高考英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考題分析
1. Anyone ______ bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police.
A. seen carry B. seen carrying C. saw to carry D. saw carrying
【賞析】此題答案選B，anyone seen carrying bags…為 anyone who was seen carrying bags 之略，其中過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) seen carrying bags … 用作定語(yǔ)修飾代詞 anyone。另外，句中的 who was seen carrying bags 為 see sb doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)式。
2. Now everyone here was working hard and doing what they could _______ more money.
A. make B. to make C. making D. made
【賞析】此題容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could 就斷定此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形 make。其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B，此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動(dòng)詞 do，若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為Now everyone here was working hard and doing what they could do to make more money，即句中的不定式短語(yǔ)(to make more money)是用作目的狀語(yǔ)的，而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(could)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭?lèi)似例句：
(1) My parents did what they could _____ my aunt and uncle.
A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped
(2) He read what he could _____ his knowledge.
A. widen B. to widen C. widening D. widened
以上兩題均選B，即選不定式，且此不定式為目的狀語(yǔ)。但是，同學(xué)們?nèi)魮?jù)此形成思維定勢(shì)，也會(huì)麻煩。為此，請(qǐng)?jiān)倏磧深}：
(3) He ran as fast as he could ____to catch the bus.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案不是B，而是C，其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) hoping to catch the bus 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，即一邊跑一邊希望能趕上早班車(chē)。但是，如果選B，將 to hope to catch the bus 視為目的狀語(yǔ)行不行呢？不行。因?yàn)椤八疵嘏堋蹦康氖恰盀榱粟s上公共汽車(chē)”，而不是“為了希望趕上公共汽車(chē)”，換句話說(shuō)，將“希望”作為“目的”不妥。因?yàn)橥瑯拥脑颍旅嬉活}也應(yīng)選 hoping：
He studied as hard as he could _____ to enter a good college.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
(4) He spent every minute he could ______ foreign languages.
A. study B. to study C. studying D. studied
此題也應(yīng)選C，但是，它與上題選現(xiàn)在分詞 hoping 表伴隨有所不同，此題的 studying 其實(shí)與其前的動(dòng)詞 spend 有關(guān)，即套用的是“spend + 時(shí)間或金錢(qián) + (in) doing sth”這一句型。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for sports.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【賞析】此題答案為B?，F(xiàn)分析如下：
(1) devote 意為“致力于，獻(xiàn)身于”，主要用于 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯(cuò)誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，用作狀語(yǔ)。
(4) 選C錯(cuò)誤：因?yàn)閍ll her time 與 devote 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯(cuò)誤：若單獨(dú)看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，但問(wèn)題是逗號(hào)前后兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句沒(méi)有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對(duì)，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或?qū)中的is 改為 being也可以。
4. “What made her struggle _____ an artist so hard?” “____ she was a woman.”
A. became, 不填 B. to become, 不填 C. become, That D. to become, That
【賞析】此題容易誤選C，想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為第一空應(yīng)填 become (不帶to)，是因?yàn)槠淝坝惺挂蹌?dòng)詞 made。其實(shí)，此題應(yīng)選D，在 What made her struggle to become an artist so hard? 一句中，what 是句子主語(yǔ)，made 是謂語(yǔ)，her struggle to become an artist 是賓語(yǔ) (其中的不定式 to become an artist 是修飾her struggle 的定語(yǔ))，so hard 是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。許多同學(xué)誤選C是將 her struggle 看作賓語(yǔ)，而將 become an artist 看作是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，照此分析，so hard 又是什么成分呢？第二空填 That，用以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句 (此 that 不可省略)，其后的謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)等被省略，若補(bǔ)充完整，即為 That she was a woman made her struggle to become an artist so hard.
5. I found I could easily make myself ______ by using sign language.
A. understood B. understand C. to understand D. being understood
【賞析】答案選A，但容易誤選B，即硬套“make + 名詞或代詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。但是對(duì)于該結(jié)構(gòu)同學(xué)們忽略了一點(diǎn)，就是該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞應(yīng)與其后動(dòng)詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，而對(duì)于上面一題，myself 與動(dòng)詞 understand 顯然不是主謂關(guān)系，而是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，或者說(shuō)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故此時(shí)的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)。又如：
(1) As a teacher, you should make yourself _____.
A. respect B. respecting C. respected D. to respect
(2) He spoke loudly so as to make his voice _____.
A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. to hear
(3) Do you know what made her so ______?
A. frighten B. frightening C. frightened D. to frighten
答案均選C，即用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義（其中 frightened 為過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的形容詞）。
6. Once your business becomes international, _____ constantly will be part of your life.
A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying
【賞析】答案為D。由于空格后出現(xiàn)了constantly這一副詞，這就說(shuō)明不能選B或C，因?yàn)锽、C均為名詞，不能受副詞 constantly 的修飾。A和D均是可能的，因?yàn)槠渲杏袆?dòng)詞 fly。但若選A，you fly 是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，與其后的謂語(yǔ) will be 相沖突，所以只能選D，即動(dòng)名詞flying在此用作主語(yǔ)。
7. Not only should you get used ______ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention ______ your work well.
A. to work, to do B. to working, to doing C. to work, to doing D. to working, to do
【賞析】正確答案為B，因?yàn)?get used to與pay attention to 這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的to均為介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不能用動(dòng)詞原形。類(lèi)似地，以下各結(jié)構(gòu)中的 to 也是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)也應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞，而不是動(dòng)詞原形：
look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
be opposed to doing sth 反對(duì)做某事
object to doing sth反對(duì)做某事
stick to doing sth 堅(jiān)持做某事
get down to doing sth 開(kāi)始做某事
take to doing sth 喜歡上做某事
admit to doing 承認(rèn)做了某事
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的時(shí)間用于(奉獻(xiàn)于)做某事
be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能勝任做某事
What do you say to doing sth 你認(rèn)為做某事怎么樣
8. “Do you have anything more ______, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something else.”
A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D. to type
【賞析】此題容易誤選D，根據(jù) have sth to do 這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)推出。其實(shí)，答案是B。確實(shí)，在“have+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，用作定語(yǔ)的不定式通常用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義，如 I have some clothes to wash等，即盡管其中的 some clothes 與其后的不定式 to wash 具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但卻習(xí)慣上用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。但值得指出的是，這類(lèi)句型的主語(yǔ)與其后的不定式具有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，如 I have some clothes to wash 中的 to wash 就是由該句主語(yǔ) I 來(lái)完成的。而上面一題的情形有所不同，即其中的 to type 這一動(dòng)作不是由句子主語(yǔ) you來(lái)完成的，而是由說(shuō)話者“我”來(lái)完成的。比較：
Are you going to Shanghai? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去上海嗎？你有什么東西要帶給你兒子嗎？
I’m going to Shanghai next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下個(gè)星期我要去上海，我隨身要帶很多東西去。
1. Anyone ______ bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police.
A. seen carry B. seen carrying C. saw to carry D. saw carrying
【賞析】此題答案選B，anyone seen carrying bags…為 anyone who was seen carrying bags 之略，其中過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) seen carrying bags … 用作定語(yǔ)修飾代詞 anyone。另外，句中的 who was seen carrying bags 為 see sb doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)式。
2. Now everyone here was working hard and doing what they could _______ more money.
A. make B. to make C. making D. made
【賞析】此題容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could 就斷定此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形 make。其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B，此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動(dòng)詞 do，若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為Now everyone here was working hard and doing what they could do to make more money，即句中的不定式短語(yǔ)(to make more money)是用作目的狀語(yǔ)的，而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(could)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭?lèi)似例句：
(1) My parents did what they could _____ my aunt and uncle.
A. help B. to help C. helping D. helped
(2) He read what he could _____ his knowledge.
A. widen B. to widen C. widening D. widened
以上兩題均選B，即選不定式，且此不定式為目的狀語(yǔ)。但是，同學(xué)們?nèi)魮?jù)此形成思維定勢(shì)，也會(huì)麻煩。為此，請(qǐng)?jiān)倏磧深}：
(3) He ran as fast as he could ____to catch the bus.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案不是B，而是C，其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) hoping to catch the bus 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，即一邊跑一邊希望能趕上早班車(chē)。但是，如果選B，將 to hope to catch the bus 視為目的狀語(yǔ)行不行呢？不行。因?yàn)椤八疵嘏堋蹦康氖恰盀榱粟s上公共汽車(chē)”，而不是“為了希望趕上公共汽車(chē)”，換句話說(shuō)，將“希望”作為“目的”不妥。因?yàn)橥瑯拥脑颍旅嬉活}也應(yīng)選 hoping：
He studied as hard as he could _____ to enter a good college.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
(4) He spent every minute he could ______ foreign languages.
A. study B. to study C. studying D. studied
此題也應(yīng)選C，但是，它與上題選現(xiàn)在分詞 hoping 表伴隨有所不同，此題的 studying 其實(shí)與其前的動(dòng)詞 spend 有關(guān)，即套用的是“spend + 時(shí)間或金錢(qián) + (in) doing sth”這一句型。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for sports.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【賞析】此題答案為B?，F(xiàn)分析如下：
(1) devote 意為“致力于，獻(xiàn)身于”，主要用于 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯(cuò)誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，用作狀語(yǔ)。
(4) 選C錯(cuò)誤：因?yàn)閍ll her time 與 devote 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯(cuò)誤：若單獨(dú)看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)，但問(wèn)題是逗號(hào)前后兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句沒(méi)有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對(duì)，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或?qū)中的is 改為 being也可以。
4. “What made her struggle _____ an artist so hard?” “____ she was a woman.”
A. became, 不填 B. to become, 不填 C. become, That D. to become, That
【賞析】此題容易誤選C，想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為第一空應(yīng)填 become (不帶to)，是因?yàn)槠淝坝惺挂蹌?dòng)詞 made。其實(shí)，此題應(yīng)選D，在 What made her struggle to become an artist so hard? 一句中，what 是句子主語(yǔ)，made 是謂語(yǔ)，her struggle to become an artist 是賓語(yǔ) (其中的不定式 to become an artist 是修飾her struggle 的定語(yǔ))，so hard 是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。許多同學(xué)誤選C是將 her struggle 看作賓語(yǔ)，而將 become an artist 看作是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，照此分析，so hard 又是什么成分呢？第二空填 That，用以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句 (此 that 不可省略)，其后的謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)等被省略，若補(bǔ)充完整，即為 That she was a woman made her struggle to become an artist so hard.
5. I found I could easily make myself ______ by using sign language.
A. understood B. understand C. to understand D. being understood
【賞析】答案選A，但容易誤選B，即硬套“make + 名詞或代詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。但是對(duì)于該結(jié)構(gòu)同學(xué)們忽略了一點(diǎn)，就是該結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞應(yīng)與其后動(dòng)詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，而對(duì)于上面一題，myself 與動(dòng)詞 understand 顯然不是主謂關(guān)系，而是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，或者說(shuō)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故此時(shí)的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)。又如：
(1) As a teacher, you should make yourself _____.
A. respect B. respecting C. respected D. to respect
(2) He spoke loudly so as to make his voice _____.
A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. to hear
(3) Do you know what made her so ______?
A. frighten B. frightening C. frightened D. to frighten
答案均選C，即用過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義（其中 frightened 為過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的形容詞）。
6. Once your business becomes international, _____ constantly will be part of your life.
A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying
【賞析】答案為D。由于空格后出現(xiàn)了constantly這一副詞，這就說(shuō)明不能選B或C，因?yàn)锽、C均為名詞，不能受副詞 constantly 的修飾。A和D均是可能的，因?yàn)槠渲杏袆?dòng)詞 fly。但若選A，you fly 是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，與其后的謂語(yǔ) will be 相沖突，所以只能選D，即動(dòng)名詞flying在此用作主語(yǔ)。
7. Not only should you get used ______ under difficult conditions but you also you pay more attention ______ your work well.
A. to work, to do B. to working, to doing C. to work, to doing D. to working, to do
【賞析】正確答案為B，因?yàn)?get used to與pay attention to 這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的to均為介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不能用動(dòng)詞原形。類(lèi)似地，以下各結(jié)構(gòu)中的 to 也是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)也應(yīng)用動(dòng)名詞，而不是動(dòng)詞原形：
look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
be opposed to doing sth 反對(duì)做某事
object to doing sth反對(duì)做某事
stick to doing sth 堅(jiān)持做某事
get down to doing sth 開(kāi)始做某事
take to doing sth 喜歡上做某事
admit to doing 承認(rèn)做了某事
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的時(shí)間用于(奉獻(xiàn)于)做某事
be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能勝任做某事
What do you say to doing sth 你認(rèn)為做某事怎么樣
8. “Do you have anything more ______, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something else.”
A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D. to type
【賞析】此題容易誤選D，根據(jù) have sth to do 這一常用結(jié)構(gòu)推出。其實(shí)，答案是B。確實(shí)，在“have+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，用作定語(yǔ)的不定式通常用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義，如 I have some clothes to wash等，即盡管其中的 some clothes 與其后的不定式 to wash 具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系，但卻習(xí)慣上用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。但值得指出的是，這類(lèi)句型的主語(yǔ)與其后的不定式具有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，如 I have some clothes to wash 中的 to wash 就是由該句主語(yǔ) I 來(lái)完成的。而上面一題的情形有所不同，即其中的 to type 這一動(dòng)作不是由句子主語(yǔ) you來(lái)完成的，而是由說(shuō)話者“我”來(lái)完成的。比較：
Are you going to Shanghai? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去上海嗎？你有什么東西要帶給你兒子嗎？
I’m going to Shanghai next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下個(gè)星期我要去上海，我隨身要帶很多東西去。