Some political pressures can have negative effects on the growth of knowledge, while others can have positive effects. Examples of some positive effects of other political movements on science are the roles played by the environmental movements, AIDS activism, the race-based civil rights movement, and, most recently, the nutrition and anti-smoking movements. Attention, also, to issues that concern women’s movements can enhance our understanding of the philosophical and social aspects of science and technology.
Consider two changes in the traditional philosophy of science to which women’ s movements have contributed. The first has to do with the assumption of neutrality in the research process. Is maximizing the objectivity of research always advanced by maximizing the social neutrality of research processes? The neutrality ideal is maximally effective when it is invoked in contexts where social beliefs differ among members of the scientific community. But how is it useful in detecting social assumptions shared by an entire scientific community--women and men alike--such as assumptions about women’s biological inferiority? In such cases it takes political involvement to move scientific institutions to question prevailing assumptions. Moreover, the neutrality ideal cannot recognize or provide resources for distinguishing between social or political assumptions that tend to obstruct the growth of knowledge and those that could advance it. We need strong objectivityto detect the most foundational assumptions that shape our own belief systems.
In a related way, attention to women’s concerns has helped to reveal the value of cognitive diversity in the scientific process. Just as biodiversity is invaluable for human well-being, so, too, is cognitive diversity. Few any longer question women’s ability to apply the scientific method or to organize complex research projects, even if they do sometimes approach their work in ways less favored by their male colleagues. The human intellectual repertoire consists of many styles and many ways of organizing the production of knowledge. There exists no justifiable scientific or philosophic reason to restrict them to the small numbers that have been favored at particular times and places. Thescientific method can be enhanced by our appreciation of the wealth of intellectual resources to be gained by valuing and promoting cognitive diversity.
Womensissues matter to women in science and technology fields, and in society at large. I have suggested how they also matter to the sciences as such, in ways perhaps initially unexpected. The resources that women’s issues make available to the sciences have not been fully realized. Too often women’s interests in and desires for knowledge are compromised to satisfy competing economic or political agendas. [429 words]
1. The first paragraph is written to tell us the ______on science.
A. positive effects of women’s movements
B. roles played by some political movements
C. negative effects of some political movements
D. positive effects of some political movements
2. In the author’s opinion, the social neutrality of research processes ______.
A. has not been justified
B. tends to be ineffective
C. is the most fundamental assumption
D. sometimes enhances the objectivity of research
3. We can learn from this passage that
A. biodiversiy is of no value at all
B. cognitive diversity is of no value at all
C. cognitive diversity is of great value to science
D. cognitive diversity is as valueless as biodiversity
4. It is believed that women are ______.
A. incapable of applying the scientific method
B. good at organizing less complex research projects
C. inferior to men both biologically and psychologically
D. prone to use ways different from men’s in scientific researches
5. This passage is mainly about ______.
A. intellectual resources
B. attention to women’s issues
C. the benefits of science and technology
D. women’s interests in and desire for knowledge 難句透析
①[If you leave a loaded weapon lying around’]，it is bound to go off sooner or later．Snow-covered northern Europe heard the gunshot loud and clear when Russia cut supplies tO Ukraine this week as part of a row about money and power，the two eternal battlegrounds of global energy]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】第一個(gè)方括號(hào)部分是“If”引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。第二個(gè)方括號(hào)部分是“When”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】如果你把裝滿(mǎn)子彈的武器隨處亂放，遲早會(huì)走火。大雪覆蓋的北歐清楚地聽(tīng)到了響亮的槍聲，本周俄羅 斯中斷了對(duì)烏克蘭的石油供應(yīng)，這是對(duì)金錢(qián)和權(quán)利爭(zhēng)吵的結(jié)局，而金錢(qián)和權(quán)利是全球能源問(wèn)題所涉及的兩個(gè)永無(wú) 休止的爭(zhēng)論題目。
②For years Europeans had been telling themselves[that a cold—war enemy(which had supplied them without fail) could still be depended on(now it was an ally)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)部分是“had been tellin9”的賓語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】俄羅斯在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期曾以敵人的姿態(tài)為歐洲人提供石油，且從未中斷。這使得歐洲人多年來(lái)一直認(rèn)為，這 個(gè)敵人既然都變成了盟友，當(dāng)然可以繼續(xù)依靠了。
⑨But it was an uncomfortable glimpse of the dangers for a continent[that imports roughly half its鼬s and expects to be importing 80％of its gas by 2030 much of it from Russia]．examda
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)部分是“continent”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。其中有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“imports"和“expects”。
【釋義】歐洲大陸用的石油大約一半靠進(jìn)口，預(yù)計(jì)到2030年將有80％靠進(jìn)口，而且主要靠從俄羅斯進(jìn)口?？吹剿?冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，著實(shí)令人不安。
④[When producers had the upper hand in the oil embargo of l 973—743，Arab members of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)cut supply，sowing turmoil and a global recession． [When consumers had the upper hand in the early l990s]，the embargo cut the other way．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】?jī)蓚€(gè)方括號(hào)部分都是“When”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】1973年至1974年石油禁運(yùn)時(shí)，產(chǎn)油國(guó)處于有利地位，石油輸出國(guó)家組織(OPEC)中的阿拉伯成員國(guó)削減 供給，引發(fā)混亂和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣。90年代初石油消費(fèi)國(guó)處于有利地位時(shí)，石油禁運(yùn)的后果剛好相反。
⑤[With oil costing$60 a barrel five times more than the nominal price in l 999，and spot prices for natural gas in some European and American markets at or near record levels]，power has swung back to the producers for the first time since the early 1980s． examda
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)部分是介詞短語(yǔ)“with…”，用做狀語(yǔ)。介詞“with”后面跟有兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)。
【釋義】當(dāng)石油價(jià)格達(dá)到每桶60美元，即比1999年的標(biāo)稱(chēng)價(jià)格高5倍多，天然氣的現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格在歐洲和美國(guó)一些 市場(chǎng)達(dá)到或接近記錄的水平時(shí)，自80年代初以來(lái)，能源權(quán)力首次回到產(chǎn)油國(guó)手中。 全文翻譯
如果你把裝滿(mǎn)子彈的武器隨處亂放，遲早會(huì)走火。大雪覆蓋的北歐清楚地聽(tīng)到了響亮的槍聲，本周俄羅斯中斷了對(duì)烏克蘭的石油供應(yīng)，這是對(duì)金錢(qián)和權(quán)利爭(zhēng)吵的結(jié)局，而金錢(qián)和權(quán)利是全球能源問(wèn)題所涉及的兩個(gè)永無(wú)休止的爭(zhēng)論題目。橫跨整個(gè)中歐直至法國(guó)的大西洋海岸線(xiàn)上各國(guó)的石油供應(yīng)減少了三分之一還多。俄羅斯在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期曾以敵人的姿態(tài)為歐洲人提供石油，且從未中斷。這使得歐洲人多年來(lái)一直認(rèn)為，這個(gè)敵人既然都變成_r盟友，當(dāng)然可以繼續(xù)依靠了。但突然之間，一切都不再是確數(shù)了。
由于擔(dān)心其作為主要石油供應(yīng)國(guó)的聲名受損，俄羅斯還是盡快地恢復(fù)了石油供應(yīng)并彌合了其與烏克蘭之問(wèn)的分歧。歐洲大陸用的石油大約一半靠進(jìn)口，預(yù)計(jì)到2030年將有80％靠進(jìn)口，而且主要靠從俄羅斯進(jìn)口。看到所冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，著實(shí)令人不安。此舉在美國(guó)也并不受歡迎，美國(guó)還就此事批評(píng)了俄羅斯的戰(zhàn)略舉措。它的擔(dān)心當(dāng)然是有根據(jù)的：因?yàn)樗牧耸澜缟纤姆种坏脑?，但只產(chǎn)出3％的相關(guān)產(chǎn)品。在隨后的幾年當(dāng)中，世界原油的供應(yīng)者看上去將會(huì)集中在中東各國(guó)，特別是沙特阿拉伯。與此同時(shí)，俄羅斯的原油也不失為一個(gè)好的選擇。
對(duì)以能源作為戰(zhàn)略武器的擔(dān)憂(yōu)由來(lái)已久。1973年至1974年石油禁運(yùn)時(shí)，產(chǎn)油國(guó)處于有利地位，石油輸出國(guó)組織(OPEC)中的阿拉伯成員國(guó)削減供給，引發(fā)混亂和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣。90年代初石油消費(fèi)國(guó)處于有利地位時(shí)，石油禁運(yùn)的后果剛好相反。1990年薩達(dá)姆·侯賽因入侵科威特之后，全世界以每天禁運(yùn)兩國(guó)500萬(wàn)桶產(chǎn)油量的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁來(lái)迫使其從科威特撤兵。
當(dāng)石油價(jià)格達(dá)到每桶60美元，即比1999年的標(biāo)稱(chēng)價(jià)格高5倍多，天然氣的現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格在歐洲和美國(guó)一些市場(chǎng)達(dá)到或接近記錄的水平時(shí)，自80年代初以來(lái)，能源權(quán)力首次回到產(chǎn)油國(guó)手中。沒(méi)人能說(shuō)清今天這樣緊俏的市場(chǎng)需求能持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。“我們?nèi)r(shí)花了多少時(shí)間，回來(lái)時(shí)也得用掉那么多時(shí)間?！蔽挥谌A盛頓的PFC能源機(jī)構(gòu)主席羅賓·威斯特做出了如上評(píng)論。也有一群喜歡大驚小怪的人著書(shū)立說(shuō)，打著《石油之死》這樣的標(biāo)題，預(yù)言說(shuō)由于地下儲(chǔ)油量已不多因此生產(chǎn)商總能掌握定價(jià)權(quán)。其實(shí)，問(wèn)題在于消費(fèi)者到底應(yīng)該擔(dān)心到什么程度，能源安全到底面臨著怎樣的威脅，以及針對(duì)這些威脅世界各國(guó)應(yīng)怎樣應(yīng)對(duì)?這些問(wèn)題的答案都提示著我們需要進(jìn)行詳盡的計(jì)劃并認(rèn)清現(xiàn)實(shí)，而不是一味地恐慌。
超綱詞匯
activism n．行動(dòng)(第一)主義，激進(jìn)主義
AIDS abbr．艾滋病
coopt vt．補(bǔ)選
repertoire n．(準(zhǔn)備好的)節(jié)目；(計(jì)算機(jī)的)指令表；(某個(gè)人的)全部技能
參考答案：1．A 2．D 3．C 4．D 5．B
Consider two changes in the traditional philosophy of science to which women’ s movements have contributed. The first has to do with the assumption of neutrality in the research process. Is maximizing the objectivity of research always advanced by maximizing the social neutrality of research processes? The neutrality ideal is maximally effective when it is invoked in contexts where social beliefs differ among members of the scientific community. But how is it useful in detecting social assumptions shared by an entire scientific community--women and men alike--such as assumptions about women’s biological inferiority? In such cases it takes political involvement to move scientific institutions to question prevailing assumptions. Moreover, the neutrality ideal cannot recognize or provide resources for distinguishing between social or political assumptions that tend to obstruct the growth of knowledge and those that could advance it. We need strong objectivityto detect the most foundational assumptions that shape our own belief systems.
In a related way, attention to women’s concerns has helped to reveal the value of cognitive diversity in the scientific process. Just as biodiversity is invaluable for human well-being, so, too, is cognitive diversity. Few any longer question women’s ability to apply the scientific method or to organize complex research projects, even if they do sometimes approach their work in ways less favored by their male colleagues. The human intellectual repertoire consists of many styles and many ways of organizing the production of knowledge. There exists no justifiable scientific or philosophic reason to restrict them to the small numbers that have been favored at particular times and places. Thescientific method can be enhanced by our appreciation of the wealth of intellectual resources to be gained by valuing and promoting cognitive diversity.
Womensissues matter to women in science and technology fields, and in society at large. I have suggested how they also matter to the sciences as such, in ways perhaps initially unexpected. The resources that women’s issues make available to the sciences have not been fully realized. Too often women’s interests in and desires for knowledge are compromised to satisfy competing economic or political agendas. [429 words]
1. The first paragraph is written to tell us the ______on science.
A. positive effects of women’s movements
B. roles played by some political movements
C. negative effects of some political movements
D. positive effects of some political movements
2. In the author’s opinion, the social neutrality of research processes ______.
A. has not been justified
B. tends to be ineffective
C. is the most fundamental assumption
D. sometimes enhances the objectivity of research
3. We can learn from this passage that
A. biodiversiy is of no value at all
B. cognitive diversity is of no value at all
C. cognitive diversity is of great value to science
D. cognitive diversity is as valueless as biodiversity
4. It is believed that women are ______.
A. incapable of applying the scientific method
B. good at organizing less complex research projects
C. inferior to men both biologically and psychologically
D. prone to use ways different from men’s in scientific researches
5. This passage is mainly about ______.
A. intellectual resources
B. attention to women’s issues
C. the benefits of science and technology
D. women’s interests in and desire for knowledge 難句透析
①[If you leave a loaded weapon lying around’]，it is bound to go off sooner or later．Snow-covered northern Europe heard the gunshot loud and clear when Russia cut supplies tO Ukraine this week as part of a row about money and power，the two eternal battlegrounds of global energy]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】第一個(gè)方括號(hào)部分是“If”引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。第二個(gè)方括號(hào)部分是“When”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】如果你把裝滿(mǎn)子彈的武器隨處亂放，遲早會(huì)走火。大雪覆蓋的北歐清楚地聽(tīng)到了響亮的槍聲，本周俄羅 斯中斷了對(duì)烏克蘭的石油供應(yīng)，這是對(duì)金錢(qián)和權(quán)利爭(zhēng)吵的結(jié)局，而金錢(qián)和權(quán)利是全球能源問(wèn)題所涉及的兩個(gè)永無(wú) 休止的爭(zhēng)論題目。
②For years Europeans had been telling themselves[that a cold—war enemy(which had supplied them without fail) could still be depended on(now it was an ally)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)部分是“had been tellin9”的賓語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】俄羅斯在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期曾以敵人的姿態(tài)為歐洲人提供石油，且從未中斷。這使得歐洲人多年來(lái)一直認(rèn)為，這 個(gè)敵人既然都變成了盟友，當(dāng)然可以繼續(xù)依靠了。
⑨But it was an uncomfortable glimpse of the dangers for a continent[that imports roughly half its鼬s and expects to be importing 80％of its gas by 2030 much of it from Russia]．examda
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)部分是“continent”的后置定語(yǔ)從句。其中有兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“imports"和“expects”。
【釋義】歐洲大陸用的石油大約一半靠進(jìn)口，預(yù)計(jì)到2030年將有80％靠進(jìn)口，而且主要靠從俄羅斯進(jìn)口?？吹剿?冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，著實(shí)令人不安。
④[When producers had the upper hand in the oil embargo of l 973—743，Arab members of the Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)cut supply，sowing turmoil and a global recession． [When consumers had the upper hand in the early l990s]，the embargo cut the other way．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】?jī)蓚€(gè)方括號(hào)部分都是“When”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
【釋義】1973年至1974年石油禁運(yùn)時(shí)，產(chǎn)油國(guó)處于有利地位，石油輸出國(guó)家組織(OPEC)中的阿拉伯成員國(guó)削減 供給，引發(fā)混亂和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣。90年代初石油消費(fèi)國(guó)處于有利地位時(shí)，石油禁運(yùn)的后果剛好相反。
⑤[With oil costing$60 a barrel five times more than the nominal price in l 999，and spot prices for natural gas in some European and American markets at or near record levels]，power has swung back to the producers for the first time since the early 1980s． examda
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號(hào)部分是介詞短語(yǔ)“with…”，用做狀語(yǔ)。介詞“with”后面跟有兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)。
【釋義】當(dāng)石油價(jià)格達(dá)到每桶60美元，即比1999年的標(biāo)稱(chēng)價(jià)格高5倍多，天然氣的現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格在歐洲和美國(guó)一些 市場(chǎng)達(dá)到或接近記錄的水平時(shí)，自80年代初以來(lái)，能源權(quán)力首次回到產(chǎn)油國(guó)手中。 全文翻譯
如果你把裝滿(mǎn)子彈的武器隨處亂放，遲早會(huì)走火。大雪覆蓋的北歐清楚地聽(tīng)到了響亮的槍聲，本周俄羅斯中斷了對(duì)烏克蘭的石油供應(yīng)，這是對(duì)金錢(qián)和權(quán)利爭(zhēng)吵的結(jié)局，而金錢(qián)和權(quán)利是全球能源問(wèn)題所涉及的兩個(gè)永無(wú)休止的爭(zhēng)論題目。橫跨整個(gè)中歐直至法國(guó)的大西洋海岸線(xiàn)上各國(guó)的石油供應(yīng)減少了三分之一還多。俄羅斯在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期曾以敵人的姿態(tài)為歐洲人提供石油，且從未中斷。這使得歐洲人多年來(lái)一直認(rèn)為，這個(gè)敵人既然都變成_r盟友，當(dāng)然可以繼續(xù)依靠了。但突然之間，一切都不再是確數(shù)了。
由于擔(dān)心其作為主要石油供應(yīng)國(guó)的聲名受損，俄羅斯還是盡快地恢復(fù)了石油供應(yīng)并彌合了其與烏克蘭之問(wèn)的分歧。歐洲大陸用的石油大約一半靠進(jìn)口，預(yù)計(jì)到2030年將有80％靠進(jìn)口，而且主要靠從俄羅斯進(jìn)口。看到所冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，著實(shí)令人不安。此舉在美國(guó)也并不受歡迎，美國(guó)還就此事批評(píng)了俄羅斯的戰(zhàn)略舉措。它的擔(dān)心當(dāng)然是有根據(jù)的：因?yàn)樗牧耸澜缟纤姆种坏脑?，但只產(chǎn)出3％的相關(guān)產(chǎn)品。在隨后的幾年當(dāng)中，世界原油的供應(yīng)者看上去將會(huì)集中在中東各國(guó)，特別是沙特阿拉伯。與此同時(shí)，俄羅斯的原油也不失為一個(gè)好的選擇。
對(duì)以能源作為戰(zhàn)略武器的擔(dān)憂(yōu)由來(lái)已久。1973年至1974年石油禁運(yùn)時(shí)，產(chǎn)油國(guó)處于有利地位，石油輸出國(guó)組織(OPEC)中的阿拉伯成員國(guó)削減供給，引發(fā)混亂和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣。90年代初石油消費(fèi)國(guó)處于有利地位時(shí)，石油禁運(yùn)的后果剛好相反。1990年薩達(dá)姆·侯賽因入侵科威特之后，全世界以每天禁運(yùn)兩國(guó)500萬(wàn)桶產(chǎn)油量的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁來(lái)迫使其從科威特撤兵。
當(dāng)石油價(jià)格達(dá)到每桶60美元，即比1999年的標(biāo)稱(chēng)價(jià)格高5倍多，天然氣的現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格在歐洲和美國(guó)一些市場(chǎng)達(dá)到或接近記錄的水平時(shí)，自80年代初以來(lái)，能源權(quán)力首次回到產(chǎn)油國(guó)手中。沒(méi)人能說(shuō)清今天這樣緊俏的市場(chǎng)需求能持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。“我們?nèi)r(shí)花了多少時(shí)間，回來(lái)時(shí)也得用掉那么多時(shí)間?！蔽挥谌A盛頓的PFC能源機(jī)構(gòu)主席羅賓·威斯特做出了如上評(píng)論。也有一群喜歡大驚小怪的人著書(shū)立說(shuō)，打著《石油之死》這樣的標(biāo)題，預(yù)言說(shuō)由于地下儲(chǔ)油量已不多因此生產(chǎn)商總能掌握定價(jià)權(quán)。其實(shí)，問(wèn)題在于消費(fèi)者到底應(yīng)該擔(dān)心到什么程度，能源安全到底面臨著怎樣的威脅，以及針對(duì)這些威脅世界各國(guó)應(yīng)怎樣應(yīng)對(duì)?這些問(wèn)題的答案都提示著我們需要進(jìn)行詳盡的計(jì)劃并認(rèn)清現(xiàn)實(shí)，而不是一味地恐慌。
超綱詞匯
activism n．行動(dòng)(第一)主義，激進(jìn)主義
AIDS abbr．艾滋病
coopt vt．補(bǔ)選
repertoire n．(準(zhǔn)備好的)節(jié)目；(計(jì)算機(jī)的)指令表；(某個(gè)人的)全部技能
參考答案：1．A 2．D 3．C 4．D 5．B