. 什么是推理？
推理是應(yīng)用實(shí)例（論據(jù)）得出結(jié)論（論點(diǎn)）的過程。作者可能舉出一個或數(shù)個相關(guān)的證據(jù)，附之理由，最后推出一個正確（或者可能正確）的結(jié)論。
下面這篇短文就包含推理:
New evidence shows that the AIDS virus may not be as lethal as it has been thought to be and that some people may be able to develop a defense against it. The evidence involves an appreciable number of people who have been HIV positive for many years (some of them for twelve years or more). Lab tests show that the virus is present in their blood. But they have not developed any symptoms of AIDS. They continue to be in good health and show no signs of developing the disease. Some researchers estimate that as many as 5% of those infected by the virus may be in this category and that they will never develop the disease.
這里，作者做出了艾滋病病毒到底有多致命的論述：也許，艾滋病毒并非100%致命。有些人能抵抗這種病毒，或許是因?yàn)樽匀幻庖吡?。然后，作者舉出實(shí)例/事實(shí)來證明這個論述是正確的：有些人很多年以前就感染了艾滋病毒但卻根本就沒有擴(kuò)張的跡象。我們可以這么認(rèn)為，寫這篇文章的作者引用這個事實(shí)來證明他關(guān)于艾滋病毒有多致命的論點(diǎn)。
2. 前提（Premises）和結(jié)論（Conclusions）
在這個推理中，作者用一些論述來支持其它的論述。被支持的論述稱為結(jié)論，而用以支持的論述則為前提。在一個推理中，或許會有一個以上的結(jié)論和多個前提。在這段關(guān)于艾滋病的推理中就有一系列相互聯(lián)系的結(jié)論：
New evidence shows that the AIDS virus may not be as lethal as it has been thought to be and that some people may be able to develop a defense against it.
在支持這些結(jié)論時，作者引用了這樣的事實(shí)：很多人在就感染了艾滋病毒，但卻沒有得病的跡象。后面那一句就是前提。
怎樣識別前提和結(jié)論呢？可靠的線索經(jīng)常由一些關(guān)鍵詞引出，而我們可以利用這些關(guān)鍵詞來識別前提和結(jié)論。以下這些詞經(jīng)常用來引出結(jié)論：
So...
This shows that...
Therefore...
We can infer that...
Hence...
Consequently...
It follows that...
This indicates that...
For that reason, we may say...
而下面這些詞則引出推理的前提：
The reason is that...
Because...
Since...
Evidence...
On the basis of...
It follows from...
In view of...
We may infer from...
一旦你能分辨出哪些是前提而哪些是結(jié)論，你就很容易分析前提是否有效地支持結(jié)論。在很多邏輯推理題中，前提和結(jié)論中間存在著一個gap，即假設(shè)。你所做的是找出這個gap（假設(shè)），然后用它來回答后面的問題。如上面的那個關(guān)于艾滋病的推理，其中的一個未闡述的假設(shè)是“關(guān)于艾滋病范者的數(shù)據(jù)是正確的”?？偟恼f來，邏輯推理的方程式是這樣的：
Premises + Assumptions = Conclusion
3. 三段論思維---尋找假設(shè)的方法
什么是三段論？韋氏字典里面的解析是這樣的: Every virtue is laudable; kindness is a virtue; therefore, kindness is laudable。用最簡單的表達(dá)方式就是：如果A→B ，而且B→C，那么A→C。
推理是應(yīng)用實(shí)例（論據(jù)）得出結(jié)論（論點(diǎn)）的過程。作者可能舉出一個或數(shù)個相關(guān)的證據(jù)，附之理由，最后推出一個正確（或者可能正確）的結(jié)論。
下面這篇短文就包含推理:
New evidence shows that the AIDS virus may not be as lethal as it has been thought to be and that some people may be able to develop a defense against it. The evidence involves an appreciable number of people who have been HIV positive for many years (some of them for twelve years or more). Lab tests show that the virus is present in their blood. But they have not developed any symptoms of AIDS. They continue to be in good health and show no signs of developing the disease. Some researchers estimate that as many as 5% of those infected by the virus may be in this category and that they will never develop the disease.
這里，作者做出了艾滋病病毒到底有多致命的論述：也許，艾滋病毒并非100%致命。有些人能抵抗這種病毒，或許是因?yàn)樽匀幻庖吡?。然后，作者舉出實(shí)例/事實(shí)來證明這個論述是正確的：有些人很多年以前就感染了艾滋病毒但卻根本就沒有擴(kuò)張的跡象。我們可以這么認(rèn)為，寫這篇文章的作者引用這個事實(shí)來證明他關(guān)于艾滋病毒有多致命的論點(diǎn)。
2. 前提（Premises）和結(jié)論（Conclusions）
在這個推理中，作者用一些論述來支持其它的論述。被支持的論述稱為結(jié)論，而用以支持的論述則為前提。在一個推理中，或許會有一個以上的結(jié)論和多個前提。在這段關(guān)于艾滋病的推理中就有一系列相互聯(lián)系的結(jié)論：
New evidence shows that the AIDS virus may not be as lethal as it has been thought to be and that some people may be able to develop a defense against it.
在支持這些結(jié)論時，作者引用了這樣的事實(shí)：很多人在就感染了艾滋病毒，但卻沒有得病的跡象。后面那一句就是前提。
怎樣識別前提和結(jié)論呢？可靠的線索經(jīng)常由一些關(guān)鍵詞引出，而我們可以利用這些關(guān)鍵詞來識別前提和結(jié)論。以下這些詞經(jīng)常用來引出結(jié)論：
So...
This shows that...
Therefore...
We can infer that...
Hence...
Consequently...
It follows that...
This indicates that...
For that reason, we may say...
而下面這些詞則引出推理的前提：
The reason is that...
Because...
Since...
Evidence...
On the basis of...
It follows from...
In view of...
We may infer from...
一旦你能分辨出哪些是前提而哪些是結(jié)論，你就很容易分析前提是否有效地支持結(jié)論。在很多邏輯推理題中，前提和結(jié)論中間存在著一個gap，即假設(shè)。你所做的是找出這個gap（假設(shè)），然后用它來回答后面的問題。如上面的那個關(guān)于艾滋病的推理，其中的一個未闡述的假設(shè)是“關(guān)于艾滋病范者的數(shù)據(jù)是正確的”?？偟恼f來，邏輯推理的方程式是這樣的：
Premises + Assumptions = Conclusion
3. 三段論思維---尋找假設(shè)的方法
什么是三段論？韋氏字典里面的解析是這樣的: Every virtue is laudable; kindness is a virtue; therefore, kindness is laudable。用最簡單的表達(dá)方式就是：如果A→B ，而且B→C，那么A→C。