survive [s[5vBIv] v.幸免于，幸存；比…長命
seed [si:d] n.種子
v.播種；結(jié)實(shí)，結(jié)籽
insect [5insekt] n.昆蟲
intensely ad.激烈地, 熱情地
region [5ri:dV[n] n.地區(qū)，區(qū)域，范圍
shade [FeId] n.蔭，陰影；遮光物，罩
v.遮蔽，遮光
grain [grein] n.谷物，谷類；顆粒，細(xì)粒
sufficient [sE5fIFEnt] a. (for)足夠的，充分的
tiny [5tBIni] a.極小的，微小的
millimeter /millimetre [5mIlI9mi:tE] n.毫米
organism [5C:gEnIzEm] n.生物體，有機(jī)體
temporary [5tempErEri] a.暫時的，臨時的
centimeter /centimetre [5senti9mi:tE] n.厘米
mature [mE5tFJE] a.成熟的，熟的；成年人的
v.（使）成熟
equally [] ad. 相等地, 平等地, 公平地
evaporate [i5vApEreit] v.（使）蒸發(fā)
female [5fi:meil] a.女的，雌的
muddy [] a. 多泥的, 泥濘的
patch [pAtF] n.補(bǔ)丁，補(bǔ)片；碎片，碎屑；小塊，小片
v.補(bǔ)，修補(bǔ)
lay [leI] v.放，擱；下（蛋）；鋪設(shè)，砌磚
species [5spi:Fi:z] n.（物）種，種類
dormant [] a. 睡眠狀態(tài)的, 靜止的, 隱匿的
multiply [5mQltIplBI] v. (by)乘，使相乘；倍增，增加，繁殖
considerably [] ad. 相當(dāng)?shù)?BR> distinctive [] a. 與眾不同的, 有特色的
span [spAn] n.跨度，跨距
alert [E5l[:t] a.警惕的；機(jī)靈的
unique [jJ5ni:k] a.惟一的，獨(dú)一無二的
harsh [] a. 粗糙的, 荒蕪的, 苛刻的, 刺耳的, 刺目的
orient [5C:riEnt] n. [the O-]東方
v.定…的方位
minority [mBI5nCrIti] n.少數(shù)，少數(shù)派，少數(shù)民族
council [5kBJnsEl] n.理事會，委員會，議事機(jī)構(gòu)
seek [ si:k ] v.（after, for）尋找，探索；試圖，企圖
perform [p[5fR:m] v.履行，執(zhí)行，做，完成；表演，演出
poverty [5pCvEti] n.貧窮，貧困
retirement [] n. 退休, 引退, 退卻, 撤退
sexism [] n. 男性至上主義, 蔑視女性
ageism [] n. 對老年人的歧視
director [di5rektE] n.指導(dǎo)者，主任，導(dǎo)演
conference [5kCnfErEns] n.會議，討論會
explode [ik5splEJd] v.（使）爆炸，（使）爆發(fā)
traditional [] a. 傳統(tǒng)的, 慣例的, 口傳的, 傳說的
shrink [Fr INk] v.起皺，收縮；退縮，畏縮
volunteer [9vClEn5tIE] n./v. 自愿（者，兵）；自愿（提供）
previous [5pri:viEs] a.先，前，以前的；（to）在…之前
expectation [9ekspek5teiFEn] n.預(yù)期，期望，指望
plow /plough [plBJ] n.犁
stability [stE5bIlIti] n.穩(wěn)定，安定
on the eve of 在...之前夕
instantly [5instEntli] ad.立即，即刻
tend to v.注意, 趨向
stick to v.粘住
rewarding [] a. 報(bào)答的, 有益的, 值得的
remark [r I5mB:k] n. (about, on)評語，議論，意見
v. (on)評論，談?wù)?；注意到，察覺
justify [5dVQstifBi] v.證明…是正當(dāng)?shù)模J(rèn)為有理
exceed [ik5si:d] v.超過，勝過；越出
come across v.來到, 偶遇, <口>給人印象深刻不期而遇,交付
accidentally ad.偶然地, 意外地
insight [5insBit] n.洞察力，見識
encounter [in5kBJntE] n./v. 遇到，遭遇
payoff [] n. 發(fā)工資, 付清, 盈利, (故事等的)高潮, 報(bào)應(yīng),
assign [E5sBin] v.分配，委派；指定（時間、地點(diǎn)等）
stage [steIdV] n.舞臺，戲??；階段，時期
(go) on the ~ 當(dāng)演員
instructor [in5strQktE] n.指導(dǎo)者，教員
synthesize [] v.綜合, 合成
applicable [E5plikEbEl] a.（to）能應(yīng)用的，適用的
thoroughly [] ad. 十分地, 徹底地
disconcerting a.令人不安的, 令人驚惶的
approach [E5prEJtF] v.靠近，接近，臨近n.方法，途徑；探討
obstacle [5CbstEkEl] n.障礙，妨礙，干擾
accomplish [E5kQmpliF] v.完成
demonstrate [5demEnstreit] v.論證，證實(shí)；演示，說明
misleading [] a. 易誤解的, 令人誤解的
embarrassing [] a.令人為難的
stimulating a.刺激的, 有刺激性的
upsetting [] a. 令人心煩意亂的,令人苦惱的
explore [ik5splC:] v.勘探，探測；探究，探索
burden [5b[:dn] n.擔(dān)子，負(fù)擔(dān)，重?fù)?dān)
identical. [Bi5dentikEl] a. (to, with)同一的，同樣的
career [kE5r iE] n.生涯，經(jīng)歷；專業(yè)，職業(yè)
well-being [] a.康樂, 安寧, 福利
dimension [dBi5menFEn] n.尺寸，尺度；維（數(shù)），度（數(shù)），元
depression [] n. 沮喪, 消沉, 低氣壓, 低壓
be composed of 由...組成
vice versa [] ad. 反之亦然
remedy [5remIdi] n.藥品；治療措施，補(bǔ)救辦法
v.治療，醫(yī)治；糾正，補(bǔ)救
rate [reIt] n.速率，比率；等級；價格，費(fèi)用
v.估價；評級，評價
take on v.披上, 呈現(xiàn), 具有, 雇用, 承擔(dān), 盛氣凌人, 接納, 流行
multiple [5mQltIpEl] a.多樣的，多重的n.倍數(shù)
role [r[Jl] n.角色；作用，任務(wù)
combination [9kCmbi5neiFEn] n.結(jié)合，聯(lián)合，合并；化合（物）
stress [stres] n.壓力，應(yīng)力；重音
v.強(qiáng)調(diào)，著重
strain [streIn] n.過多的疲勞，緊張；張力，應(yīng)變
v.扭傷，拉傷；拉緊，扯緊；緊張，盡力
indispensable [9indi5spensEbEl] a. (to, for)必不可少的，必需的
realistic [r IE5lIstIk] a.現(xiàn)實(shí)（主義）的
promote [pr[5m[Jt] v.促進(jìn)，發(fā)揚(yáng)；提升，提拔；增進(jìn)，助長
appropriate [E5prEJpriit] a.（to）適當(dāng)?shù)?，恰如其分?(接下頁)
Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼蟲). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小蝦) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimeter long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimeter to a length of about 1.5 centimeters.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimeters long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
21. Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps?
(A) Their lives are brief.
(B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.
(C) Their eggs can survive years of drought.
(D) They lay their eggs in the mud.
22. By saying "for the shrimps it is a race against time " (Para. 3, line 2) the author means _____.
(A) They have to swim fast to avoid danger in the rapidly evaporating lake
(B) They have to swim fast to catch the animal organisms on which they survive.
(C) They have to multiply as many as possible within thirteen days
(D) They have to complete their life cycle within a short span of time permitted by the environment
23. The passage mainly deals with ______.
(A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps
(B) the survival of desert shrimps
(C) the importance of water to life
(D) life in the Mojave Desert
24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____.
(A) inactive (B) strong (C) alert (D) soft
25. It may be inferred from the passage that ____.
(A) appearance and size are most important for life to survive in the desert
(B) a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to survive
(C) for some species one life cycle in a year is enough to survive the desert drought
(D) some species develop a unique life pattern to survive in extremely harsh conditions
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
Opportunities for rewarding work become fewer for both men and women as they grow older. After age 40, job hunting becomes even more difficult. Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection. Our youth-oriented, throw-away culture sees little value in older people. In writer Lilian Hellman's words, they have "the wisdom that comes with age that we can't make use of. "
Unemployment and economic need for work is higher among older women, especially minorities, than among younger white women. A national council reports these findings: though unemployed longer when seeking work, older women job-hunt harder, hold a job longer with less absenteeism (缺勤), perform as well or better, are more reliable, and are more willing to learn than men or younger women. Yet many older women earn poor pay and face a future of poverty in their retirement years. When "sexism meets ageism, poverty is no longer on the doorstep it moves in, " according to Tish Sommers, director of a special study on older women for the National Organization for Women.
Yet a 1981 report on the White House Conference on Aging shows that as a group, older Americans are the "wealthiest, best fed, best housed, healthiest, most self-reliant older population in our history. "This statement is small comfort to those living below the poverty line, but it does explode some of the old traditional beliefs and fears. Opportunities for moving in and up in a large company may shrink but many older people begin successful small businesses, volunteer in satisfying activities, and stay active for many years. They have few role models because in previous generations the life span was much shorter and expectations of life were fewer. They are plowing new ground.
Employers are beginning to recognize that the mature person can bring a great deal of stability and responsibility to a position. One doesn't lose ability and experience on the eve of one's 65th or 70th birthday any more than one grows up instantly at age 21.
26. After the age of 40, _____.
(A) most workers are tired of their present jobs
(B) many workers tend to stick to their present jobs
(C) people find their jobs more rewarding than before
(D) people still wish to hunt for more suitable jobs
27. From Heilman's remark, we can see that _____.
(A) full use has been made of the wisdom of older people
(B) the wisdom of older people is not valued by American society
(C) older people are no less intelligent than young people
(D) the wisdom of older people is of great value to American society
28. Tish Sommers argues that _____.
(A) older women find it hard to escape poverty
(B) older women usually perform better in their jobs
(C) the major cause of the poverty of older women is sexism
(D) more people have come to believe in sexism and ageism
29. According to the third paragraph, it can be seen that older Americans _____.
(A) have more job opportunities than young people
(B) live below the poverty line
(C) have new opportunities to remain active in society
(D) no longer believe in the promise of a happy life upon retirement
30. It can be concluded from the passage that the writer ______.
(A) calls attention to the living conditions of older Americans
(B) believes that value of older people is gaining increasing recognition
(C) attempts to justify the youth-oriented, throw-away culture of the United States
(D) argues people should not retire at the age of 65 or 70
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can exceed the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you! It may be an idea or a bit of information you come across accidentally-or a sudden insight, fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal encounters are the "payoff" in education. A teacher may direct you to learning and even encourage you in it---but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. That's up to you.
A research paper, assigned in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, leads you beyond classroom, beyond the texts for classes and into a process where the joy of discovery and learning can come to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active and individual process, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure within which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others what you can do. Writing a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills applicable to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering, an education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly satisfying experience!
To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.
31. According to the writer, personal discoveries _____.
(A) will give one encouragement and direction
(B) are helpful in finding the right information
(C) are the most valuable part of one's personal education
(D) will help one to successfully complete school assignments
32. It can be inferred from the passage that writing a research paper gives one chances _____.
(A) to fully develop one's personal abilities
(B) to use the skills learnt in the classroom
(C) to prove that one is a productive writer
(D) to demonstrate how well one can accomplish school assignment
33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means _____.
(A) misleading (B) embarrassing (C)stimulating (D)upsetting
34. The writer argues in the passage that _____.
(A) one should explore new areas in research
(B) one should trust one's own ability to meet course requirements
(C) one should consider research paper writing a pleasure, not a burden
(D) one should use all one's knowledge and skills when doing research
35. What will probably follow this passage?
(A) How to write a research paper.
(B) The importance of research in education.
(C) How to make new discoveries for oneself.
(D) The skill of putting pieces of information together.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery"——feeling important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense "pleasure"-finding life enjoyable-are not always identical. Women often are told, "You can't have it all." Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is :" You chose a career, so you can't expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life." or "You have a wonderful husband and children--What's all this about wanting a career?" But women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about themselves.
Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is mastery, which includes self-esteem(自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction and optimism (樂觀). It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side of life. The two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.
The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work. In our study, all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not employed.
A woman's well-being is enhanced (增進(jìn)) when she takes on multiple roles. At least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of roles-marriages, motherhood, and employment were the highest in well-being, despite warnings about stress and strain.
36. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _____.
(A) for women, a sense of "mastery" is more important than a sense of "pleasure"
(B) for women, a sense of "pleasure" is more important than a sense of "mastery"
(C) women can't have a sense of "mastery" and a sense of "pleasure" at the same time
(D) a sense of "mastery" and a sense of "pleasure" are both indispensable to women
37. The author's attitude towards women having a career is ______.
(A) critical (B) positive (C) neutral (D) realistic
38. One can conclude from the passage that if a woman takes on several social roles, ______.
(A) it will be easier for her to overcome stress and strain
(B) she will be more successful in her career
(C) her chances of getting promoted will be greater
(D) her life will be richer and more meaningful
39. Which of the following can be identified as a source of "pleasure" for women?
(A) Family life (C) Multiple roles in society
(B) Regular employment (D) Freedom from anxiety
40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____.
(A) The well-being of Career Women
(B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure
(C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being
(D) Multiple Roles Women in Society (接下頁)
根據(jù)以下文章回答21到25題。
有一種沙漠植物通過未發(fā)牙的種子的方式存活于干旱季節(jié)。也有些沙漠昆蟲以一種不活動的幼蟲的形式存活下去。除此之外，(21) 讓人們更難以置信的是，在多年干旱的地方，有種沙漠水生魚通過未孵化卵的形式生存下來。它們是種小蝦，生活在美國西南部極度干旱地區(qū)的莫杰夫沙漠。據(jù)記錄，那里陰涼處的溫度常常超過50度。
莫杰夫沙漠中的小蝦，其卵的大小和外觀和沙粒類似。每隔2至5年，有足夠的春雨降下并形成了湖泊的時候，這些卵就孵化了。不久水里就充滿了數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的小蝦，它們長約1毫米，主要靠微小植物和那些生活在暫時的沙漠湖泊里的動物有機(jī)物為食。在一個星期內(nèi)，小蝦們就從初的1毫米生長到1.5厘米。
（22）在小蝦們迅速長大期間，湖泊里的水也被快速的蒸發(fā)了。因此，對小蝦而言，它的成長就象在和時間賽跑。 到了第12天，當(dāng)它們長到3厘米左右時，母蝦就會懷有幾百個小蝦卵。 而通常到了這時，湖泊里所留存下來的都是大片的泥濘又濕潤泥土。 第13天和以后幾天，在小蝦們短暫生命的后時光，它們把卵產(chǎn)在泥土中。 然后，在確認(rèn)它們的物種可以得以繁衍之后，小蝦們隨著后一滴水的蒸發(fā)而死去。
如果來年雨量充足并形成另一個湖，蝦卵就開始孵化。小蝦們再飛快地度過它們生長、成年、產(chǎn)卵和死亡的生命循環(huán)。 但有的年份雨量不足就無法形成湖泊，（24）在這種情況下，蝦卵就保持休眠狀態(tài)直到第二年雨水來臨之時。如果需要的話，時間甚至?xí)L。在極為罕見的情況下，100年里可能有兩次這種機(jī)會，充足的降雨形成深湖，湖水保持了一個月或更長時間。 這時小蝦會完成兩次生長、產(chǎn)卵和死亡循環(huán)期。 于是，這個物種的數(shù)量便會大幅度成倍增加，就更加確保它的生存。
21.下列哪項(xiàng)能顯示莫杰夫沙漠的小蝦獨(dú)有的特征？
A) 它們的生活很短暫
B) 它們靠植物和動物有機(jī)體為食。
C) 它們的卵能經(jīng)受多年的干旱期。
D) 它們在泥土中產(chǎn)卵。
22.第三段第2行，作者說“對于小蝦來講這就象在與時間的賽跑”，意思是________。
A) 它們必須快速游水以避免湖水急劇蒸發(fā)帶來的危險(xiǎn)
B) 它們必須快速游水去捕捉那些它們賴以為生的動物有機(jī)體
C) 在13天之內(nèi)它們必須繁殖盡可能多的后代
D) 在環(huán)境允許范圍內(nèi)，它們必須在很短的時間內(nèi)結(jié)束自己的生命周期
23.本文的主要講的是_______。
A) 莫杰夫蝦的生命周期
B) 沙漠蝦的生存
C) 水對于生命的重要性
D) 莫杰夫沙漠中的生活
24.第四段第3行的單詞“dormant” 有可能意思為_______。
A) 不活躍的
B) 強(qiáng)壯的
C) 警惕的
D) 松軟的
25.從文中可推斷______。
A) 在沙漠中外表和體積對于生命存活來說是重要的
B) 一個物種必須迅速繁殖以求生存
C) 對于某些物種來說，一年有一個生命周期就能夠度過沙漠干旱期
D) 某些物種為了在極度惡劣的條件存活形成了獨(dú)特的生活模式
根據(jù)以下文章回答26到30題。
隨著年齡的增大，男人和女人獲得豐厚報(bào)酬的工作機(jī)會也會變少。（26） 40歲之后，找工作就變得更加困難了。許多工人上了年紀(jì)就寧可待在原來的崗位上，而不愿去面對求職時可能遭到的拒絕。年輕人主導(dǎo)的速食文化感受不到老年人的價值。用作家莉蓮海爾門的話來說，（27）年長的人“擁有隨年齡增長而帶來的智慧，而年輕人確不具備?！?BR> 在因失業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)需求去找工作的人中，年長女性數(shù)量比白人青年女性更多，特別是少數(shù)民族的高齡婦女。一個全國性機(jī)構(gòu)公布了這樣的調(diào)查結(jié)果：與男性和年輕女性相比，年長婦女在尋找工作時待業(yè)時間會長些，但她們一旦擁有一份工作后就會干得很久，缺勤率低，而且工作表現(xiàn)無異于男性或年輕女性，甚至超過他們。 年長婦女更值得信賴，更愿意去學(xué)習(xí)新知識。然而許多年長婦女薪水很低，且在退休之后面臨著窮困前景。（28）“當(dāng)性別歧視加上年齡歧視時，貧窮就不僅是表面問題，它變的更加深入?！?這個結(jié)論來自于提斯. 薩默，他是一項(xiàng)有關(guān)年長婦女的特別研究項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人，服務(wù)于全國婦女組織。
然而在1981年，白宮老齡化研討會上的一份報(bào)告卻顯示，作為一個群體，美國老年人是“我們歷富有，營養(yǎng)好，居住條件好，健康和自立的老年人口?！?這份聲明對那些生活在貧困線以下的老人來說安慰甚少，但它確實(shí)*了一些傳統(tǒng)的觀念和恐懼。 對老年人來說，在大公司里就職和升遷的機(jī)會也許是減少了，（29）但許多老年人經(jīng)營小生意做的很成功，志愿參加喜愛的社會活動，持續(xù)的保持著積極的生活態(tài)度。他們幾乎沒有可模仿的榜樣，因?yàn)樯蠋状说膲勖^短，期望很少。而他們開創(chuàng)了新天地。
（30）雇主們開始認(rèn)識到，成熟的人能夠在崗位上做的更沉穩(wěn)，顯得更有責(zé)任心。比起剛剛21歲的人，一個年滿65歲或70歲的人，并不會喪失處事能力和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
26. 過了40歲以后，________。
A) 大部分工人都厭倦了現(xiàn)在的工作
B) 許多工人仍然堅(jiān)守工作崗位
C) 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們從工作中得到的回報(bào)比以前多
D) 人們?nèi)匀幌Ｍ业礁线m的工作
27.從海爾門的話中我們可以了解到_______。
A) 老人的智慧已經(jīng)得到了充分的利用
B) 老人的智慧沒有得到美國社會的重視
C ) 老人和年輕人一樣聰明
D) 老人的智慧對美國社會有巨大價值
28.提斯薩默認(rèn)為_______。
A) 年長的婦女發(fā)現(xiàn)很難脫離貧困
B) 年長婦女通常在她們的工作崗位上表現(xiàn)更好
C) 導(dǎo)致年長婦女貧困的主要原因是性別歧視
D) 更多的人開始相信性別歧視與年齡歧視
29.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，美國老年人_______。
A) 比年輕人有更多的工作機(jī)會
B) 生活在貧困線以下
C) 在社會中有新的機(jī)會保持旺盛精力
D) 不再相信退休后可以過上快樂生活的
30. 從文中可總結(jié)出，作者的觀點(diǎn)是_______。
A) 呼吁人們觀注美國老年人的生活條件
B) 相信老人的價值正在得到更多的認(rèn)可
C) 試圖為美國那種年輕人主導(dǎo)的、拋棄式的文化辯護(hù)
D) 主張人們不應(yīng)該在65歲或70歲的時候退休
根據(jù)以下文章回答31到35題。
讓人興奮的教育形式也是人性化的 。（31）自己發(fā)現(xiàn)對自己很重要的事情，沒有什么能比得上這種快樂。這也許是你偶然獲得的某個想法或一些信息，或者是在一些消息中或解決某個問題時突然領(lǐng)悟的道理。這種個人的際遇是教育的“回報(bào)”。一個老師可以引導(dǎo)你學(xué)習(xí)，甚至鼓勵你學(xué)習(xí)，但沒有哪個教師可使你在學(xué)習(xí)時如此興奮或欣喜。只有你自己才行。
導(dǎo)師布置一門課程的研究論文，并可能在不同階段進(jìn)行抽查，這使你可以超越課堂，超越課本，進(jìn)入一個過程，在這個過程中你會多次觸碰到探索和學(xué)習(xí)的快樂。（32）準(zhǔn)備論文是一個積極且個人化的學(xué)習(xí)過程，也是一個理性的學(xué)習(xí)過程。它提供了一個機(jī)制，在其中你可以發(fā)現(xiàn)讓人激動的認(rèn)識，為知識，為你自身，這些是教育的基礎(chǔ)。 而研究論文也給了你一個機(jī)會，把學(xué)校的作業(yè)個體化，去選擇適合你自己的興趣和體現(xiàn)能力的一項(xiàng)工作，向別人展示你能做些什么。寫一篇研究論文不僅僅只是完成課堂練習(xí)。它是一種收集、理解和綜合運(yùn)用的經(jīng)歷，它構(gòu)成許多學(xué)術(shù)和非學(xué)術(shù)工作應(yīng)用技巧的基礎(chǔ)。 從完全意義上講，它是一項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，教育。（34）因此，將一篇研究論文做好，是既有益又令人滿足的經(jīng)歷。
（33）對某些人來講，一想到自己不得不去寫那些比以往文章字?jǐn)?shù)多得多的長篇論文就感到煩躁不安。而另外一些人，恐懼必須獨(dú)立完成論文。然而沒有必要焦慮地處理研究論文，更沒有必要把研究論文看是成難以跨越的障礙。
（35）相反，你應(yīng)該利用這本書給的幫助，把研究論文看作是一個要完成的任務(wù)，一個完全能達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。
31. 根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，個人探索________。
A) 將給予一個人鼓勵與方向
B) 對找到正確信息是有幫助的
C) 是一個人自身教育中有價值的部分
D) 將幫助一個人成功地完成學(xué)業(yè)
32. 從文中可推斷，寫研究論文使人有機(jī)會________。
A) 充分開發(fā)個人潛能
B) 使用在課堂上學(xué)到的技能
C) 證明自己是一個多產(chǎn)的作家
D) 證明一個人能多好地完成學(xué)業(yè)
33. 從上下文理解，第三段第2行的“disconcerting”的意思可能是_______。
A) 誤導(dǎo)的
B) 令人尷尬的
C) 刺激的
D) 令人不安的
34.作者在文中的論點(diǎn)是_______。
A) 一個人應(yīng)該在研究中開辟新的領(lǐng)域
B) 一個人應(yīng)該相信自己的能力能夠達(dá)到課程的要求
C) 一個人應(yīng)該將論文寫作當(dāng)作是一種快樂，而不是負(fù)擔(dān)
D) 一個人應(yīng)該在做研究的時候運(yùn)用自己所有的知識和技能
35.文章之后可能會接著寫________。
A) 如何寫一篇研究論文
B) 教學(xué)中研究的重要性
C) 自己如何產(chǎn)生新發(fā)現(xiàn)
D) 將零散信息匯集在一起的技能
根據(jù)以下文章回答36到40題。
在我們的文化里，我們稱之為“自主”和我們稱之為“快樂”源泉并不完全相同的。前者是指感到重要和有價值，后者是找到生活的樂趣。婦女們經(jīng)常被告之“魚和熊掌不能兼得”。 有時，人們想表達(dá)的真實(shí)意思是：（36）你依然選擇了事業(yè)，那你就不要指望有親密的人際關(guān)系和幸福的家庭生活”?；蛘?“你有一個很棒的丈夫和可愛的孩子，何須再開創(chuàng)一個事業(yè)呢？ ” （37）但如果婦女想有良好的自我感覺，那么就需要去理解并處理好獲得幸福生活的這兩個方面。
我們的調(diào)查研究顯示，對婦女來說，幸福有兩重含義。一方面指自主，它包括自尊，對個人生活的可控制感，少有焦慮和憂愁。自主與生活中的“實(shí)干”緊密相連，也與工作和活動有關(guān)。快樂是另外一方面，它由愉快、滿足和樂觀構(gòu)成。快樂與生活中的“感覺”聯(lián)系得更加密切。這兩重含義相互獨(dú)立。一個女性可以很自主，但極不快樂，反之亦有可能。舉個例子，一個婦女有一份很好的工作，但她母親卻剛剛過世，她也許自我感覺很好并且在工作中發(fā)揮主動，但短時間內(nèi)她會感到很不快樂。
自主和快樂的概念能夠幫助我們認(rèn)清婦女們幸福的源泉，并彌補(bǔ)曾經(jīng)的過錯。在從前，人們鼓勵婦女只把生活中感覺這一方面當(dāng)作幸福的惟一源泉。（37）但是我們知道自主和快樂兩方面都很重要。自主看起來則更多的來自于我們的工作。在我們的研究中，所有在職婦女都比非在職婦女更為看重自主的重要性。
（38）當(dāng)一個婦女扮演多重角色時，她的幸福感就會增加。至少對于中年人來說是這樣的。那些有多種角色的婦女――妻子，母親，雇員，雖然要承受壓力和負(fù)擔(dān)，但她們是感到幸福的。
36.從第一段可推斷出_______。
A) 對女人來說，自主的感覺比快樂的感覺更為重要
B) 對女人來說，快樂的感覺比自主的感覺更為重要
C) 女人無法同時擁有自主和快樂的感覺
D) 對女人來說，自主和快樂的感覺都是必不可少的
37 .作者對婦女有自己的事業(yè)的態(tài)度是_________。
A) 批評的
B) 積極的
C) 中立的
D) 實(shí)事求是的
38. 從文章可推測出，如果一個婦女承擔(dān)多重社會角色，_________。
A) 她可以更輕易地消除壓力與緊張感
B) 她將在事業(yè)上獲得更大的成功
C) 她晉升的機(jī)會更大
D) 她的生活會更加豐富、更有意義
39.下列哪項(xiàng)對婦女來說是“快樂”的源泉？
A) 家庭生活。
B) 穩(wěn)定的工作。
C) 社會中的多重角色。
D) 從焦慮中解放出來。
40.適合本文的標(biāo)題是________。
A) 職業(yè)女性的幸福
B) 自主與快樂的源泉
C) 女性幸福的兩個方面
D) 女性在社會中的多重角色
以上為1994年1月六級閱讀試題
參考答案：CDBAD BBACB CADCA DBDAC
seed [si:d] n.種子
v.播種；結(jié)實(shí)，結(jié)籽
insect [5insekt] n.昆蟲
intensely ad.激烈地, 熱情地
region [5ri:dV[n] n.地區(qū)，區(qū)域，范圍
shade [FeId] n.蔭，陰影；遮光物，罩
v.遮蔽，遮光
grain [grein] n.谷物，谷類；顆粒，細(xì)粒
sufficient [sE5fIFEnt] a. (for)足夠的，充分的
tiny [5tBIni] a.極小的，微小的
millimeter /millimetre [5mIlI9mi:tE] n.毫米
organism [5C:gEnIzEm] n.生物體，有機(jī)體
temporary [5tempErEri] a.暫時的，臨時的
centimeter /centimetre [5senti9mi:tE] n.厘米
mature [mE5tFJE] a.成熟的，熟的；成年人的
v.（使）成熟
equally [] ad. 相等地, 平等地, 公平地
evaporate [i5vApEreit] v.（使）蒸發(fā)
female [5fi:meil] a.女的，雌的
muddy [] a. 多泥的, 泥濘的
patch [pAtF] n.補(bǔ)丁，補(bǔ)片；碎片，碎屑；小塊，小片
v.補(bǔ)，修補(bǔ)
lay [leI] v.放，擱；下（蛋）；鋪設(shè)，砌磚
species [5spi:Fi:z] n.（物）種，種類
dormant [] a. 睡眠狀態(tài)的, 靜止的, 隱匿的
multiply [5mQltIplBI] v. (by)乘，使相乘；倍增，增加，繁殖
considerably [] ad. 相當(dāng)?shù)?BR> distinctive [] a. 與眾不同的, 有特色的
span [spAn] n.跨度，跨距
alert [E5l[:t] a.警惕的；機(jī)靈的
unique [jJ5ni:k] a.惟一的，獨(dú)一無二的
harsh [] a. 粗糙的, 荒蕪的, 苛刻的, 刺耳的, 刺目的
orient [5C:riEnt] n. [the O-]東方
v.定…的方位
minority [mBI5nCrIti] n.少數(shù)，少數(shù)派，少數(shù)民族
council [5kBJnsEl] n.理事會，委員會，議事機(jī)構(gòu)
seek [ si:k ] v.（after, for）尋找，探索；試圖，企圖
perform [p[5fR:m] v.履行，執(zhí)行，做，完成；表演，演出
poverty [5pCvEti] n.貧窮，貧困
retirement [] n. 退休, 引退, 退卻, 撤退
sexism [] n. 男性至上主義, 蔑視女性
ageism [] n. 對老年人的歧視
director [di5rektE] n.指導(dǎo)者，主任，導(dǎo)演
conference [5kCnfErEns] n.會議，討論會
explode [ik5splEJd] v.（使）爆炸，（使）爆發(fā)
traditional [] a. 傳統(tǒng)的, 慣例的, 口傳的, 傳說的
shrink [Fr INk] v.起皺，收縮；退縮，畏縮
volunteer [9vClEn5tIE] n./v. 自愿（者，兵）；自愿（提供）
previous [5pri:viEs] a.先，前，以前的；（to）在…之前
expectation [9ekspek5teiFEn] n.預(yù)期，期望，指望
plow /plough [plBJ] n.犁
stability [stE5bIlIti] n.穩(wěn)定，安定
on the eve of 在...之前夕
instantly [5instEntli] ad.立即，即刻
tend to v.注意, 趨向
stick to v.粘住
rewarding [] a. 報(bào)答的, 有益的, 值得的
remark [r I5mB:k] n. (about, on)評語，議論，意見
v. (on)評論，談?wù)?；注意到，察覺
justify [5dVQstifBi] v.證明…是正當(dāng)?shù)模J(rèn)為有理
exceed [ik5si:d] v.超過，勝過；越出
come across v.來到, 偶遇, <口>給人印象深刻不期而遇,交付
accidentally ad.偶然地, 意外地
insight [5insBit] n.洞察力，見識
encounter [in5kBJntE] n./v. 遇到，遭遇
payoff [] n. 發(fā)工資, 付清, 盈利, (故事等的)高潮, 報(bào)應(yīng),
assign [E5sBin] v.分配，委派；指定（時間、地點(diǎn)等）
stage [steIdV] n.舞臺，戲??；階段，時期
(go) on the ~ 當(dāng)演員
instructor [in5strQktE] n.指導(dǎo)者，教員
synthesize [] v.綜合, 合成
applicable [E5plikEbEl] a.（to）能應(yīng)用的，適用的
thoroughly [] ad. 十分地, 徹底地
disconcerting a.令人不安的, 令人驚惶的
approach [E5prEJtF] v.靠近，接近，臨近n.方法，途徑；探討
obstacle [5CbstEkEl] n.障礙，妨礙，干擾
accomplish [E5kQmpliF] v.完成
demonstrate [5demEnstreit] v.論證，證實(shí)；演示，說明
misleading [] a. 易誤解的, 令人誤解的
embarrassing [] a.令人為難的
stimulating a.刺激的, 有刺激性的
upsetting [] a. 令人心煩意亂的,令人苦惱的
explore [ik5splC:] v.勘探，探測；探究，探索
burden [5b[:dn] n.擔(dān)子，負(fù)擔(dān)，重?fù)?dān)
identical. [Bi5dentikEl] a. (to, with)同一的，同樣的
career [kE5r iE] n.生涯，經(jīng)歷；專業(yè)，職業(yè)
well-being [] a.康樂, 安寧, 福利
dimension [dBi5menFEn] n.尺寸，尺度；維（數(shù)），度（數(shù)），元
depression [] n. 沮喪, 消沉, 低氣壓, 低壓
be composed of 由...組成
vice versa [] ad. 反之亦然
remedy [5remIdi] n.藥品；治療措施，補(bǔ)救辦法
v.治療，醫(yī)治；糾正，補(bǔ)救
rate [reIt] n.速率，比率；等級；價格，費(fèi)用
v.估價；評級，評價
take on v.披上, 呈現(xiàn), 具有, 雇用, 承擔(dān), 盛氣凌人, 接納, 流行
multiple [5mQltIpEl] a.多樣的，多重的n.倍數(shù)
role [r[Jl] n.角色；作用，任務(wù)
combination [9kCmbi5neiFEn] n.結(jié)合，聯(lián)合，合并；化合（物）
stress [stres] n.壓力，應(yīng)力；重音
v.強(qiáng)調(diào)，著重
strain [streIn] n.過多的疲勞，緊張；張力，應(yīng)變
v.扭傷，拉傷；拉緊，扯緊；緊張，盡力
indispensable [9indi5spensEbEl] a. (to, for)必不可少的，必需的
realistic [r IE5lIstIk] a.現(xiàn)實(shí)（主義）的
promote [pr[5m[Jt] v.促進(jìn)，發(fā)揚(yáng)；提升，提拔；增進(jìn)，助長
appropriate [E5prEJpriit] a.（to）適當(dāng)?shù)?，恰如其分?(接下頁)
Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼蟲). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小蝦) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimeter long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimeter to a length of about 1.5 centimeters.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimeters long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
21. Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps?
(A) Their lives are brief.
(B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.
(C) Their eggs can survive years of drought.
(D) They lay their eggs in the mud.
22. By saying "for the shrimps it is a race against time " (Para. 3, line 2) the author means _____.
(A) They have to swim fast to avoid danger in the rapidly evaporating lake
(B) They have to swim fast to catch the animal organisms on which they survive.
(C) They have to multiply as many as possible within thirteen days
(D) They have to complete their life cycle within a short span of time permitted by the environment
23. The passage mainly deals with ______.
(A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps
(B) the survival of desert shrimps
(C) the importance of water to life
(D) life in the Mojave Desert
24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____.
(A) inactive (B) strong (C) alert (D) soft
25. It may be inferred from the passage that ____.
(A) appearance and size are most important for life to survive in the desert
(B) a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to survive
(C) for some species one life cycle in a year is enough to survive the desert drought
(D) some species develop a unique life pattern to survive in extremely harsh conditions
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
Opportunities for rewarding work become fewer for both men and women as they grow older. After age 40, job hunting becomes even more difficult. Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection. Our youth-oriented, throw-away culture sees little value in older people. In writer Lilian Hellman's words, they have "the wisdom that comes with age that we can't make use of. "
Unemployment and economic need for work is higher among older women, especially minorities, than among younger white women. A national council reports these findings: though unemployed longer when seeking work, older women job-hunt harder, hold a job longer with less absenteeism (缺勤), perform as well or better, are more reliable, and are more willing to learn than men or younger women. Yet many older women earn poor pay and face a future of poverty in their retirement years. When "sexism meets ageism, poverty is no longer on the doorstep it moves in, " according to Tish Sommers, director of a special study on older women for the National Organization for Women.
Yet a 1981 report on the White House Conference on Aging shows that as a group, older Americans are the "wealthiest, best fed, best housed, healthiest, most self-reliant older population in our history. "This statement is small comfort to those living below the poverty line, but it does explode some of the old traditional beliefs and fears. Opportunities for moving in and up in a large company may shrink but many older people begin successful small businesses, volunteer in satisfying activities, and stay active for many years. They have few role models because in previous generations the life span was much shorter and expectations of life were fewer. They are plowing new ground.
Employers are beginning to recognize that the mature person can bring a great deal of stability and responsibility to a position. One doesn't lose ability and experience on the eve of one's 65th or 70th birthday any more than one grows up instantly at age 21.
26. After the age of 40, _____.
(A) most workers are tired of their present jobs
(B) many workers tend to stick to their present jobs
(C) people find their jobs more rewarding than before
(D) people still wish to hunt for more suitable jobs
27. From Heilman's remark, we can see that _____.
(A) full use has been made of the wisdom of older people
(B) the wisdom of older people is not valued by American society
(C) older people are no less intelligent than young people
(D) the wisdom of older people is of great value to American society
28. Tish Sommers argues that _____.
(A) older women find it hard to escape poverty
(B) older women usually perform better in their jobs
(C) the major cause of the poverty of older women is sexism
(D) more people have come to believe in sexism and ageism
29. According to the third paragraph, it can be seen that older Americans _____.
(A) have more job opportunities than young people
(B) live below the poverty line
(C) have new opportunities to remain active in society
(D) no longer believe in the promise of a happy life upon retirement
30. It can be concluded from the passage that the writer ______.
(A) calls attention to the living conditions of older Americans
(B) believes that value of older people is gaining increasing recognition
(C) attempts to justify the youth-oriented, throw-away culture of the United States
(D) argues people should not retire at the age of 65 or 70
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can exceed the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you! It may be an idea or a bit of information you come across accidentally-or a sudden insight, fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal encounters are the "payoff" in education. A teacher may direct you to learning and even encourage you in it---but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. That's up to you.
A research paper, assigned in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, leads you beyond classroom, beyond the texts for classes and into a process where the joy of discovery and learning can come to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active and individual process, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure within which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others what you can do. Writing a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills applicable to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering, an education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly satisfying experience!
To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.
31. According to the writer, personal discoveries _____.
(A) will give one encouragement and direction
(B) are helpful in finding the right information
(C) are the most valuable part of one's personal education
(D) will help one to successfully complete school assignments
32. It can be inferred from the passage that writing a research paper gives one chances _____.
(A) to fully develop one's personal abilities
(B) to use the skills learnt in the classroom
(C) to prove that one is a productive writer
(D) to demonstrate how well one can accomplish school assignment
33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means _____.
(A) misleading (B) embarrassing (C)stimulating (D)upsetting
34. The writer argues in the passage that _____.
(A) one should explore new areas in research
(B) one should trust one's own ability to meet course requirements
(C) one should consider research paper writing a pleasure, not a burden
(D) one should use all one's knowledge and skills when doing research
35. What will probably follow this passage?
(A) How to write a research paper.
(B) The importance of research in education.
(C) How to make new discoveries for oneself.
(D) The skill of putting pieces of information together.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of "mastery"——feeling important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense "pleasure"-finding life enjoyable-are not always identical. Women often are told, "You can't have it all." Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is :" You chose a career, so you can't expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life." or "You have a wonderful husband and children--What's all this about wanting a career?" But women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to feel good about themselves.
Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is mastery, which includes self-esteem(自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction and optimism (樂觀). It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side of life. The two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.
The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work. In our study, all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not employed.
A woman's well-being is enhanced (增進(jìn)) when she takes on multiple roles. At least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of roles-marriages, motherhood, and employment were the highest in well-being, despite warnings about stress and strain.
36. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _____.
(A) for women, a sense of "mastery" is more important than a sense of "pleasure"
(B) for women, a sense of "pleasure" is more important than a sense of "mastery"
(C) women can't have a sense of "mastery" and a sense of "pleasure" at the same time
(D) a sense of "mastery" and a sense of "pleasure" are both indispensable to women
37. The author's attitude towards women having a career is ______.
(A) critical (B) positive (C) neutral (D) realistic
38. One can conclude from the passage that if a woman takes on several social roles, ______.
(A) it will be easier for her to overcome stress and strain
(B) she will be more successful in her career
(C) her chances of getting promoted will be greater
(D) her life will be richer and more meaningful
39. Which of the following can be identified as a source of "pleasure" for women?
(A) Family life (C) Multiple roles in society
(B) Regular employment (D) Freedom from anxiety
40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____.
(A) The well-being of Career Women
(B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure
(C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being
(D) Multiple Roles Women in Society (接下頁)
根據(jù)以下文章回答21到25題。
有一種沙漠植物通過未發(fā)牙的種子的方式存活于干旱季節(jié)。也有些沙漠昆蟲以一種不活動的幼蟲的形式存活下去。除此之外，(21) 讓人們更難以置信的是，在多年干旱的地方，有種沙漠水生魚通過未孵化卵的形式生存下來。它們是種小蝦，生活在美國西南部極度干旱地區(qū)的莫杰夫沙漠。據(jù)記錄，那里陰涼處的溫度常常超過50度。
莫杰夫沙漠中的小蝦，其卵的大小和外觀和沙粒類似。每隔2至5年，有足夠的春雨降下并形成了湖泊的時候，這些卵就孵化了。不久水里就充滿了數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的小蝦，它們長約1毫米，主要靠微小植物和那些生活在暫時的沙漠湖泊里的動物有機(jī)物為食。在一個星期內(nèi)，小蝦們就從初的1毫米生長到1.5厘米。
（22）在小蝦們迅速長大期間，湖泊里的水也被快速的蒸發(fā)了。因此，對小蝦而言，它的成長就象在和時間賽跑。 到了第12天，當(dāng)它們長到3厘米左右時，母蝦就會懷有幾百個小蝦卵。 而通常到了這時，湖泊里所留存下來的都是大片的泥濘又濕潤泥土。 第13天和以后幾天，在小蝦們短暫生命的后時光，它們把卵產(chǎn)在泥土中。 然后，在確認(rèn)它們的物種可以得以繁衍之后，小蝦們隨著后一滴水的蒸發(fā)而死去。
如果來年雨量充足并形成另一個湖，蝦卵就開始孵化。小蝦們再飛快地度過它們生長、成年、產(chǎn)卵和死亡的生命循環(huán)。 但有的年份雨量不足就無法形成湖泊，（24）在這種情況下，蝦卵就保持休眠狀態(tài)直到第二年雨水來臨之時。如果需要的話，時間甚至?xí)L。在極為罕見的情況下，100年里可能有兩次這種機(jī)會，充足的降雨形成深湖，湖水保持了一個月或更長時間。 這時小蝦會完成兩次生長、產(chǎn)卵和死亡循環(huán)期。 于是，這個物種的數(shù)量便會大幅度成倍增加，就更加確保它的生存。
21.下列哪項(xiàng)能顯示莫杰夫沙漠的小蝦獨(dú)有的特征？
A) 它們的生活很短暫
B) 它們靠植物和動物有機(jī)體為食。
C) 它們的卵能經(jīng)受多年的干旱期。
D) 它們在泥土中產(chǎn)卵。
22.第三段第2行，作者說“對于小蝦來講這就象在與時間的賽跑”，意思是________。
A) 它們必須快速游水以避免湖水急劇蒸發(fā)帶來的危險(xiǎn)
B) 它們必須快速游水去捕捉那些它們賴以為生的動物有機(jī)體
C) 在13天之內(nèi)它們必須繁殖盡可能多的后代
D) 在環(huán)境允許范圍內(nèi)，它們必須在很短的時間內(nèi)結(jié)束自己的生命周期
23.本文的主要講的是_______。
A) 莫杰夫蝦的生命周期
B) 沙漠蝦的生存
C) 水對于生命的重要性
D) 莫杰夫沙漠中的生活
24.第四段第3行的單詞“dormant” 有可能意思為_______。
A) 不活躍的
B) 強(qiáng)壯的
C) 警惕的
D) 松軟的
25.從文中可推斷______。
A) 在沙漠中外表和體積對于生命存活來說是重要的
B) 一個物種必須迅速繁殖以求生存
C) 對于某些物種來說，一年有一個生命周期就能夠度過沙漠干旱期
D) 某些物種為了在極度惡劣的條件存活形成了獨(dú)特的生活模式
根據(jù)以下文章回答26到30題。
隨著年齡的增大，男人和女人獲得豐厚報(bào)酬的工作機(jī)會也會變少。（26） 40歲之后，找工作就變得更加困難了。許多工人上了年紀(jì)就寧可待在原來的崗位上，而不愿去面對求職時可能遭到的拒絕。年輕人主導(dǎo)的速食文化感受不到老年人的價值。用作家莉蓮海爾門的話來說，（27）年長的人“擁有隨年齡增長而帶來的智慧，而年輕人確不具備?！?BR> 在因失業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)需求去找工作的人中，年長女性數(shù)量比白人青年女性更多，特別是少數(shù)民族的高齡婦女。一個全國性機(jī)構(gòu)公布了這樣的調(diào)查結(jié)果：與男性和年輕女性相比，年長婦女在尋找工作時待業(yè)時間會長些，但她們一旦擁有一份工作后就會干得很久，缺勤率低，而且工作表現(xiàn)無異于男性或年輕女性，甚至超過他們。 年長婦女更值得信賴，更愿意去學(xué)習(xí)新知識。然而許多年長婦女薪水很低，且在退休之后面臨著窮困前景。（28）“當(dāng)性別歧視加上年齡歧視時，貧窮就不僅是表面問題，它變的更加深入?！?這個結(jié)論來自于提斯. 薩默，他是一項(xiàng)有關(guān)年長婦女的特別研究項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人，服務(wù)于全國婦女組織。
然而在1981年，白宮老齡化研討會上的一份報(bào)告卻顯示，作為一個群體，美國老年人是“我們歷富有，營養(yǎng)好，居住條件好，健康和自立的老年人口?！?這份聲明對那些生活在貧困線以下的老人來說安慰甚少，但它確實(shí)*了一些傳統(tǒng)的觀念和恐懼。 對老年人來說，在大公司里就職和升遷的機(jī)會也許是減少了，（29）但許多老年人經(jīng)營小生意做的很成功，志愿參加喜愛的社會活動，持續(xù)的保持著積極的生活態(tài)度。他們幾乎沒有可模仿的榜樣，因?yàn)樯蠋状说膲勖^短，期望很少。而他們開創(chuàng)了新天地。
（30）雇主們開始認(rèn)識到，成熟的人能夠在崗位上做的更沉穩(wěn)，顯得更有責(zé)任心。比起剛剛21歲的人，一個年滿65歲或70歲的人，并不會喪失處事能力和工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
26. 過了40歲以后，________。
A) 大部分工人都厭倦了現(xiàn)在的工作
B) 許多工人仍然堅(jiān)守工作崗位
C) 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們從工作中得到的回報(bào)比以前多
D) 人們?nèi)匀幌Ｍ业礁线m的工作
27.從海爾門的話中我們可以了解到_______。
A) 老人的智慧已經(jīng)得到了充分的利用
B) 老人的智慧沒有得到美國社會的重視
C ) 老人和年輕人一樣聰明
D) 老人的智慧對美國社會有巨大價值
28.提斯薩默認(rèn)為_______。
A) 年長的婦女發(fā)現(xiàn)很難脫離貧困
B) 年長婦女通常在她們的工作崗位上表現(xiàn)更好
C) 導(dǎo)致年長婦女貧困的主要原因是性別歧視
D) 更多的人開始相信性別歧視與年齡歧視
29.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容，美國老年人_______。
A) 比年輕人有更多的工作機(jī)會
B) 生活在貧困線以下
C) 在社會中有新的機(jī)會保持旺盛精力
D) 不再相信退休后可以過上快樂生活的
30. 從文中可總結(jié)出，作者的觀點(diǎn)是_______。
A) 呼吁人們觀注美國老年人的生活條件
B) 相信老人的價值正在得到更多的認(rèn)可
C) 試圖為美國那種年輕人主導(dǎo)的、拋棄式的文化辯護(hù)
D) 主張人們不應(yīng)該在65歲或70歲的時候退休
根據(jù)以下文章回答31到35題。
讓人興奮的教育形式也是人性化的 。（31）自己發(fā)現(xiàn)對自己很重要的事情，沒有什么能比得上這種快樂。這也許是你偶然獲得的某個想法或一些信息，或者是在一些消息中或解決某個問題時突然領(lǐng)悟的道理。這種個人的際遇是教育的“回報(bào)”。一個老師可以引導(dǎo)你學(xué)習(xí)，甚至鼓勵你學(xué)習(xí)，但沒有哪個教師可使你在學(xué)習(xí)時如此興奮或欣喜。只有你自己才行。
導(dǎo)師布置一門課程的研究論文，并可能在不同階段進(jìn)行抽查，這使你可以超越課堂，超越課本，進(jìn)入一個過程，在這個過程中你會多次觸碰到探索和學(xué)習(xí)的快樂。（32）準(zhǔn)備論文是一個積極且個人化的學(xué)習(xí)過程，也是一個理性的學(xué)習(xí)過程。它提供了一個機(jī)制，在其中你可以發(fā)現(xiàn)讓人激動的認(rèn)識，為知識，為你自身，這些是教育的基礎(chǔ)。 而研究論文也給了你一個機(jī)會，把學(xué)校的作業(yè)個體化，去選擇適合你自己的興趣和體現(xiàn)能力的一項(xiàng)工作，向別人展示你能做些什么。寫一篇研究論文不僅僅只是完成課堂練習(xí)。它是一種收集、理解和綜合運(yùn)用的經(jīng)歷，它構(gòu)成許多學(xué)術(shù)和非學(xué)術(shù)工作應(yīng)用技巧的基礎(chǔ)。 從完全意義上講，它是一項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，教育。（34）因此，將一篇研究論文做好，是既有益又令人滿足的經(jīng)歷。
（33）對某些人來講，一想到自己不得不去寫那些比以往文章字?jǐn)?shù)多得多的長篇論文就感到煩躁不安。而另外一些人，恐懼必須獨(dú)立完成論文。然而沒有必要焦慮地處理研究論文，更沒有必要把研究論文看是成難以跨越的障礙。
（35）相反，你應(yīng)該利用這本書給的幫助，把研究論文看作是一個要完成的任務(wù)，一個完全能達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。
31. 根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，個人探索________。
A) 將給予一個人鼓勵與方向
B) 對找到正確信息是有幫助的
C) 是一個人自身教育中有價值的部分
D) 將幫助一個人成功地完成學(xué)業(yè)
32. 從文中可推斷，寫研究論文使人有機(jī)會________。
A) 充分開發(fā)個人潛能
B) 使用在課堂上學(xué)到的技能
C) 證明自己是一個多產(chǎn)的作家
D) 證明一個人能多好地完成學(xué)業(yè)
33. 從上下文理解，第三段第2行的“disconcerting”的意思可能是_______。
A) 誤導(dǎo)的
B) 令人尷尬的
C) 刺激的
D) 令人不安的
34.作者在文中的論點(diǎn)是_______。
A) 一個人應(yīng)該在研究中開辟新的領(lǐng)域
B) 一個人應(yīng)該相信自己的能力能夠達(dá)到課程的要求
C) 一個人應(yīng)該將論文寫作當(dāng)作是一種快樂，而不是負(fù)擔(dān)
D) 一個人應(yīng)該在做研究的時候運(yùn)用自己所有的知識和技能
35.文章之后可能會接著寫________。
A) 如何寫一篇研究論文
B) 教學(xué)中研究的重要性
C) 自己如何產(chǎn)生新發(fā)現(xiàn)
D) 將零散信息匯集在一起的技能
根據(jù)以下文章回答36到40題。
在我們的文化里，我們稱之為“自主”和我們稱之為“快樂”源泉并不完全相同的。前者是指感到重要和有價值，后者是找到生活的樂趣。婦女們經(jīng)常被告之“魚和熊掌不能兼得”。 有時，人們想表達(dá)的真實(shí)意思是：（36）你依然選擇了事業(yè)，那你就不要指望有親密的人際關(guān)系和幸福的家庭生活”?；蛘?“你有一個很棒的丈夫和可愛的孩子，何須再開創(chuàng)一個事業(yè)呢？ ” （37）但如果婦女想有良好的自我感覺，那么就需要去理解并處理好獲得幸福生活的這兩個方面。
我們的調(diào)查研究顯示，對婦女來說，幸福有兩重含義。一方面指自主，它包括自尊，對個人生活的可控制感，少有焦慮和憂愁。自主與生活中的“實(shí)干”緊密相連，也與工作和活動有關(guān)。快樂是另外一方面，它由愉快、滿足和樂觀構(gòu)成。快樂與生活中的“感覺”聯(lián)系得更加密切。這兩重含義相互獨(dú)立。一個女性可以很自主，但極不快樂，反之亦有可能。舉個例子，一個婦女有一份很好的工作，但她母親卻剛剛過世，她也許自我感覺很好并且在工作中發(fā)揮主動，但短時間內(nèi)她會感到很不快樂。
自主和快樂的概念能夠幫助我們認(rèn)清婦女們幸福的源泉，并彌補(bǔ)曾經(jīng)的過錯。在從前，人們鼓勵婦女只把生活中感覺這一方面當(dāng)作幸福的惟一源泉。（37）但是我們知道自主和快樂兩方面都很重要。自主看起來則更多的來自于我們的工作。在我們的研究中，所有在職婦女都比非在職婦女更為看重自主的重要性。
（38）當(dāng)一個婦女扮演多重角色時，她的幸福感就會增加。至少對于中年人來說是這樣的。那些有多種角色的婦女――妻子，母親，雇員，雖然要承受壓力和負(fù)擔(dān)，但她們是感到幸福的。
36.從第一段可推斷出_______。
A) 對女人來說，自主的感覺比快樂的感覺更為重要
B) 對女人來說，快樂的感覺比自主的感覺更為重要
C) 女人無法同時擁有自主和快樂的感覺
D) 對女人來說，自主和快樂的感覺都是必不可少的
37 .作者對婦女有自己的事業(yè)的態(tài)度是_________。
A) 批評的
B) 積極的
C) 中立的
D) 實(shí)事求是的
38. 從文章可推測出，如果一個婦女承擔(dān)多重社會角色，_________。
A) 她可以更輕易地消除壓力與緊張感
B) 她將在事業(yè)上獲得更大的成功
C) 她晉升的機(jī)會更大
D) 她的生活會更加豐富、更有意義
39.下列哪項(xiàng)對婦女來說是“快樂”的源泉？
A) 家庭生活。
B) 穩(wěn)定的工作。
C) 社會中的多重角色。
D) 從焦慮中解放出來。
40.適合本文的標(biāo)題是________。
A) 職業(yè)女性的幸福
B) 自主與快樂的源泉
C) 女性幸福的兩個方面
D) 女性在社會中的多重角色
以上為1994年1月六級閱讀試題
參考答案：CDBAD BBACB CADCA DBDAC