Whats the World Trade Organization
中國(guó)復(fù)關(guān)和入世談判,歷盡艱辛,一波三折。我們過去沒有,現(xiàn)在不會(huì),將來也不可能為了一個(gè)國(guó)際組織的成員資格,而犧牲我們的重大利益。 ——對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部首席談判代表 龍永圖
一、世界貿(mào)易組織ABC:
什么是世界貿(mào)易組織?
What's the World Trade Organization?
答:世界貿(mào)易組織是世界上獨(dú)一無二的處理國(guó)家之間貿(mào)易規(guī)則的世界性組織,其核心是世貿(mào)協(xié)議。
The World Trade Organization(WTO)is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements.
其目的有三:
1.使貿(mào)易盡可能的自由流動(dòng);
2.作為一個(gè)貿(mào)易談判的論壇;
3.爭(zhēng)端解決。
WTO has three main purposes:
1. To help trade flow as freely as possible
2. To serve as a forum for trade negotiations
3. To settle disputes
其原則有五:
1.非歧視;(without discrimination)
2.更自由;(freer)
3.可預(yù)見;(predictable)
4.更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性;(more competitive)
5.更利于欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。 (more beneficial for less developed countries)
WTO的組織結(jié)構(gòu)是怎樣的?
部長(zhǎng)級(jí)大會(huì)
Ministerial Conference
總理事會(huì)
General Council
委員會(huì) 貨物貿(mào)易理事會(huì) 與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)理事會(huì) 服務(wù)貿(mào)易理事會(huì)
Committees Council for Trade Council for Trade-Related Council for Trade on in Goods Aspects of Intellectual in Services
關(guān)于:Property Rights
貿(mào)易與環(huán)境,
trade and environment
貿(mào)易與發(fā)展, 等
Trade and Development
諸邊協(xié)議
Plurilaterals
注:總理事會(huì)其實(shí)是"三位一體",即貿(mào)易政策審議機(jī)構(gòu)、爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)和總理事會(huì)。
GATT和WTO的區(qū)別在哪里?
答:主要區(qū)別在于:
The main differences:
關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定是臨時(shí)的。從未得到成員立法機(jī)構(gòu)的批準(zhǔn),也未包括創(chuàng)立一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的條款。
GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in member's parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization.
世界貿(mào)易組織及世貿(mào)協(xié)議是永久性的。作為一個(gè)國(guó)際組織,世界貿(mào)易組織由于成員的立法機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)了世貿(mào)協(xié)議,且世貿(mào)協(xié)議本身描述了世貿(mào)的運(yùn)作方式,因而有了很好的法律基礎(chǔ)。
The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function.
世貿(mào)有"成員".關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定有"締約方",強(qiáng)調(diào)了關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定正式而言是一個(gè)法律文本。
The WTO has "members". GATT had "contracting parties", underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定管的是貨物貿(mào)易,世貿(mào)還管服務(wù)貿(mào)易和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世貿(mào)爭(zhēng)端解決體系較關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定更迅速,更主動(dòng),其裁決不受阻撓。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
二、WTO小知識(shí)點(diǎn):
國(guó)民待遇——給予外國(guó)人和本國(guó)人一樣的待遇。
National treatment——giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals
諸邊協(xié)議——指幾個(gè)世貿(mào)成員之間,而非全體成員之間簽署的協(xié)議,如《民用航空器協(xié)議》( Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft)和《政府采購(gòu)協(xié)議》 (Agreement on Government Procurement)。
Plurilaterals——signed by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO歷任總干事:
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland (Ireland)GATT 1993-1994; WTO 1995
彼得·薩瑟蘭 (愛爾蘭),1993-1994年(GATT),1995年(WTO)
Renato Ruggiero (Italy) 1995-1999
雷納托·魯杰羅 (意大利) 1995-1999年
Director General in office: Mike Moore(New Zealand)1999-2001
現(xiàn)任: 邁克·穆爾 (新西蘭) 1999-2001年
綜合支持總量——是計(jì)算成員對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)支持量(這種支持是要削減的)的一種計(jì)算方法,算出他們?cè)?986-1988年基期,每年給農(nóng)業(yè)部門的支持量。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家同意從1995年起,用6年時(shí)間將這些數(shù)字減少20%。發(fā)展中國(guó)家用10年時(shí)間削減13%。最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不用削減。
Total aggregate measurement of support or Total AMS—— a measurement calculating how much support is provided to the agricultural sector per year in the base years of 1986-1988. Developed countries have agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries are making 13% cuts over 10 years. Least developed countries do not need to make any cuts.
微量支持(de minimis support)——
WTO成員對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)的一種支持,屬黃箱(yellow box)政策,不用被削減。因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的影響很小。據(jù)世貿(mào)的《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)定》(Agreement on Agriculture)對(duì)于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家而言,微量支持水平(de minimis level)為不超過一種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)總值的5%,對(duì)于非特定產(chǎn)品支持,為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值的5%;對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家,微量支持水平的值是10%。
中國(guó)復(fù)關(guān)和入世談判,歷盡艱辛,一波三折。我們過去沒有,現(xiàn)在不會(huì),將來也不可能為了一個(gè)國(guó)際組織的成員資格,而犧牲我們的重大利益。 ——對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部首席談判代表 龍永圖
一、世界貿(mào)易組織ABC:
什么是世界貿(mào)易組織?
What's the World Trade Organization?
答:世界貿(mào)易組織是世界上獨(dú)一無二的處理國(guó)家之間貿(mào)易規(guī)則的世界性組織,其核心是世貿(mào)協(xié)議。
The World Trade Organization(WTO)is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements.
其目的有三:
1.使貿(mào)易盡可能的自由流動(dòng);
2.作為一個(gè)貿(mào)易談判的論壇;
3.爭(zhēng)端解決。
WTO has three main purposes:
1. To help trade flow as freely as possible
2. To serve as a forum for trade negotiations
3. To settle disputes
其原則有五:
1.非歧視;(without discrimination)
2.更自由;(freer)
3.可預(yù)見;(predictable)
4.更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性;(more competitive)
5.更利于欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。 (more beneficial for less developed countries)
WTO的組織結(jié)構(gòu)是怎樣的?
部長(zhǎng)級(jí)大會(huì)
Ministerial Conference
總理事會(huì)
General Council
委員會(huì) 貨物貿(mào)易理事會(huì) 與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)理事會(huì) 服務(wù)貿(mào)易理事會(huì)
Committees Council for Trade Council for Trade-Related Council for Trade on in Goods Aspects of Intellectual in Services
關(guān)于:Property Rights
貿(mào)易與環(huán)境,
trade and environment
貿(mào)易與發(fā)展, 等
Trade and Development
諸邊協(xié)議
Plurilaterals
注:總理事會(huì)其實(shí)是"三位一體",即貿(mào)易政策審議機(jī)構(gòu)、爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)和總理事會(huì)。
GATT和WTO的區(qū)別在哪里?
答:主要區(qū)別在于:
The main differences:
關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定是臨時(shí)的。從未得到成員立法機(jī)構(gòu)的批準(zhǔn),也未包括創(chuàng)立一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的條款。
GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in member's parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization.
世界貿(mào)易組織及世貿(mào)協(xié)議是永久性的。作為一個(gè)國(guó)際組織,世界貿(mào)易組織由于成員的立法機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)了世貿(mào)協(xié)議,且世貿(mào)協(xié)議本身描述了世貿(mào)的運(yùn)作方式,因而有了很好的法律基礎(chǔ)。
The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function.
世貿(mào)有"成員".關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定有"締約方",強(qiáng)調(diào)了關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定正式而言是一個(gè)法律文本。
The WTO has "members". GATT had "contracting parties", underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定管的是貨物貿(mào)易,世貿(mào)還管服務(wù)貿(mào)易和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世貿(mào)爭(zhēng)端解決體系較關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定更迅速,更主動(dòng),其裁決不受阻撓。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
二、WTO小知識(shí)點(diǎn):
國(guó)民待遇——給予外國(guó)人和本國(guó)人一樣的待遇。
National treatment——giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals
諸邊協(xié)議——指幾個(gè)世貿(mào)成員之間,而非全體成員之間簽署的協(xié)議,如《民用航空器協(xié)議》( Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft)和《政府采購(gòu)協(xié)議》 (Agreement on Government Procurement)。
Plurilaterals——signed by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO歷任總干事:
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland (Ireland)GATT 1993-1994; WTO 1995
彼得·薩瑟蘭 (愛爾蘭),1993-1994年(GATT),1995年(WTO)
Renato Ruggiero (Italy) 1995-1999
雷納托·魯杰羅 (意大利) 1995-1999年
Director General in office: Mike Moore(New Zealand)1999-2001
現(xiàn)任: 邁克·穆爾 (新西蘭) 1999-2001年
綜合支持總量——是計(jì)算成員對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)支持量(這種支持是要削減的)的一種計(jì)算方法,算出他們?cè)?986-1988年基期,每年給農(nóng)業(yè)部門的支持量。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家同意從1995年起,用6年時(shí)間將這些數(shù)字減少20%。發(fā)展中國(guó)家用10年時(shí)間削減13%。最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不用削減。
Total aggregate measurement of support or Total AMS—— a measurement calculating how much support is provided to the agricultural sector per year in the base years of 1986-1988. Developed countries have agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries are making 13% cuts over 10 years. Least developed countries do not need to make any cuts.
微量支持(de minimis support)——
WTO成員對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)的一種支持,屬黃箱(yellow box)政策,不用被削減。因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的影響很小。據(jù)世貿(mào)的《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)定》(Agreement on Agriculture)對(duì)于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家而言,微量支持水平(de minimis level)為不超過一種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)總值的5%,對(duì)于非特定產(chǎn)品支持,為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值的5%;對(duì)于發(fā)展中國(guó)家,微量支持水平的值是10%。