The field of animal emotions。an area of focus in the scientific discipline concerned with the study of animal minds called cognitive ethology，has changed a great deal in the last 30 years．①When I first began my studies centering on the question?！癢hat does it feel like to be a dog or a wolf?”researchers were almost all skeptics who spent their time wondering if dogs，cats，chimpanzees and other animals felt anythin9．o Since feelings don’t fit under fl microscope，these scientists usually didn’t find any and as I like to say，I’m glad l wasn’t their dog!But today the question of real importance is not whether animals have emotions，but why animal emotions have evolved the way they have．o In fact，the paradigm has shifted to such an extent that the burden of“proof”now falls to those who still argue that animals don't experience emotions．My colleagues and I no longer have to put tentative quotes around such words as“happy”or“sad”when we write about an animal’s inner lire．
Many researchers also recognize that we must be anthropomorphic(attribute human traits to animals)when we discuss animal emotions but that if we do it carefully and biocentrically(from the animals’point of view)，we can still give due consideration to the animals’position．④As Professor Robert Sapolsky，a world-renowned ethologist and neuroscientist and author of A Primate’s Memoirs notes about his anthropomorphic tendencies when he describes baboon behavior：“0ne hopes that the parts that are blatantly ridiculous will be perceived as such．I’ve nonetheless been stunned by some of my more humorless colleagues--to see that they were not capable of recognizing that．The broader answer， though，is l’m not anthropomorphizin9．Part of the challenge in understanding the behavior of a species is that they look like us for a reason．That’s not projecting human values．That’s primatizing the generalities that we share with them．”No matter what we call it，researchers agree that animals and humans share many traits，including emotions．Thus，we’re not inserting something human into animals，but we’re identifying commonalities and then using human language to communicate what we observe．⑤Being anthropomorphic is doing what’s natural and necessary to understand animal emotions． Over the years，I’ve noticed a curious phenomenon that I call anthropomorphic double-talk．If someone says that an animal is happy，no one questions it，but if someone says that an animal is unhappy，then charges of anthropomorphism are immediately raised and sceptics ask，“How do you know this?”This is especially true of people who try to justify keeping animals in ZOOS or using them for invasive research．Of course，seeing positive emotions is as anthropomorphic as seeing negative emotions。 but some people just don’t get it．[460 words]
1．By sayin9“I’m glad l wasn’t their d09”the author means that______．
A．those scientists know little about the feelings of animals
B．feelings can scarcely be studied with a microscope
C．few scientists know what it feels like to be a dog
D．a(chǎn)nimals are often mistreated by scientists
2．In the first paragraph，“the paradigm has shifted to such an extent”means that______．
A．some people still argue that animals don’t have emotions
B．most researchers today know little about animal emotions
C．few researchers fail to recognize that animals have emotions
D．cognitive ethnology has been developed rapidly in the last 30 years
3．The author feels less unrestrained when talking about animaI emotions because______．
A．most animals have emotions as strong as human beings do
B．most colleagues are on his side when talking about animals
C．a(chǎn)nimals usually have mixed，and even conflicting emotions
D．the view of animal emotions has become much more popular
4．According to Professor Robert Sapolsky，______．
A．no human traits cannot be attributed to animals
B．a(chǎn)nimals and humans have commonalities，such as emotions
C．a(chǎn)nimal emotions should be discussed from their point of view
D．the study of animal behavior has nothing to do with human values
5．Some people are reluctant to hear“an animal is unhappy”for the reason that______．kaoshida,examda.com
A．they usually prefer positive emotions to negative ones
B．the emotions animals have are usually happy rather than sad
C．a(chǎn)nimals experience more happy emotions than unhappy ones
D．they refuse to stop using animals for the benefit of their own
Many researchers also recognize that we must be anthropomorphic(attribute human traits to animals)when we discuss animal emotions but that if we do it carefully and biocentrically(from the animals’point of view)，we can still give due consideration to the animals’position．④As Professor Robert Sapolsky，a world-renowned ethologist and neuroscientist and author of A Primate’s Memoirs notes about his anthropomorphic tendencies when he describes baboon behavior：“0ne hopes that the parts that are blatantly ridiculous will be perceived as such．I’ve nonetheless been stunned by some of my more humorless colleagues--to see that they were not capable of recognizing that．The broader answer， though，is l’m not anthropomorphizin9．Part of the challenge in understanding the behavior of a species is that they look like us for a reason．That’s not projecting human values．That’s primatizing the generalities that we share with them．”No matter what we call it，researchers agree that animals and humans share many traits，including emotions．Thus，we’re not inserting something human into animals，but we’re identifying commonalities and then using human language to communicate what we observe．⑤Being anthropomorphic is doing what’s natural and necessary to understand animal emotions． Over the years，I’ve noticed a curious phenomenon that I call anthropomorphic double-talk．If someone says that an animal is happy，no one questions it，but if someone says that an animal is unhappy，then charges of anthropomorphism are immediately raised and sceptics ask，“How do you know this?”This is especially true of people who try to justify keeping animals in ZOOS or using them for invasive research．Of course，seeing positive emotions is as anthropomorphic as seeing negative emotions。 but some people just don’t get it．[460 words]
1．By sayin9“I’m glad l wasn’t their d09”the author means that______．
A．those scientists know little about the feelings of animals
B．feelings can scarcely be studied with a microscope
C．few scientists know what it feels like to be a dog
D．a(chǎn)nimals are often mistreated by scientists
2．In the first paragraph，“the paradigm has shifted to such an extent”means that______．
A．some people still argue that animals don’t have emotions
B．most researchers today know little about animal emotions
C．few researchers fail to recognize that animals have emotions
D．cognitive ethnology has been developed rapidly in the last 30 years
3．The author feels less unrestrained when talking about animaI emotions because______．
A．most animals have emotions as strong as human beings do
B．most colleagues are on his side when talking about animals
C．a(chǎn)nimals usually have mixed，and even conflicting emotions
D．the view of animal emotions has become much more popular
4．According to Professor Robert Sapolsky，______．
A．no human traits cannot be attributed to animals
B．a(chǎn)nimals and humans have commonalities，such as emotions
C．a(chǎn)nimal emotions should be discussed from their point of view
D．the study of animal behavior has nothing to do with human values
5．Some people are reluctant to hear“an animal is unhappy”for the reason that______．kaoshida,examda.com
A．they usually prefer positive emotions to negative ones
B．the emotions animals have are usually happy rather than sad
C．a(chǎn)nimals experience more happy emotions than unhappy ones
D．they refuse to stop using animals for the benefit of their own