. The condition is treated with antibiotics, and treatment should also be given to the patient's partner. As with Chlamydia, further testing is recommended once treatment has ended to check whether the infection has cleared. For more information, read the factsheet on gonorrhoea.
Herpes genitalis (genital herpes) 生殖器皰疹
Gential herpes is a highly contagious viral condition caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It principally infects the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals and rectum, but can also appear in areas such as the mouth. It is transmitted primarily through physical and sexual contact. During birth, the presence of herpes simplex virus on the genitalia or in the birth canal is a threat to the infant. Infection in the newborn infant can lead to herpetic meningitis, herpetic viremia (herpes virus particles present in the blood) and chronic skin infection.
The symptoms of herpes simplex virus usually occur a week after infection, but sometimes take longer to appear. Initially, the skin becomes reddened and multiple small blisters filled with a clear, straw-coloured fluid appear. Prior to the presence of blisters, the infected individual may also experience increased skin sensitivity, tingling, burning or pain at the site where blisters will appear. Later, the blisters burst leaving shallow, painful ulcers which eventually scab and heal over a period of 7 to 14 days.
The outbreak may be accompanied by other symptoms such as:
swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes in the groin area.
in women, vaginal discharge and painful urination.
in men, a possibility of painful urination if the lesion is near the opening of the urethra.
fever.來源：考試大
In most cases, a description of the condition and the appearance of the blisters will be enough to make a diagnosis. The GP may also advise referral to a specialist genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic for confirmation of the diagnosis.
There is no cure for the herpes simplex virus; once infected, patients will remain a carrier for the rest of their lives. Some remedies, however, can reduce the duration of the eruption. In addition, by being more aware of the initial symptoms of recurrence (skin sensitivity and tingling), timely treatment with medication such as aciclovir (Zovirax tablets/suspension) will often abort the outbreak of blisters.
The best way to avoid transmission is to avoid direct contact with an open lesion. People with herpes simplex virus should avoid sexual contact when active lesions are present.
Although the symptoms of genital herpes may not be present, it is important for those infected to inform their partner that they have the disease. This will encourage both parties to use barrier protection (condoms) to prevent the spread of the illness. Using condoms and not sharing towels are good ways of reducing the chance of infection in the first place. For more information, read the factsheet on Herpes genitalis.
HIV and AIDS來源：考試大
AIDS is a potentially lethal sexually transmitted disease and is caused by the HIV virus. HIV invades and destroys the immune system, which protects the body from infection. This means that a person who carries the HIV virus is prone to many different illnesses and may die from diseases that are harmless to healthy people.
AIDS is still most widespread south of the Sahara in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean islands, and is more common among homosexual and bisexual men. However, in more developed countries the disease is becoming more frequent among heterosexuals, especially young people. In the UK, new cases of HIV are now more prevalent among heterosexuals.
Intravenous drug users and people with many different partners are particularly at risk from HIV. The virus is found in bodily fluids such as blood, sperm and vaginal secretions, and can pass through little scratches that may occur during sexual intercourse.
Although they vary considerably, the symptoms include:
fever
diarrhoea來源：
sweating at night
loss of weight
swollen glands
general discomfort.