議論文突破
議論文是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發(fā)表見解或提出主張的說理性文章。議論文的目的不僅是客觀的解釋事物,還力圖說服讀者相信并接受某一觀點(diǎn)。英語議論文不完全等同于漢語的議論文,它涉及的范圍要小得多。有人把英語中的議論文舊理解為論證文、推理文或辯論文,還有人直接將議論文歸入到了說明文當(dāng)中。但筆者認(rèn)為就寫作目的與寫作手法而言,英語議論文與英語說明文還是有一定的區(qū)別的。首先,英語說明文主要是對(duì)提出的主題進(jìn)行“說明”和“闡述”,并不進(jìn)行正反評(píng)判和推理,也不強(qiáng)迫讀者接受作者的觀點(diǎn);而英語議論文主要是就某一主題,在擺出正反兩方面觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,通過論證、推理辯論等手段,試圖讓讀者最終接受作者對(duì)這一主題的某種觀點(diǎn)。盡管有時(shí)也不一定非常明確的交待正反觀點(diǎn),但力圖通過推理讓讀者贊同自己的觀點(diǎn)始終是英語議論文的主要目的。
議論文的應(yīng)用范圍很廣,除了學(xué)術(shù)論文外,社論、評(píng)論、雜文,隨感等都屬議論文的范疇。
不管是在漢語中,還是在英語中,議論文都是由論點(diǎn)(作者的觀點(diǎn),也就是被證明的對(duì)象、論據(jù)(用來證明論點(diǎn)的依據(jù),是說明論點(diǎn)的理由和材料)和論證(運(yùn)用論據(jù)證明論點(diǎn)的過程與方法),這三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成的,這也是一個(gè)提出問題——分析問題——解決問題的過程。因此,典型的議論文一般就由序論(提出問題,即what)、本論(分析問題,即why)和結(jié)論(解決問題,即how)三個(gè)部分構(gòu)成,其具體的結(jié)構(gòu)模式又有以下三種:
模式一:引言段(提出觀點(diǎn))——正方論點(diǎn)心(支持作者的觀點(diǎn)的較弱論點(diǎn))、正方論點(diǎn)2(支持作者的觀點(diǎn)的較強(qiáng)論點(diǎn))、正方論點(diǎn)3(支持作者觀點(diǎn)的論點(diǎn))——結(jié)論段(總結(jié)+解決方法,論斷或建議)
在這種模式中,文章主體段(中間部分)的每一個(gè)部分論述一個(gè)論點(diǎn),這些論點(diǎn)以其重要性按序排列,最有力、最重要的論點(diǎn)在最后面,以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
模式二:引言段(提出觀點(diǎn))——反面意見(反方觀點(diǎn)+作者的反駁)、正方論點(diǎn)1(支持作者觀點(diǎn)的較弱論點(diǎn))、正方論點(diǎn)2(支持作者觀點(diǎn)的較強(qiáng)論點(diǎn))、正方論點(diǎn)3(支持作者觀點(diǎn)的論點(diǎn))——結(jié)論段(總結(jié)+解決方法,論斷或建議)
在這種模式中,文章立體段的一開始就提出對(duì)立方的反面意見及作者對(duì)這種意見的反駁,以后各部分仍分別陳述作者的不同論點(diǎn)。
模式三:引言段(提出觀點(diǎn))——反方觀點(diǎn)1+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)、反方觀點(diǎn)2+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)、反方觀點(diǎn)3+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)——結(jié)論段(總結(jié)+解決方法,論斷或建議)
在這種模式中,作者在文章主體段的每一部分都先提出一個(gè)反面觀點(diǎn),然后再進(jìn)行反駁。
議論文有自己的語言個(gè)性,它不同于記敘文的生動(dòng)形象,也不同于說明文的簡(jiǎn)明易懂。議論是對(duì)具體事物、事理作出的理論上分析與闡述,因此,它的語言自然客觀的、抽象的、概括的。同時(shí),它的語言也很準(zhǔn)確,合乎邏輯。文中會(huì)較多地使用,諸如since(既然),now that(既然),therefore(因而),in that case(在那種情況下),so(所以),It follows that…(因而…),If…,we may conclude that …(如果……,我們可以這樣下結(jié)論……),Should it be the case (如果是這樣的話……),Idon’t want to…,but…(我并不想……),It is true that…,but…(誠(chéng)然……但是……),Even if …(即使……)等有辯論和推理含義的連接和過渡詞語與結(jié)構(gòu),以增強(qiáng)語言的準(zhǔn)確性和邏輯性。此外,作者的寫作態(tài)度一般也較誠(chéng)懇,在文章中通常使用的是與讀者平等交流的語氣,不會(huì)給人以居高臨下、以勢(shì)居人、逼人接受的感覺,在遣詞造句方面多使用虛擬語氣、讓步狀語從句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
同學(xué)們?cè)诮獯鹱h論文體的完形填空時(shí),首先要讀懂第一節(jié),尤其是文章的第一句話,
這樣就可以迅速找到文章所要論證的觀點(diǎn),進(jìn)而理解全文的主旨大意。其次要惡心體會(huì),作者謀篇布局的方法,了解各個(gè)段落的功能,感受作者論證的過程。最后再循著作者的思路重讀全文,推敲各空答案。
請(qǐng)看下面的例題:
(一)
Recently, a professor of philosophy(哲學(xué)) in the United States has written a book called Money and the Meaning of Life. He has 1._____ that how we deal with money in our day to day life has more meaning than we usually 2._____. One of the exercises he has asked his students to do is to keep a 3_____ of every penny they spend for a week. From the 4._____ they spend their money, they can see what they really 5._____ in life.
The professor says our 6._____ with others often becomes clearly defined(明確) when money enters the picture. You 7._____ have wonderful friendship with somebody and you think that you are very good friends. But you will know him only when you ask him to lend you some 8._____. If he does, it brings something to the relationship that seems 9._____ than ever before. 10._____it can suddenly weaken the relationship if he doesn’t.
Since money is so important to us, we consider those who are 11._____ to be very important. The professor 12._____some rich people in researching his book.
Question: What is the most 13._____ thing you have discovered about being rich?
Answer: The most surprising thing is why people give me so much 14._____. I am nothing. I don’t know much. All I am is rich.
People just have an idea of making more and more money, but what is it 15._____? How much money do I need for any given 16._____ in my life? In his book, the professor uncovered an important 17._____ in modern society: to bring back the idea that the money is an instrument 18._____than the end. Money plays an important 19._____ in the material world, but 20._____ money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life.
1.A.pointed B. studied C. discovered D. noticed
2.A.imagine B. think C. recognize D. plan
3.A.secrect B. diary C. promise D. record
4.A.way B. method C. opinion D. attitude
5.A.mean B. value C. get D. make
6.A.work B. friendship C. relation D. union
7.A.should B. must C. had to D. might
8.A.cars B. books C. rooms D. money
9.A.stronger B. weaker C. worse D. looser
10.A.But B. Otherwise C. And D. Then
11.A.rich B. poor C. helpful D. ordinary
12.A.saw B. interviewed C. questioned D. knew
13.A.puzzling B. disappointing C. surprising D. interesting
14.A.worry B. doubt C. hate D. respect
15.A.about B. against C. for D. at
16.A.achievemant B. result C. purpose D. success
17.A.need B. discovery C. lack D. event
18.A.better B. rather C. more D. less
19.A.action B. performance C. role D. trick
20.A.demanding B. hoping C. getting D. expecting
內(nèi)容概要:本文闡述了金錢在生活中的意義和作用,文章認(rèn)為錢只是一種工具而不應(yīng)該是追求的目標(biāo)。
答案簡(jiǎn)析:
1、選C。discover表示發(fā)現(xiàn)某一現(xiàn)象,在此較為合乎邏輯。第17空前的uncover一詞對(duì)此也有啟示作用。
2、選B。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人們的普遍觀點(diǎn),故用think。
3、選D。keep a record 意為“記錄……”,符合教授的意圖。
4、選A。記下花錢的“方式”,有助于人們反思自己在生活中,實(shí)際上總是注重一些什么東西。
5、選B。value 意為“珍惜”、“重視”。
6、選C。relation(關(guān)系)是中性詞,合乎這里的情境。
7、選D。might表示“也許”,在幾個(gè)詞中語氣最弱,符合下一句所揭示的語境。
8、選D。由下文可知,這里指“借錢”。
9、選A。愿意借錢了,關(guān)系自然比以前更牢固。從下一句的weaken一詞中也能得到啟示。
10、選B。otherwise 意為“否則”或“反過來”,它表示對(duì)立關(guān)系,而but 表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”關(guān)系,即不一定是相反的關(guān)系。該句表示借錢怎么樣,不借錢怎么樣,故用otherwise 更為合適。
11、選A。由“錢很重要”推斷出“有錢人也很重要”,合乎邏輯。另下一句中也提到了rich people。
12、選B。interview 表示“拜訪、采訪”;question 表示提問,用在警察對(duì)普通人,老師對(duì)學(xué)生等場(chǎng)合較多。為了寫書而對(duì)他人進(jìn)行訪談,似乎用interview更好些。
13、選C。下一句重現(xiàn)了該詞。
14、選D。由后面三句話不難推知,此處應(yīng)為一個(gè)表示積極意義的態(tài)度。
15、選C。what for 表示原因,下文解釋了這方面的原因。
16、選C。given purpose意思為設(shè)定好的目標(biāo),此句意為“要多少錢來實(shí)現(xiàn)一生中的那些目標(biāo)呢”。
17、選A。冒號(hào)后就是“需求”的具體內(nèi)容。
18、選B。rather than 意為“而不是”,the end 表示“目的”。
19、選C。根據(jù)意義和搭配選定。
20、選D。根據(jù)意義和搭配可以排除另三項(xiàng)。
(二)
I consider myself something of an expert on apologies. A quick temper(脾氣) has 1._____ me with plenty of opportunities(機(jī)會(huì)) to make them. In one of my earliest 2._____, my mother is telling me, “Don’t watch the 3._____ when you say, ‘I’m sorry. Hold your head up and look the person in the 4._____, so he’ll know you 5._____ it.
My mother thus made the key point of a(n) 6._____ apology: it must be direct. You must never 7._____ to be doing something else. You do not 8._____ a pile of letters while apologizing to a person 9._____ in position after blaming him or her for a mistake that turned out to be your 10._____. You do not apologize to a hostess(女主人), whose guest of honor you treat 11._____, by sending flowers the next day without mentioning your bad 12._____.
One of the important things you should do for an 13._____ apology is readiness to 14._____ the responsibility(責(zé)任) for our careless mistakes. We are used to making excuses, which leaves no 15._____ for the other person to 16._____ us. Since most people are open-hearted, the no-excuse apology leaves both parties feeling 17._____ about themselves. That, after all, is the 18._____ of every apology. It 19._____ little whether the apologizer is wholly or only partly at fault: answering for one’s 20._____ encourages others to take their share of the blame.
1.A.provided B. mixed C. compared D. treated
2.A.dreams B. courses C. memories D. ideas
3.A.side B. ground C. wall D. bottom
4.A.mind B. soul C. face D. eye
5.A.imagine B. enjoy C. mean D. regret
6.A.useful B. successful C. equal D. basic
7.A.pretend B. forget C. refuse D. expect
8.A.hold on B. put away C. look through D. pick up
9.A.poorer B. weaker C. worse D. lower
10.A.fault B. reason C. result D. duty
11.A.cruelly B. freely C. roughly D. foolishly
12.A.manners B. excuses C. efforts D. roles
13.A.active B. effective C. extra D. easy
14.A.raise B. perform C. admit D. bear
15.A.situation B. need C. sign D. room
16.A.advise B. forgive C. warn D. blame
17.A.wiser B. warmer C. better D. cleverer
18.A.purpose B. method C. end D. advantage
19.A.cares B. matters C. depends D. remains
20.A.facts B. states C. rights D. actions
內(nèi)容概要:本文闡述了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),道歉要真誠(chéng),要敢于承擔(dān)責(zé)任,同時(shí)也批評(píng)了一些“假”道歉的行為。
答案簡(jiǎn)析:
1、選A。provide … with意為“向……提供……”,這一說法頗具幽默色彩。
2、選C。緊接著的就是作者回憶出來的內(nèi)容。
3、選B。與后面提到的“要抬起頭”正好相反。
4、選D。道歉時(shí)看著對(duì)方的眼睛,以示真誠(chéng),在這一點(diǎn)上中西方是一樣的。
5、選C。mean it意為“這樣對(duì)方就會(huì)明白你有道歉的意思”。it在這里指道歉的行為。
6、選B。冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容即為“成功的”道歉的一些基本特征。
7、選A。根據(jù)常識(shí)選定。
8、選C。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不合語境。
9、選D。職位一般論的是高、低。
10、選A。與前面的mistake同義。turn out意為“后來證明是”。
11、選C。roughly此處表示對(duì)待客人不禮貌,服務(wù)不到位。從前面的要不要道歉的討論可以猜出這一答案。
12、選A。bad manners 意為不禮貌的行為,從treat roughly這一信息不難推測(cè)出這一答案。
13、選B。effective與successful有異曲同工之妙。
14、選D。bear the responsibility(承擔(dān)責(zé)任),系習(xí)慣搭配。
15、選D。leave no room不留余地。
16、選B。經(jīng)常找借口,那么也就會(huì)不留余地地給別人來“原諒”自己。
17、選C。better表示“心情更舒暢”。未找借口的道歉,即真誠(chéng)的道歉,對(duì)方的感覺一定很好。
18、選A。道歉的最終“目的”是化干戈為玉帛,大家和好如初,所以用purpose。 end表示“目的”時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)較多,而且不及purpose直接。
19、選B。道歉者是全部還是部分承擔(dān)責(zé)任這些都不太重要:關(guān)鍵是為所作所為主動(dòng)負(fù)責(zé),這也能促使別人共同承擔(dān)責(zé)任。 根據(jù)語境不難排除另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
20、選D。根據(jù)行文邏輯應(yīng)該是對(duì)自己的“行動(dòng)”負(fù)責(zé)。answer for在此意為“對(duì)……
負(fù)責(zé)”。
(三)
Are you carrying too much on your back at school? Lots of kids(孩子) at the same age as you are.
Not only are students in China 1_____ from this problem, but kids in the United States are 2____ fed up with(飽受……之苦) heavy school bags.
Experts are starting to 3_____ that more and more young students are having back and neck problems as a result of school bags 4_____ too heavy for them.
“It’s hard for me to get up the 5_____ with my bag because it’s so heavy,” said Rich Hammond, 6_____11-year-old student in the US.
Rick is among the students who have 7_____ backpacks(背包)with two straps(帶子) to carry them, 8____ a number of other students choose rolling backpacks.
But even with rolling backpacks, 9____ up stairs and buses with them is 10____ a problem for kids. Many of them have hurt their knees, backs or necks because of heavy school bags.
But how much is too 11_____? Experts say students should carry 12____ more than 10 to 15 per cent of their own body weight.
Scott Bautch, a Wisconsin 13_____doctor, said kids under 4th grade should 14____with 10 per cent. But it’s also important that older kids don’t go 15____ 15 percent, because their bones are still growing.
Bautch explained that there are other injuries caused by backpacks. “Kids are 16_____ their balance and falling down with these backpacks,” he said.
Parents and teachers are starting to tell the kids to only take 17_____ library books they will be reading that night. Some teachers are using worksheets(作業(yè)紙) or 18_____ workbooks for students to take home.
One of the best answers is, as some 19_____ themselves suggested, to have no homework 20_____!
1.A.meeting B. facing C. experiencing D. suffering
2.A.already B. always C. yet D. also
3.A.explain B. say C. worry D. announce
4.A.being B. be C. are D. is
5.A.schools B. stairs C. houses D. homes
6.A.this B. that C. a D. an
7.A.special B. unusual C. ordinary D. regular
8.A.when B. then C. but D. and
9.A.getting B. climbing C. going D. turning
10.A.only B. still C. even D. just
11.A.more B. very C. much D. many
12.A.no B. not C. any D. much
13.A.children B. student C. bag D. back
14.A.carry B. stay C. take D. bring
15.A.about B. under C. beyond D. before
16.A.keeping B. missing C. losing D. making
17.A.home B. class C. school D. city
18.A.valuable B. thin C. important D. interesting
19.A.reports B. teachers C. parents D. kids
20.A.at all B. after all C. in all D. for all
內(nèi)容概要:本文論述了沉重的書包對(duì)孩子身體所帶來的危害,文章最后借用孩子的口吻發(fā)出了呼喚——取消家庭作業(yè)。
答案簡(jiǎn)析:
1、選D。由后面的also fed up with(也飽受……之苦)選定。
2、選D。not only…but also系習(xí)慣搭配。
3、選C。學(xué)生負(fù)擔(dān)重,是一個(gè)人人皆知的現(xiàn)象,無需專家指出,故排除A、B、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
4、選A。of后是一個(gè)介詞短語,故選非謂語動(dòng)詞being。
5、選B。由副詞up可排除另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
6、選D。此處表示泛指,故用不定冠詞,又由于eleven以元音開頭,所以選擇an。
7、選D。這里的regular等于usual,意為“正常的、通常的”,背著書包上學(xué),確實(shí)應(yīng)視為“正?!爆F(xiàn)象。
8、選C。使用帶滾輪的書包是有悖于背書包上學(xué)這一正常現(xiàn)象的,前后意義在此形成轉(zhuǎn)折。
9、選A。上文已呈現(xiàn)過這一說法,此外,另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不能與bus搭配。
10、選B。根據(jù)even選定。
11、選C。 由主語中的much推定。
12、選A。no more than意為“僅僅”。not more than意為“不超過”,須后接一個(gè)固定值,10 to 15表示的是一個(gè)區(qū)間,數(shù)值并不固定,故舍去D。
13、選D。通過排除法選定。兒科醫(yī)生用baby doctor,所以A是不能選用的。
14、選B。stay表示“堅(jiān)持,承受”。另三詞后面不能用with。
15、選C。 beyond意為“超出”。前面已交待過學(xué)生背負(fù)的重量應(yīng)在自身體重量的10%至15%之間,即不能“超出”15%。
16、選C。背著背包跌倒的原因就是身體“失去”平衡。
17、選A。第18空后再現(xiàn)了take home這一說法,此外,另三個(gè)詞是名詞,不能作狀語,所以應(yīng)舍去。
18、選B。這里討論的是作業(yè)的量,而不是質(zhì),故選thin。
19、選D。全文談的是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)沉重的事,因此,由themselves ,我們首先聯(lián)想到的是kids。
20、選A。根據(jù)全文意義和與否定詞經(jīng)常連用的特點(diǎn)選定at all。
議論文是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發(fā)表見解或提出主張的說理性文章。議論文的目的不僅是客觀的解釋事物,還力圖說服讀者相信并接受某一觀點(diǎn)。英語議論文不完全等同于漢語的議論文,它涉及的范圍要小得多。有人把英語中的議論文舊理解為論證文、推理文或辯論文,還有人直接將議論文歸入到了說明文當(dāng)中。但筆者認(rèn)為就寫作目的與寫作手法而言,英語議論文與英語說明文還是有一定的區(qū)別的。首先,英語說明文主要是對(duì)提出的主題進(jìn)行“說明”和“闡述”,并不進(jìn)行正反評(píng)判和推理,也不強(qiáng)迫讀者接受作者的觀點(diǎn);而英語議論文主要是就某一主題,在擺出正反兩方面觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,通過論證、推理辯論等手段,試圖讓讀者最終接受作者對(duì)這一主題的某種觀點(diǎn)。盡管有時(shí)也不一定非常明確的交待正反觀點(diǎn),但力圖通過推理讓讀者贊同自己的觀點(diǎn)始終是英語議論文的主要目的。
議論文的應(yīng)用范圍很廣,除了學(xué)術(shù)論文外,社論、評(píng)論、雜文,隨感等都屬議論文的范疇。
不管是在漢語中,還是在英語中,議論文都是由論點(diǎn)(作者的觀點(diǎn),也就是被證明的對(duì)象、論據(jù)(用來證明論點(diǎn)的依據(jù),是說明論點(diǎn)的理由和材料)和論證(運(yùn)用論據(jù)證明論點(diǎn)的過程與方法),這三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成的,這也是一個(gè)提出問題——分析問題——解決問題的過程。因此,典型的議論文一般就由序論(提出問題,即what)、本論(分析問題,即why)和結(jié)論(解決問題,即how)三個(gè)部分構(gòu)成,其具體的結(jié)構(gòu)模式又有以下三種:
模式一:引言段(提出觀點(diǎn))——正方論點(diǎn)心(支持作者的觀點(diǎn)的較弱論點(diǎn))、正方論點(diǎn)2(支持作者的觀點(diǎn)的較強(qiáng)論點(diǎn))、正方論點(diǎn)3(支持作者觀點(diǎn)的論點(diǎn))——結(jié)論段(總結(jié)+解決方法,論斷或建議)
在這種模式中,文章主體段(中間部分)的每一個(gè)部分論述一個(gè)論點(diǎn),這些論點(diǎn)以其重要性按序排列,最有力、最重要的論點(diǎn)在最后面,以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
模式二:引言段(提出觀點(diǎn))——反面意見(反方觀點(diǎn)+作者的反駁)、正方論點(diǎn)1(支持作者觀點(diǎn)的較弱論點(diǎn))、正方論點(diǎn)2(支持作者觀點(diǎn)的較強(qiáng)論點(diǎn))、正方論點(diǎn)3(支持作者觀點(diǎn)的論點(diǎn))——結(jié)論段(總結(jié)+解決方法,論斷或建議)
在這種模式中,文章立體段的一開始就提出對(duì)立方的反面意見及作者對(duì)這種意見的反駁,以后各部分仍分別陳述作者的不同論點(diǎn)。
模式三:引言段(提出觀點(diǎn))——反方觀點(diǎn)1+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)、反方觀點(diǎn)2+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)、反方觀點(diǎn)3+進(jìn)行反駁的正方論點(diǎn)——結(jié)論段(總結(jié)+解決方法,論斷或建議)
在這種模式中,作者在文章主體段的每一部分都先提出一個(gè)反面觀點(diǎn),然后再進(jìn)行反駁。
議論文有自己的語言個(gè)性,它不同于記敘文的生動(dòng)形象,也不同于說明文的簡(jiǎn)明易懂。議論是對(duì)具體事物、事理作出的理論上分析與闡述,因此,它的語言自然客觀的、抽象的、概括的。同時(shí),它的語言也很準(zhǔn)確,合乎邏輯。文中會(huì)較多地使用,諸如since(既然),now that(既然),therefore(因而),in that case(在那種情況下),so(所以),It follows that…(因而…),If…,we may conclude that …(如果……,我們可以這樣下結(jié)論……),Should it be the case (如果是這樣的話……),Idon’t want to…,but…(我并不想……),It is true that…,but…(誠(chéng)然……但是……),Even if …(即使……)等有辯論和推理含義的連接和過渡詞語與結(jié)構(gòu),以增強(qiáng)語言的準(zhǔn)確性和邏輯性。此外,作者的寫作態(tài)度一般也較誠(chéng)懇,在文章中通常使用的是與讀者平等交流的語氣,不會(huì)給人以居高臨下、以勢(shì)居人、逼人接受的感覺,在遣詞造句方面多使用虛擬語氣、讓步狀語從句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
同學(xué)們?cè)诮獯鹱h論文體的完形填空時(shí),首先要讀懂第一節(jié),尤其是文章的第一句話,
這樣就可以迅速找到文章所要論證的觀點(diǎn),進(jìn)而理解全文的主旨大意。其次要惡心體會(huì),作者謀篇布局的方法,了解各個(gè)段落的功能,感受作者論證的過程。最后再循著作者的思路重讀全文,推敲各空答案。
請(qǐng)看下面的例題:
(一)
Recently, a professor of philosophy(哲學(xué)) in the United States has written a book called Money and the Meaning of Life. He has 1._____ that how we deal with money in our day to day life has more meaning than we usually 2._____. One of the exercises he has asked his students to do is to keep a 3_____ of every penny they spend for a week. From the 4._____ they spend their money, they can see what they really 5._____ in life.
The professor says our 6._____ with others often becomes clearly defined(明確) when money enters the picture. You 7._____ have wonderful friendship with somebody and you think that you are very good friends. But you will know him only when you ask him to lend you some 8._____. If he does, it brings something to the relationship that seems 9._____ than ever before. 10._____it can suddenly weaken the relationship if he doesn’t.
Since money is so important to us, we consider those who are 11._____ to be very important. The professor 12._____some rich people in researching his book.
Question: What is the most 13._____ thing you have discovered about being rich?
Answer: The most surprising thing is why people give me so much 14._____. I am nothing. I don’t know much. All I am is rich.
People just have an idea of making more and more money, but what is it 15._____? How much money do I need for any given 16._____ in my life? In his book, the professor uncovered an important 17._____ in modern society: to bring back the idea that the money is an instrument 18._____than the end. Money plays an important 19._____ in the material world, but 20._____ money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life.
1.A.pointed B. studied C. discovered D. noticed
2.A.imagine B. think C. recognize D. plan
3.A.secrect B. diary C. promise D. record
4.A.way B. method C. opinion D. attitude
5.A.mean B. value C. get D. make
6.A.work B. friendship C. relation D. union
7.A.should B. must C. had to D. might
8.A.cars B. books C. rooms D. money
9.A.stronger B. weaker C. worse D. looser
10.A.But B. Otherwise C. And D. Then
11.A.rich B. poor C. helpful D. ordinary
12.A.saw B. interviewed C. questioned D. knew
13.A.puzzling B. disappointing C. surprising D. interesting
14.A.worry B. doubt C. hate D. respect
15.A.about B. against C. for D. at
16.A.achievemant B. result C. purpose D. success
17.A.need B. discovery C. lack D. event
18.A.better B. rather C. more D. less
19.A.action B. performance C. role D. trick
20.A.demanding B. hoping C. getting D. expecting
內(nèi)容概要:本文闡述了金錢在生活中的意義和作用,文章認(rèn)為錢只是一種工具而不應(yīng)該是追求的目標(biāo)。
答案簡(jiǎn)析:
1、選C。discover表示發(fā)現(xiàn)某一現(xiàn)象,在此較為合乎邏輯。第17空前的uncover一詞對(duì)此也有啟示作用。
2、選B。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人們的普遍觀點(diǎn),故用think。
3、選D。keep a record 意為“記錄……”,符合教授的意圖。
4、選A。記下花錢的“方式”,有助于人們反思自己在生活中,實(shí)際上總是注重一些什么東西。
5、選B。value 意為“珍惜”、“重視”。
6、選C。relation(關(guān)系)是中性詞,合乎這里的情境。
7、選D。might表示“也許”,在幾個(gè)詞中語氣最弱,符合下一句所揭示的語境。
8、選D。由下文可知,這里指“借錢”。
9、選A。愿意借錢了,關(guān)系自然比以前更牢固。從下一句的weaken一詞中也能得到啟示。
10、選B。otherwise 意為“否則”或“反過來”,它表示對(duì)立關(guān)系,而but 表示“轉(zhuǎn)折”關(guān)系,即不一定是相反的關(guān)系。該句表示借錢怎么樣,不借錢怎么樣,故用otherwise 更為合適。
11、選A。由“錢很重要”推斷出“有錢人也很重要”,合乎邏輯。另下一句中也提到了rich people。
12、選B。interview 表示“拜訪、采訪”;question 表示提問,用在警察對(duì)普通人,老師對(duì)學(xué)生等場(chǎng)合較多。為了寫書而對(duì)他人進(jìn)行訪談,似乎用interview更好些。
13、選C。下一句重現(xiàn)了該詞。
14、選D。由后面三句話不難推知,此處應(yīng)為一個(gè)表示積極意義的態(tài)度。
15、選C。what for 表示原因,下文解釋了這方面的原因。
16、選C。given purpose意思為設(shè)定好的目標(biāo),此句意為“要多少錢來實(shí)現(xiàn)一生中的那些目標(biāo)呢”。
17、選A。冒號(hào)后就是“需求”的具體內(nèi)容。
18、選B。rather than 意為“而不是”,the end 表示“目的”。
19、選C。根據(jù)意義和搭配選定。
20、選D。根據(jù)意義和搭配可以排除另三項(xiàng)。
(二)
I consider myself something of an expert on apologies. A quick temper(脾氣) has 1._____ me with plenty of opportunities(機(jī)會(huì)) to make them. In one of my earliest 2._____, my mother is telling me, “Don’t watch the 3._____ when you say, ‘I’m sorry. Hold your head up and look the person in the 4._____, so he’ll know you 5._____ it.
My mother thus made the key point of a(n) 6._____ apology: it must be direct. You must never 7._____ to be doing something else. You do not 8._____ a pile of letters while apologizing to a person 9._____ in position after blaming him or her for a mistake that turned out to be your 10._____. You do not apologize to a hostess(女主人), whose guest of honor you treat 11._____, by sending flowers the next day without mentioning your bad 12._____.
One of the important things you should do for an 13._____ apology is readiness to 14._____ the responsibility(責(zé)任) for our careless mistakes. We are used to making excuses, which leaves no 15._____ for the other person to 16._____ us. Since most people are open-hearted, the no-excuse apology leaves both parties feeling 17._____ about themselves. That, after all, is the 18._____ of every apology. It 19._____ little whether the apologizer is wholly or only partly at fault: answering for one’s 20._____ encourages others to take their share of the blame.
1.A.provided B. mixed C. compared D. treated
2.A.dreams B. courses C. memories D. ideas
3.A.side B. ground C. wall D. bottom
4.A.mind B. soul C. face D. eye
5.A.imagine B. enjoy C. mean D. regret
6.A.useful B. successful C. equal D. basic
7.A.pretend B. forget C. refuse D. expect
8.A.hold on B. put away C. look through D. pick up
9.A.poorer B. weaker C. worse D. lower
10.A.fault B. reason C. result D. duty
11.A.cruelly B. freely C. roughly D. foolishly
12.A.manners B. excuses C. efforts D. roles
13.A.active B. effective C. extra D. easy
14.A.raise B. perform C. admit D. bear
15.A.situation B. need C. sign D. room
16.A.advise B. forgive C. warn D. blame
17.A.wiser B. warmer C. better D. cleverer
18.A.purpose B. method C. end D. advantage
19.A.cares B. matters C. depends D. remains
20.A.facts B. states C. rights D. actions
內(nèi)容概要:本文闡述了一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),道歉要真誠(chéng),要敢于承擔(dān)責(zé)任,同時(shí)也批評(píng)了一些“假”道歉的行為。
答案簡(jiǎn)析:
1、選A。provide … with意為“向……提供……”,這一說法頗具幽默色彩。
2、選C。緊接著的就是作者回憶出來的內(nèi)容。
3、選B。與后面提到的“要抬起頭”正好相反。
4、選D。道歉時(shí)看著對(duì)方的眼睛,以示真誠(chéng),在這一點(diǎn)上中西方是一樣的。
5、選C。mean it意為“這樣對(duì)方就會(huì)明白你有道歉的意思”。it在這里指道歉的行為。
6、選B。冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容即為“成功的”道歉的一些基本特征。
7、選A。根據(jù)常識(shí)選定。
8、選C。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不合語境。
9、選D。職位一般論的是高、低。
10、選A。與前面的mistake同義。turn out意為“后來證明是”。
11、選C。roughly此處表示對(duì)待客人不禮貌,服務(wù)不到位。從前面的要不要道歉的討論可以猜出這一答案。
12、選A。bad manners 意為不禮貌的行為,從treat roughly這一信息不難推測(cè)出這一答案。
13、選B。effective與successful有異曲同工之妙。
14、選D。bear the responsibility(承擔(dān)責(zé)任),系習(xí)慣搭配。
15、選D。leave no room不留余地。
16、選B。經(jīng)常找借口,那么也就會(huì)不留余地地給別人來“原諒”自己。
17、選C。better表示“心情更舒暢”。未找借口的道歉,即真誠(chéng)的道歉,對(duì)方的感覺一定很好。
18、選A。道歉的最終“目的”是化干戈為玉帛,大家和好如初,所以用purpose。 end表示“目的”時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)較多,而且不及purpose直接。
19、選B。道歉者是全部還是部分承擔(dān)責(zé)任這些都不太重要:關(guān)鍵是為所作所為主動(dòng)負(fù)責(zé),這也能促使別人共同承擔(dān)責(zé)任。 根據(jù)語境不難排除另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
20、選D。根據(jù)行文邏輯應(yīng)該是對(duì)自己的“行動(dòng)”負(fù)責(zé)。answer for在此意為“對(duì)……
負(fù)責(zé)”。
(三)
Are you carrying too much on your back at school? Lots of kids(孩子) at the same age as you are.
Not only are students in China 1_____ from this problem, but kids in the United States are 2____ fed up with(飽受……之苦) heavy school bags.
Experts are starting to 3_____ that more and more young students are having back and neck problems as a result of school bags 4_____ too heavy for them.
“It’s hard for me to get up the 5_____ with my bag because it’s so heavy,” said Rich Hammond, 6_____11-year-old student in the US.
Rick is among the students who have 7_____ backpacks(背包)with two straps(帶子) to carry them, 8____ a number of other students choose rolling backpacks.
But even with rolling backpacks, 9____ up stairs and buses with them is 10____ a problem for kids. Many of them have hurt their knees, backs or necks because of heavy school bags.
But how much is too 11_____? Experts say students should carry 12____ more than 10 to 15 per cent of their own body weight.
Scott Bautch, a Wisconsin 13_____doctor, said kids under 4th grade should 14____with 10 per cent. But it’s also important that older kids don’t go 15____ 15 percent, because their bones are still growing.
Bautch explained that there are other injuries caused by backpacks. “Kids are 16_____ their balance and falling down with these backpacks,” he said.
Parents and teachers are starting to tell the kids to only take 17_____ library books they will be reading that night. Some teachers are using worksheets(作業(yè)紙) or 18_____ workbooks for students to take home.
One of the best answers is, as some 19_____ themselves suggested, to have no homework 20_____!
1.A.meeting B. facing C. experiencing D. suffering
2.A.already B. always C. yet D. also
3.A.explain B. say C. worry D. announce
4.A.being B. be C. are D. is
5.A.schools B. stairs C. houses D. homes
6.A.this B. that C. a D. an
7.A.special B. unusual C. ordinary D. regular
8.A.when B. then C. but D. and
9.A.getting B. climbing C. going D. turning
10.A.only B. still C. even D. just
11.A.more B. very C. much D. many
12.A.no B. not C. any D. much
13.A.children B. student C. bag D. back
14.A.carry B. stay C. take D. bring
15.A.about B. under C. beyond D. before
16.A.keeping B. missing C. losing D. making
17.A.home B. class C. school D. city
18.A.valuable B. thin C. important D. interesting
19.A.reports B. teachers C. parents D. kids
20.A.at all B. after all C. in all D. for all
內(nèi)容概要:本文論述了沉重的書包對(duì)孩子身體所帶來的危害,文章最后借用孩子的口吻發(fā)出了呼喚——取消家庭作業(yè)。
答案簡(jiǎn)析:
1、選D。由后面的also fed up with(也飽受……之苦)選定。
2、選D。not only…but also系習(xí)慣搭配。
3、選C。學(xué)生負(fù)擔(dān)重,是一個(gè)人人皆知的現(xiàn)象,無需專家指出,故排除A、B、D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
4、選A。of后是一個(gè)介詞短語,故選非謂語動(dòng)詞being。
5、選B。由副詞up可排除另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
6、選D。此處表示泛指,故用不定冠詞,又由于eleven以元音開頭,所以選擇an。
7、選D。這里的regular等于usual,意為“正常的、通常的”,背著書包上學(xué),確實(shí)應(yīng)視為“正?!爆F(xiàn)象。
8、選C。使用帶滾輪的書包是有悖于背書包上學(xué)這一正常現(xiàn)象的,前后意義在此形成轉(zhuǎn)折。
9、選A。上文已呈現(xiàn)過這一說法,此外,另三個(gè)選項(xiàng)不能與bus搭配。
10、選B。根據(jù)even選定。
11、選C。 由主語中的much推定。
12、選A。no more than意為“僅僅”。not more than意為“不超過”,須后接一個(gè)固定值,10 to 15表示的是一個(gè)區(qū)間,數(shù)值并不固定,故舍去D。
13、選D。通過排除法選定。兒科醫(yī)生用baby doctor,所以A是不能選用的。
14、選B。stay表示“堅(jiān)持,承受”。另三詞后面不能用with。
15、選C。 beyond意為“超出”。前面已交待過學(xué)生背負(fù)的重量應(yīng)在自身體重量的10%至15%之間,即不能“超出”15%。
16、選C。背著背包跌倒的原因就是身體“失去”平衡。
17、選A。第18空后再現(xiàn)了take home這一說法,此外,另三個(gè)詞是名詞,不能作狀語,所以應(yīng)舍去。
18、選B。這里討論的是作業(yè)的量,而不是質(zhì),故選thin。
19、選D。全文談的是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)沉重的事,因此,由themselves ,我們首先聯(lián)想到的是kids。
20、選A。根據(jù)全文意義和與否定詞經(jīng)常連用的特點(diǎn)選定at all。

