公共英語等級(jí)考試PETS二級(jí)語法資料匯總 (九)構(gòu)詞法

字號(hào):

(九)構(gòu)詞法
    1.概念及種類:
    英語單詞的構(gòu)成有一定的規(guī)律,這些規(guī)律叫構(gòu)詞法。主要有四種:合成、轉(zhuǎn)化、派生和縮略。常見的是前三種。見下圖。
    種類
     構(gòu)成方法
     例詞
    合成
     由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成為一個(gè)詞
     Classroom,newspaper,blackboard
    Schoolmate,newly-born,hard-working
    轉(zhuǎn)化
     由一詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一詞類
     taste,answer,back,hand,empty
    派生
     在詞根上加前綴或后綴
     care,careful,carefully
    careless carelessness carelessly
    2.高中階段主要構(gòu)詞方法歸納:派生法和合成法
    (1)派生法
    ①常用前綴
    表“否定”
     un-
     unfair unable unlikely
    in-
     impossible incapable
    dis-
     discover disagree dislike dishonest
    表“重復(fù)”
     re-
     rewrite retell repeat reconsider
    ②常用后綴
    類型
     加法
     后綴意義
     例詞
    名
    詞
    后
    綴
     -er/or
    -tion
    -ese
    -ist
    -ing
    -ment
    -ness
    -ian
     “動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者”
    變成了名詞
    “…地方的人”
    “人”
    名詞化
    名詞化
    變?yōu)槊~
    變?yōu)椤啊娜恕?BR>     teacher visitor inventor
    organization congratulation invention
    Chinese Japanese
    pianist scientist violinist
    living greeting wedding
    movement treatment
    happiness illness sickness carelessness
    Australian
    動(dòng)
    詞
    后
    綴
     -ify
    -ice
    -ise
    -en
     使…變…
     beautify
    realise organise
    sacrifice
    lengthen strengthen
    形
    容
    詞
    后
    綴
     -able
    -ful
    -y
    -ive
    -al
    -an
     可…的,能…的
    充滿…的
    帶有…的
    有…特征的
    屬于…的
    …的
     suitable comfortable movable
    beautiful careful useful
    sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty
    active,instructive
    musical medical physical
    American European Australian
    -ly
     副詞后綴
     carefully really certainly
    數(shù)
    詞
    后
    綴
     -teen
     表“十三至十九”
     fourteen fifteen nineteen
    -ty
     表“二十、三十…七十”
     forty sixty eighty
    -th
     表“第幾”
     fourth sixtieth ninth
    (2)合成法:
    police+man=policeman play+ground=playground
    birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon
    hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere
    bed+room=bedroom no+where=nowhere
    hand+writing=handwriting any+where=anywhere
    grand+parent=grandparent how+ever=however
    what+ever=whatever