3．動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
時(shí)
態(tài)
基本用法
常與之連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
例句
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)
習(xí)慣性或常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
in the morning / evening / afternoon,
every day / month/year / morning.
sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc
He reads French every morning.
表能力，性格，特征等
Joan is a nice person.
普遍真理的表述
The moon turns round the earth.
劇本、圖、文的解說(shuō)
The scene changes back to the park.
按時(shí)刻表，計(jì)劃決定好了的事
The train leaves at 8:00.
在“時(shí)間，條件，方式，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句”中表“將來(lái)”動(dòng)作
I’ll call you as soon as I get the park.
You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)
具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
...ago,just now,in 1976/1989,
yesterday
last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc.
Mary was here a moment ago.
過(guò)去常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，特征
He often went to Shanghai last year.
在“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”中表“現(xiàn)在/將來(lái)”的情況
He talks as if he were my teacher.
在“委婉”用語(yǔ)中表“現(xiàn)在/將來(lái)”,常與“could/would”連用在“時(shí)間，條件，讓步”等狀語(yǔ)從句中表“過(guò)去將來(lái)”
I hoped you could help me.
They planned to go out if it was fine the next day.
一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)
shall(’ll)用于第一人稱will(’ll)用于各人稱，表示“將會(huì)”“意愿”
tomorrow, in 2010, next morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, soon, before long, in the year, to come, from now on,one day, some day, from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / days, the day after tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc.
I shall do it tomorrow morning.
She’ll have to go there by herself.
“am/is/are going to+v.原”表“即將發(fā)生，打算做”
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
“is/am/are doing”表“計(jì)劃，安排”
He’s leaving for Guangdong tomorrow.
“is/am/are about to+v.原”“表即將就要發(fā)生/做”
She is about to go to school.
“is/am/are to+v.原” “表計(jì)劃決定，要求，命令，傳達(dá)命令指示等”
You are to stay in the hotel.
Your boyfriend told you.
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)
“should+v.原/would+v.原”表過(guò)去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)”。常用于從句或引語(yǔ)中
常用于狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。
She said she would vote for me.
She said she wouldn’t vote for me.
“were/was going to+v.原”表“過(guò)去即將發(fā)生或打算要做”
She said it was going to rain soon.
“was/were+v.-ing”表“過(guò)去的計(jì)劃，安排”
I wondered when the plane was arriving.
“was/were about to+v.” 原表“過(guò)去即將，就要”
I was about to go out when the phone rang.
“was/were to+v.原”表“過(guò)去的計(jì)劃決定，要求命令等”
He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
說(shuō)話時(shí)正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
now, at present, these days,
this morning / week / month, during this season, Look! Listen! etc.
always, constantly, frequently, all the time
He is playing basketball now.
現(xiàn)階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
I’m writing a book these days.
表“計(jì)劃安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作”
She’s flying to Paris tomorrow.
表“反復(fù)經(jīng)?！钡膭?dòng)作，常與always等連用，有責(zé)備，高興等較濃的感情色彩。
They are always talking in meeting.
He is constantly leaving things about.
在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表進(jìn)行。
Here comes the bus.
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
this time yesterday, at that time, then,
all morning, at that moment, the whole
night, during…, when I came in, etc
What were you doing at that moment?
過(guò)去某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
Last year we were building the library.
在過(guò)去看來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
He wondered whether she was leaving.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在
since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/…ago/從句；for+時(shí)段；in the past/last five years
once, twice, three times, many times
before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet
I have lived here for six years.
在現(xiàn)在為止一個(gè)動(dòng)作狀態(tài)已多次發(fā)生
I’ve seen the film four times.
到現(xiàn)在為止時(shí)的一動(dòng)作狀態(tài)經(jīng)歷
I’ve never been to America.
過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在還有影響
He has just come back.
4．動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài):
動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者）。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be/get(助動(dòng)詞)+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be/get體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)變化。主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)保持不變；動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者由“by短語(yǔ)”表示；get+過(guò)去分詞側(cè)重動(dòng)作的效果，通常不與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)/一般過(guò)去時(shí)變否定式，疑問(wèn)時(shí)要借助助動(dòng)詞。
They make bikes.
Bikes are made by them.
When did she get married?
How did the window get broken?
注意：
（1）不及物動(dòng)詞一般沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The sun sets in the west.
易錯(cuò)的常見(jiàn)的不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.
（2）主動(dòng)句帶雙賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的句子，可將“間接賓語(yǔ)”或“直接賓語(yǔ)”變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，還有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)叫保留賓語(yǔ)。一般將“間接賓語(yǔ)”變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)變直接賓語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要在保留賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)）前加一個(gè)介詞to（給，表方向）或for（替）。
My mother gave me a book.
I was given a book(by my mother).
A book was given to me(by my mother).
（3）主動(dòng)句帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，改稱為“主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”即主補(bǔ)。當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)是不帶to的不定式時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中原省略的to要加上。
The boss made us work ten hours a day.
We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).
（4）含有“動(dòng)-介/動(dòng)-副/動(dòng)-副-介”等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要把這些短語(yǔ)看成一個(gè)整體（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)動(dòng)詞），不能漏掉任何詞。
The nurses look after the patients well.
The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).
（5）含有“動(dòng)-名-介”型短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，也可將其中的名詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。
He paid much attention to his pronunciation.
Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).
His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).
（6）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表“動(dòng)作”，用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)，時(shí)態(tài)變化比較豐富。
系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表“性質(zhì)”，常用一般時(shí)態(tài)。
The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.
The glass was broken.
That book was written by a teacher.
That book is well written.
時(shí)
態(tài)
基本用法
常與之連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
例句
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)
習(xí)慣性或常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
in the morning / evening / afternoon,
every day / month/year / morning.
sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc
He reads French every morning.
表能力，性格，特征等
Joan is a nice person.
普遍真理的表述
The moon turns round the earth.
劇本、圖、文的解說(shuō)
The scene changes back to the park.
按時(shí)刻表，計(jì)劃決定好了的事
The train leaves at 8:00.
在“時(shí)間，條件，方式，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句”中表“將來(lái)”動(dòng)作
I’ll call you as soon as I get the park.
You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard.
一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)
具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)
...ago,just now,in 1976/1989,
yesterday
last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc.
Mary was here a moment ago.
過(guò)去常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，特征
He often went to Shanghai last year.
在“虛擬語(yǔ)氣”中表“現(xiàn)在/將來(lái)”的情況
He talks as if he were my teacher.
在“委婉”用語(yǔ)中表“現(xiàn)在/將來(lái)”,常與“could/would”連用在“時(shí)間，條件，讓步”等狀語(yǔ)從句中表“過(guò)去將來(lái)”
I hoped you could help me.
They planned to go out if it was fine the next day.
一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)
shall(’ll)用于第一人稱will(’ll)用于各人稱，表示“將會(huì)”“意愿”
tomorrow, in 2010, next morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, soon, before long, in the year, to come, from now on,one day, some day, from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / days, the day after tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc.
I shall do it tomorrow morning.
She’ll have to go there by herself.
“am/is/are going to+v.原”表“即將發(fā)生，打算做”
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
“is/am/are doing”表“計(jì)劃，安排”
He’s leaving for Guangdong tomorrow.
“is/am/are about to+v.原”“表即將就要發(fā)生/做”
She is about to go to school.
“is/am/are to+v.原” “表計(jì)劃決定，要求，命令，傳達(dá)命令指示等”
You are to stay in the hotel.
Your boyfriend told you.
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)
“should+v.原/would+v.原”表過(guò)去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)”。常用于從句或引語(yǔ)中
常用于狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。
She said she would vote for me.
She said she wouldn’t vote for me.
“were/was going to+v.原”表“過(guò)去即將發(fā)生或打算要做”
She said it was going to rain soon.
“was/were+v.-ing”表“過(guò)去的計(jì)劃，安排”
I wondered when the plane was arriving.
“was/were about to+v.” 原表“過(guò)去即將，就要”
I was about to go out when the phone rang.
“was/were to+v.原”表“過(guò)去的計(jì)劃決定，要求命令等”
He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
說(shuō)話時(shí)正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
now, at present, these days,
this morning / week / month, during this season, Look! Listen! etc.
always, constantly, frequently, all the time
He is playing basketball now.
現(xiàn)階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
I’m writing a book these days.
表“計(jì)劃安排好的將來(lái)動(dòng)作”
She’s flying to Paris tomorrow.
表“反復(fù)經(jīng)?！钡膭?dòng)作，常與always等連用，有責(zé)備，高興等較濃的感情色彩。
They are always talking in meeting.
He is constantly leaving things about.
在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表進(jìn)行。
Here comes the bus.
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
this time yesterday, at that time, then,
all morning, at that moment, the whole
night, during…, when I came in, etc
What were you doing at that moment?
過(guò)去某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
Last year we were building the library.
在過(guò)去看來(lái)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作
He wondered whether she was leaving.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作/狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在
since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)/…ago/從句；for+時(shí)段；in the past/last five years
once, twice, three times, many times
before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet
I have lived here for six years.
在現(xiàn)在為止一個(gè)動(dòng)作狀態(tài)已多次發(fā)生
I’ve seen the film four times.
到現(xiàn)在為止時(shí)的一動(dòng)作狀態(tài)經(jīng)歷
I’ve never been to America.
過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在還有影響
He has just come back.
4．動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài):
動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者）。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be/get(助動(dòng)詞)+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be/get體現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)變化。主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)保持不變；動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者由“by短語(yǔ)”表示；get+過(guò)去分詞側(cè)重動(dòng)作的效果，通常不與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)/一般過(guò)去時(shí)變否定式，疑問(wèn)時(shí)要借助助動(dòng)詞。
They make bikes.
Bikes are made by them.
When did she get married?
How did the window get broken?
注意：
（1）不及物動(dòng)詞一般沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
The sun sets in the west.
易錯(cuò)的常見(jiàn)的不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.
（2）主動(dòng)句帶雙賓語(yǔ)（直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的句子，可將“間接賓語(yǔ)”或“直接賓語(yǔ)”變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，還有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)叫保留賓語(yǔ)。一般將“間接賓語(yǔ)”變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)變直接賓語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，要在保留賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)）前加一個(gè)介詞to（給，表方向）或for（替）。
My mother gave me a book.
I was given a book(by my mother).
A book was given to me(by my mother).
（3）主動(dòng)句帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后，改稱為“主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”即主補(bǔ)。當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)是不帶to的不定式時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中原省略的to要加上。
The boss made us work ten hours a day.
We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).
（4）含有“動(dòng)-介/動(dòng)-副/動(dòng)-副-介”等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要把這些短語(yǔ)看成一個(gè)整體（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)動(dòng)詞），不能漏掉任何詞。
The nurses look after the patients well.
The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).
（5）含有“動(dòng)-名-介”型短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，也可將其中的名詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。
He paid much attention to his pronunciation.
Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).
His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).
（6）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表“動(dòng)作”，用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)，時(shí)態(tài)變化比較豐富。
系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表“性質(zhì)”，常用一般時(shí)態(tài)。
The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.
The glass was broken.
That book was written by a teacher.
That book is well written.