The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology(FASEB)has jUSt released a report on the career trajectories of young life scientists in the United States．It is likely to give pause to some of those currently considering graduate training as a route to a career in the academic life sciences．
The survey finds that over two decades the number of academically employed lire scientists in tenured or tenure-track positions has remained stuck at about 30，000，while the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the lire sciences has doubled．The data also reveal a hard-to-reach career getting farther out of reach．The age at which the average PhD holder receives his or her first full National Institutes of Health grant has risen from 34 in 1970 t0 42 now．Postdocs，facing such a late start to their professional lives，are increasingly jumping ship to industry．
Postdocs find themselves bouncing around the world from lab to lab，seldom earning much more than they would have done in their first year on the job market with their undergraduate degree．Funding is short，the hours are lon9，and prospects uncertain．
Postdocs have occasionally attempted to band together in solidarity and seek a better settlement from their employers，the institutions and universities．But this movement has been stronger in the social sciences than in the hard sciences．The transient nature of the work，together with its convoluted employment structure，has made it difficult for them to speak effectively with a single voice．Instead,the plight of the postdoc will probably change only if the issue of scientific training is addressed from the top， where it may be necessary to consider the possibility that too many scientists are being trained．
There is an argument that，from a national policy perspective，the current situation is ultimately productive．The pace of discovery is quickened by a sizeable workforce，and able scientists end up doing multiple jobs，most of them in the private sector of the economy．It might not be exactly what the students had in mind in the first place，but the situation hardly constitutes a major cause for concern．
But FASEB’s data suggest that too many graduate schools may be preparing too many students，so that too few young scientists have a real prospect of making a career in academic science．More effort is needed to ensure that recruitment interviews include realistic assessments of prospective students’ expectations and potential in the academic workplace．And training should address broader career options from day one rather than focusing unrealistically on jobs that don’t exist．[427 words]
1．The word“trajectory”(Line 2，Paragraph l)most probably means______．
A．curved path
B．endless track
C．long journey
D．ultimate goal
2．According to the report released by FASEB，______．
A．the career of young life scientists is unpredictable
B．few people can reach tenured or tenure-track positions
C．the academic career in the life sciences is hard to reach
D．one cannot become a lire scientist without graduate training
3．The text suggests that postdocs are______．
A．unable to start their academic career before 42
B．expected to earn much more than undergraduates
C．facing uncertain future despite many years of training
D．supposed to be more Successful in industry than academia
4．The author holds that the postdocs may get rid or their plight if______．
A．they unite together seeking improvement
B．scientific training is directed from the top
C．they speak effectively with a single voice
D．there are much fewer prospective postdocs
5．The author argues that______．
A．too many students are a major cause for concern
B．graduate students should have more career options
C．the huge number of postdocs accelerates discovery
D．graduate students should have realistic expectations
難句透析
①The survey finds[that over two decades the number of academically employed life scientists in tenured or tenure track positions has remained stuck at about 30，000，while the number of doctoral degrees(awarded in the life sciences)has doubled]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號所標(biāo)示的“that…the number…h(huán)as remained…，while the number…h(huán)as doubled”是謂語動詞“finds"的賓語從句。這個賓語從句是由逗號和“while”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。第一個分句的主語是“the number”，謂語動詞是“has remained”；第二個分句的主語是“the number”，謂語動詞是“has doubled”。
【釋義】該調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，二十多年來，享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的和一定期限后可享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的生命科學(xué)家的人數(shù)一直保持在3萬人左右，而獲得生命科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的人數(shù)卻增加了一倍。
②Instead，the plight of the postdoc will probably change[only if the issue of scientific training is addressed from the top．(where it may be necessary to consider the possibility 【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號所標(biāo)示的“0nly if the issue…is addressed…”是條件狀語從句。圓括號所標(biāo)示的“where it may be necessary…”用做“top”的后置定語從句；其中，代詞“it”是形式主語，真正的主語是動詞不定式短語“to eonsider the possibility…”。尖括號所標(biāo)示的“that too many scientists are being trained”用做“possibility”的同位語從句。
【釋義】只有從上層解決科學(xué)人才的培養(yǎng)問題，才可能改變博士后的困境。必須考慮到，正在培養(yǎng)的科學(xué)人才可能太多了。
③The pace of discovery is quickened by a sizeable workforee，and able scientists end up doing multiple jobs， most of them in the private sector of the economy．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】此句是由逗號和“and”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。在第二個分句中，逗號后面的部分“most of them…economy”起補充說明作用，相當(dāng)于“most of them being in the private sector of the economy”，其中現(xiàn)在分詞“being”被省略。
【釋義】科學(xué)隊伍十分龐大，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的速度不斷加快。有才干的科學(xué)家最終從事多種不同的工作，其中大多數(shù)人在私有經(jīng)濟部門工作。
④It might not be exactly[what the students had in mind in the first place]，but the situation hardly constitutes a major cause for concern．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】此句是由逗號和“but”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。第一個分句中的主語“it”指該段第一句中的“argument”所說的“the current situation is ultimately productive”。方括號所標(biāo)示的“what the students had in mind in the first place”是表語從句。
【釋義】學(xué)生起初所想的可能與此狀況不完全一致，但是，這種狀況也不是引起人們關(guān)注的主要原因。
⑤But FASEB’s data suggest[that too many graduate schools may be preparing too many students，(So that too few young scientists have a real prospect of making a career in academic science)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號所標(biāo)示的“that too many graduate schools may be preparing…”是謂語動詞“suggest”的賓語從句；圓括號所標(biāo)示的“So that too few young scientists have a real prospect…”是其中的結(jié)果狀語從句。
【釋義】但是，美國實驗生物學(xué)會聯(lián)合會認(rèn)為，過多的研究生院正在培養(yǎng)過多的研究生，以至于只有極少數(shù)青年科學(xué)家真有可能從事學(xué)術(shù)研究工作。 答案注釋
1．根據(jù)上下文，此處的“the career trajectories”指“曲折的職業(yè)道路”。所以，選項A應(yīng)為答案。
2．根據(jù)第二段前兩句“The survey finds that over two decades the number…h(huán)as remained stuck at about 30，000， while the number of doctoral degrees…h(huán)as doubled．The data also reveal a hard to reach career getting farther out of reach”可知，選項C應(yīng)為答案。
3．根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Funding is short，the hours are long，and prospects uncertain”可知，選項C應(yīng)為答案。
4．根據(jù)第四段最后一句“Instead，the plight of the postdoc will probably change only if…where it may be necessary to consider the possibility that too many scientists are being trained”可知，選項D應(yīng)為答案。
5．根據(jù)本文最后一句“And training should address broader career options from day one rather than focusing unrealistically on jobs that don’t exist”可知，選項B應(yīng)為答案。
全文翻譯
美國實驗生物學(xué)會聯(lián)合會(FASEB)剛剛發(fā)布了關(guān)于美國年輕生命科學(xué)家職業(yè)軌跡的報告。這個報告可能令某些人暫?？紤]把培養(yǎng)研究生作為一個途徑，以便從事生命科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)研究的職業(yè)。
該調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，二十多年來，享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的和一定期限后可享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的生命科學(xué)家的人數(shù)一直保持在3萬人左右，而獲得生命科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的人數(shù)卻增加了一倍。數(shù)據(jù)也說明，這條艱辛的職業(yè)道路變得更加艱辛。一般擁有博士學(xué)位的人首次獲得國家衛(wèi)生研究院全額資助的年齡從1970年的34歲提高到了現(xiàn)在的42歲。鑒于這么大年齡才能開始自己的職業(yè)生涯，越來越多的博士后跳槽到工業(yè)。
博士后從這個實驗室到另一個實驗室，不停地跳來跳去。很少有人的收入會比他們?nèi)绻髮W(xué)一畢業(yè)就參加工作第一年的收入多多少。資金短缺，工作時間長，未來前景不定。
博士后偶爾會試圖團結(jié)起來，爭取從他們的雇主、機構(gòu)和大學(xué)那里獲得更好的待遇。但是這種努力在社會科學(xué)領(lǐng)域比在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域更強勁。工作的短暫和雇用結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜使單個聲音很難充分表達。只有從上層解決科學(xué)人才的培養(yǎng)問題，才可能改變博士后的困境。必須考慮到，正在培養(yǎng)的科學(xué)人才可能太多了。
有人認(rèn)為，從國家政策的角度考慮，現(xiàn)在的情形最終是有益的?？茖W(xué)隊伍十分龐大，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的速度不斷加快。有才于的科學(xué)家最終從事多種不同的工作，其中大多數(shù)人在私有經(jīng)濟部門工作。學(xué)生起初所想的可能與此狀況不完全一致，但是，這種狀況也不是引起人們關(guān)注的主要原因。
但是，美國實驗生物學(xué)會聯(lián)合會認(rèn)為，過多的研究生院正在培養(yǎng)過多的研究生，以至于只有極少數(shù)青年科學(xué)家真有可能從事學(xué)術(shù)研究工作。需要更加努力，確保招生面試能切實評估優(yōu)秀學(xué)生對于學(xué)術(shù)研究的期望和發(fā)展?jié)摿ΑＨ瞬排囵B(yǎng)從一開始就應(yīng)該面向更加寬泛的職業(yè)選擇，而不是脫離實際地關(guān)注那些根本不存在的工作。
超綱詞匯
Trajeetory n．軌道，軌跡
Tenured 享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的
tenture-track 一定期限后可享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的
postdoc n．博士后
bounce 亂蹦，亂跳，跳上跳下
solidarity n．團結(jié)，一致
transient adj．短暫的，瞬時的
convoluted 旋繞的，費解的
perspective 觀點，看法
recruitment n．招聘，補充，充實
參考答案：1．A 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．B
The survey finds that over two decades the number of academically employed lire scientists in tenured or tenure-track positions has remained stuck at about 30，000，while the number of doctoral degrees awarded in the lire sciences has doubled．The data also reveal a hard-to-reach career getting farther out of reach．The age at which the average PhD holder receives his or her first full National Institutes of Health grant has risen from 34 in 1970 t0 42 now．Postdocs，facing such a late start to their professional lives，are increasingly jumping ship to industry．
Postdocs find themselves bouncing around the world from lab to lab，seldom earning much more than they would have done in their first year on the job market with their undergraduate degree．Funding is short，the hours are lon9，and prospects uncertain．
Postdocs have occasionally attempted to band together in solidarity and seek a better settlement from their employers，the institutions and universities．But this movement has been stronger in the social sciences than in the hard sciences．The transient nature of the work，together with its convoluted employment structure，has made it difficult for them to speak effectively with a single voice．Instead,the plight of the postdoc will probably change only if the issue of scientific training is addressed from the top， where it may be necessary to consider the possibility that too many scientists are being trained．
There is an argument that，from a national policy perspective，the current situation is ultimately productive．The pace of discovery is quickened by a sizeable workforce，and able scientists end up doing multiple jobs，most of them in the private sector of the economy．It might not be exactly what the students had in mind in the first place，but the situation hardly constitutes a major cause for concern．
But FASEB’s data suggest that too many graduate schools may be preparing too many students，so that too few young scientists have a real prospect of making a career in academic science．More effort is needed to ensure that recruitment interviews include realistic assessments of prospective students’ expectations and potential in the academic workplace．And training should address broader career options from day one rather than focusing unrealistically on jobs that don’t exist．[427 words]
1．The word“trajectory”(Line 2，Paragraph l)most probably means______．
A．curved path
B．endless track
C．long journey
D．ultimate goal
2．According to the report released by FASEB，______．
A．the career of young life scientists is unpredictable
B．few people can reach tenured or tenure-track positions
C．the academic career in the life sciences is hard to reach
D．one cannot become a lire scientist without graduate training
3．The text suggests that postdocs are______．
A．unable to start their academic career before 42
B．expected to earn much more than undergraduates
C．facing uncertain future despite many years of training
D．supposed to be more Successful in industry than academia
4．The author holds that the postdocs may get rid or their plight if______．
A．they unite together seeking improvement
B．scientific training is directed from the top
C．they speak effectively with a single voice
D．there are much fewer prospective postdocs
5．The author argues that______．
A．too many students are a major cause for concern
B．graduate students should have more career options
C．the huge number of postdocs accelerates discovery
D．graduate students should have realistic expectations
難句透析
①The survey finds[that over two decades the number of academically employed life scientists in tenured or tenure track positions has remained stuck at about 30，000，while the number of doctoral degrees(awarded in the life sciences)has doubled]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號所標(biāo)示的“that…the number…h(huán)as remained…，while the number…h(huán)as doubled”是謂語動詞“finds"的賓語從句。這個賓語從句是由逗號和“while”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。第一個分句的主語是“the number”，謂語動詞是“has remained”；第二個分句的主語是“the number”，謂語動詞是“has doubled”。
【釋義】該調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，二十多年來，享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的和一定期限后可享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的生命科學(xué)家的人數(shù)一直保持在3萬人左右，而獲得生命科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的人數(shù)卻增加了一倍。
②Instead，the plight of the postdoc will probably change[only if the issue of scientific training is addressed from the top．(where it may be necessary to consider the possibility
【釋義】只有從上層解決科學(xué)人才的培養(yǎng)問題，才可能改變博士后的困境。必須考慮到，正在培養(yǎng)的科學(xué)人才可能太多了。
③The pace of discovery is quickened by a sizeable workforee，and able scientists end up doing multiple jobs， most of them in the private sector of the economy．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】此句是由逗號和“and”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。在第二個分句中，逗號后面的部分“most of them…economy”起補充說明作用，相當(dāng)于“most of them being in the private sector of the economy”，其中現(xiàn)在分詞“being”被省略。
【釋義】科學(xué)隊伍十分龐大，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的速度不斷加快。有才干的科學(xué)家最終從事多種不同的工作，其中大多數(shù)人在私有經(jīng)濟部門工作。
④It might not be exactly[what the students had in mind in the first place]，but the situation hardly constitutes a major cause for concern．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】此句是由逗號和“but”連接的兩個分句組成的并列句。第一個分句中的主語“it”指該段第一句中的“argument”所說的“the current situation is ultimately productive”。方括號所標(biāo)示的“what the students had in mind in the first place”是表語從句。
【釋義】學(xué)生起初所想的可能與此狀況不完全一致，但是，這種狀況也不是引起人們關(guān)注的主要原因。
⑤But FASEB’s data suggest[that too many graduate schools may be preparing too many students，(So that too few young scientists have a real prospect of making a career in academic science)]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】方括號所標(biāo)示的“that too many graduate schools may be preparing…”是謂語動詞“suggest”的賓語從句；圓括號所標(biāo)示的“So that too few young scientists have a real prospect…”是其中的結(jié)果狀語從句。
【釋義】但是，美國實驗生物學(xué)會聯(lián)合會認(rèn)為，過多的研究生院正在培養(yǎng)過多的研究生，以至于只有極少數(shù)青年科學(xué)家真有可能從事學(xué)術(shù)研究工作。 答案注釋
1．根據(jù)上下文，此處的“the career trajectories”指“曲折的職業(yè)道路”。所以，選項A應(yīng)為答案。
2．根據(jù)第二段前兩句“The survey finds that over two decades the number…h(huán)as remained stuck at about 30，000， while the number of doctoral degrees…h(huán)as doubled．The data also reveal a hard to reach career getting farther out of reach”可知，選項C應(yīng)為答案。
3．根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Funding is short，the hours are long，and prospects uncertain”可知，選項C應(yīng)為答案。
4．根據(jù)第四段最后一句“Instead，the plight of the postdoc will probably change only if…where it may be necessary to consider the possibility that too many scientists are being trained”可知，選項D應(yīng)為答案。
5．根據(jù)本文最后一句“And training should address broader career options from day one rather than focusing unrealistically on jobs that don’t exist”可知，選項B應(yīng)為答案。
全文翻譯
美國實驗生物學(xué)會聯(lián)合會(FASEB)剛剛發(fā)布了關(guān)于美國年輕生命科學(xué)家職業(yè)軌跡的報告。這個報告可能令某些人暫?？紤]把培養(yǎng)研究生作為一個途徑，以便從事生命科學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)研究的職業(yè)。
該調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，二十多年來，享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的和一定期限后可享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的生命科學(xué)家的人數(shù)一直保持在3萬人左右，而獲得生命科學(xué)博士學(xué)位的人數(shù)卻增加了一倍。數(shù)據(jù)也說明，這條艱辛的職業(yè)道路變得更加艱辛。一般擁有博士學(xué)位的人首次獲得國家衛(wèi)生研究院全額資助的年齡從1970年的34歲提高到了現(xiàn)在的42歲。鑒于這么大年齡才能開始自己的職業(yè)生涯，越來越多的博士后跳槽到工業(yè)。
博士后從這個實驗室到另一個實驗室，不停地跳來跳去。很少有人的收入會比他們?nèi)绻髮W(xué)一畢業(yè)就參加工作第一年的收入多多少。資金短缺，工作時間長，未來前景不定。
博士后偶爾會試圖團結(jié)起來，爭取從他們的雇主、機構(gòu)和大學(xué)那里獲得更好的待遇。但是這種努力在社會科學(xué)領(lǐng)域比在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域更強勁。工作的短暫和雇用結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜使單個聲音很難充分表達。只有從上層解決科學(xué)人才的培養(yǎng)問題，才可能改變博士后的困境。必須考慮到，正在培養(yǎng)的科學(xué)人才可能太多了。
有人認(rèn)為，從國家政策的角度考慮，現(xiàn)在的情形最終是有益的?？茖W(xué)隊伍十分龐大，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的速度不斷加快。有才于的科學(xué)家最終從事多種不同的工作，其中大多數(shù)人在私有經(jīng)濟部門工作。學(xué)生起初所想的可能與此狀況不完全一致，但是，這種狀況也不是引起人們關(guān)注的主要原因。
但是，美國實驗生物學(xué)會聯(lián)合會認(rèn)為，過多的研究生院正在培養(yǎng)過多的研究生，以至于只有極少數(shù)青年科學(xué)家真有可能從事學(xué)術(shù)研究工作。需要更加努力，確保招生面試能切實評估優(yōu)秀學(xué)生對于學(xué)術(shù)研究的期望和發(fā)展?jié)摿ΑＨ瞬排囵B(yǎng)從一開始就應(yīng)該面向更加寬泛的職業(yè)選擇，而不是脫離實際地關(guān)注那些根本不存在的工作。
超綱詞匯
Trajeetory n．軌道，軌跡
Tenured 享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的
tenture-track 一定期限后可享有終生學(xué)術(shù)職位的
postdoc n．博士后
bounce 亂蹦，亂跳，跳上跳下
solidarity n．團結(jié)，一致
transient adj．短暫的，瞬時的
convoluted 旋繞的，費解的
perspective 觀點，看法
recruitment n．招聘，補充，充實
參考答案：1．A 2．C 3．C 4．D 5．B