修辭目的題(Rhetorical Purpose)：考查讀者透過(guò)表面特定的修辭方法/方式發(fā)掘潛在的目的能力。要求讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)外在修辭特征背后的修辭目的。
例題：
Fine-art objects are not constructed by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demand of the laws of physics, not the sculptor’s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).
Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?
A. To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that an artist tries to overcome.
B. To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics
C. To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to the laws of physics
D. To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology
[解析]
正確答案是A。這一端是一個(gè)完整篇章的節(jié)選，完整的文章參見(jiàn)本書(shū)第18頁(yè)的文章。這篇文章從多個(gè)角度分析了applied-art object和fine-art object的不同。如果讀一下全文，我們會(huì)知道本題中的這一段是從laws of physics（物理規(guī)律）是如何在這兩類(lèi)藝術(shù)品上應(yīng)用的，具體的講，這一段是講物理規(guī)律是如何應(yīng)用在fine-art object上的。
這一段的第一、二句話告訴我們：“fine-art objects在應(yīng)用物理規(guī)律時(shí)是與applied-art objects不同的。與applied-art objects不同，fine-art objects在應(yīng)用物理規(guī)律時(shí)不注重功能，更加關(guān)注的是材料的使用”。這些信息就排除了選項(xiàng)B，因?yàn)樵谥谱鱢ine-art objects的時(shí)候藝術(shù)家們也是要關(guān)注物理規(guī)律的，只是從功能轉(zhuǎn)到了材料應(yīng)用上。在接下來(lái)的幾句中，作者提供的是具體的細(xì)節(jié)，考生完全沒(méi)有必要太拘泥于理解細(xì)節(jié)中的每一個(gè)詞，相反，考生應(yīng)該通過(guò)這接下來(lái)的幾句話了解到一下信息：為了使雕塑作品穩(wěn)定，藝術(shù)家必須了解properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress這些物理規(guī)律。畫(huà)家也必須了解一些物理規(guī)律，這樣才能使自己的畫(huà)避免 “canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor”這樣的損害。在講完這兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)之后，作者說(shuō)“These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work”，“這些問(wèn)題是藝術(shù)家在完成作品是必須克服的”。然后用for example來(lái)帶出一個(gè)具體的例子，這也是細(xì)節(jié)。而引用這個(gè)例子的目的就是為了說(shuō)明“這些問(wèn)題是藝術(shù)家在完成作品是必須克服的”，所以顯而易見(jiàn)的是符合選
例題：
Fine-art objects are not constructed by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demand of the laws of physics, not the sculptor’s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).
Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?
A. To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that an artist tries to overcome.
B. To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics
C. To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to the laws of physics
D. To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology
[解析]
正確答案是A。這一端是一個(gè)完整篇章的節(jié)選，完整的文章參見(jiàn)本書(shū)第18頁(yè)的文章。這篇文章從多個(gè)角度分析了applied-art object和fine-art object的不同。如果讀一下全文，我們會(huì)知道本題中的這一段是從laws of physics（物理規(guī)律）是如何在這兩類(lèi)藝術(shù)品上應(yīng)用的，具體的講，這一段是講物理規(guī)律是如何應(yīng)用在fine-art object上的。
這一段的第一、二句話告訴我們：“fine-art objects在應(yīng)用物理規(guī)律時(shí)是與applied-art objects不同的。與applied-art objects不同，fine-art objects在應(yīng)用物理規(guī)律時(shí)不注重功能，更加關(guān)注的是材料的使用”。這些信息就排除了選項(xiàng)B，因?yàn)樵谥谱鱢ine-art objects的時(shí)候藝術(shù)家們也是要關(guān)注物理規(guī)律的，只是從功能轉(zhuǎn)到了材料應(yīng)用上。在接下來(lái)的幾句中，作者提供的是具體的細(xì)節(jié)，考生完全沒(méi)有必要太拘泥于理解細(xì)節(jié)中的每一個(gè)詞，相反，考生應(yīng)該通過(guò)這接下來(lái)的幾句話了解到一下信息：為了使雕塑作品穩(wěn)定，藝術(shù)家必須了解properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress這些物理規(guī)律。畫(huà)家也必須了解一些物理規(guī)律，這樣才能使自己的畫(huà)避免 “canvas will be taut, and the paint must not crack, deteriorate, or discolor”這樣的損害。在講完這兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)之后，作者說(shuō)“These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work”，“這些問(wèn)題是藝術(shù)家在完成作品是必須克服的”。然后用for example來(lái)帶出一個(gè)具體的例子，這也是細(xì)節(jié)。而引用這個(gè)例子的目的就是為了說(shuō)明“這些問(wèn)題是藝術(shù)家在完成作品是必須克服的”，所以顯而易見(jiàn)的是符合選