P3
Before the 1850’s the United States had a number of small colleges ,most of them dating from colonial days .They were small ,church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students .
Throughout Europe ,institutions of higher learning had developed ,bearing the ancient name of university .In Germany a different kind of university had developed . The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home ,went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges --- Harvard ,Yale , Columbia --- and transform them into modem universities .The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing , in which the professor’s own research was presented in class . Graduate training leading to the Ph.D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment ,was introduced .With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question ,analyze, and conduct their own research .
At the same time ,the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old , constricted curriculum of mathematics ,classics ,rhetoric ,and music . The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system ,by which students were able to choose their own courses of study .The notion of major fields of study emerged .The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society ,the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime . Students were also trained as economists ,architects ,agriculturalists ,social welfare workers ,and teachers.
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date : n. 日期,約會(huì),棗椰子;vt. 約會(huì),定日期;vi. 注明日期,過(guò)時(shí);n. DOS命令:顯示或設(shè)置系統(tǒng)日期
colonial : a. 殖民的,殖民地的
connect : vt. vi. 連接,聯(lián)合,關(guān)連
primary : n. 主要者,原色;a. 主要的,初期的,根本的,首要的,基本的
concern : n. 關(guān)心,憂慮;vt. 與...有關(guān),使擔(dān)心,掛慮
moral : n. 道德,品行,寓意;a. 道德的,品性端正的,良心的
bearing : n. 舉止,軸承,忍受,方向,意義,關(guān)系,生育
ancient : a. 遠(yuǎn)古的,舊的
develop : vt. 發(fā)展,發(fā)達(dá),進(jìn)步,洗印,顯影;vi. 發(fā)展,生長(zhǎng)
primarily : ad. 主要地,首先地,基本地
spreading : 撒布
dissatisfy : vt. 使感覺(jué)不滿,不滿足
advanced : a. 高等的,在前的,年老的,先進(jìn)的
venerable : a. 莊嚴(yán)的,值得尊敬的
Harvard : 美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)
Yale : n. 耶魯
Columbia : n. 哥倫比亞
transform : vt. 轉(zhuǎn)換,改變,改造,使...變形;vi. 改變,轉(zhuǎn)化,變換
tie : n. 帶子,線,鞋帶,不分勝負(fù),關(guān)系,領(lǐng)帶,領(lǐng)結(jié),平局,束縛;vt. 系,打結(jié),扎,約束,與...成平局;vi. 結(jié)合,打結(jié),不分勝負(fù)
faculty : n. 才能,能力,全體教員,(大學(xué)的)系
hire : n. 租金,租用,雇用;vt. 雇請(qǐng),出租;vi. 受雇
proper : a. 適當(dāng)?shù)?高尚的,專屬的;ad. 完全地,徹底地
discipline : n. 訓(xùn)練,紀(jì)律;vt. 訓(xùn)練,懲罰
principle : n. 原則,原理,主義
compose : vt. 組成,寫作,作曲,使平靜,編寫;vi. 創(chuàng)作,排字
scholar : n. 學(xué)者,公費(fèi)生,有文化者,學(xué)習(xí)者
drilling : n. 演練
rote : n. 機(jī)械性的背誦,反復(fù),死記硬背
lecture : n. 演講,譴責(zé),教訓(xùn);vt. 演講,訓(xùn)誡,說(shuō)教;vi. 講演
present : n. 禮物,現(xiàn)在,瞄準(zhǔn);a.現(xiàn)在的,出席的,當(dāng)面的;vt.介紹,引見(jiàn),贈(zèng)送,上演,提出,呈現(xiàn);vi. 舉槍瞄準(zhǔn)
signify : vt. 象征,預(yù)示;vi. 要緊,重要
attainment : n. 達(dá)到
seminar : n. 研究會(huì),討論發(fā)表會(huì)
analyze : vt. 分析,分解
conduct : n. 行為,舉動(dòng),指導(dǎo);vt.引導(dǎo),指揮,實(shí)施;vi.引導(dǎo),傳導(dǎo),指揮
expand : vt. 使膨脹,詳述,擴(kuò)張;vi. 張開,發(fā)展;v. 展開
constrict : vt. 壓縮,束緊,使收縮;vi. 壓縮
curriculum : n. 課程
classic : n. 古典作品,杰作,第一流藝術(shù)家;a.第一流的,優(yōu)秀的,古典的
rhetoric : n. 修辭,修辭學(xué),華麗虛飾的語(yǔ)言
elective : a. 選舉的,根據(jù)選舉的,選任的;n. 選修課程
notion : n. 概念,觀念,想法,打算,主張
emerge : vi. 浮現(xiàn),形成,(由某種狀態(tài))脫出,(事實(shí))顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)
relevant : a. 有關(guān)聯(lián)的,中肯的,有關(guān)系的,成比例的,相應(yīng)的,適當(dāng)?shù)?BR> pursuit : n. 追蹤,追捕,追求,追趕,工作,職業(yè)
heed : n. 注意,留心;vt. vi. 注意,留心
characteristic : n. 特性,特征,特色;a. 特性的,本性的,有特色的
regime : n. 政權(quán),當(dāng)權(quán)期間,政體,社會(huì)制度
economist : n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)者,經(jīng)濟(jì)家
architect : n. 建筑師,設(shè)計(jì)者,造物主
Before the 1850’s the United States had a number of small colleges ,most of them dating from colonial days .They were small ,church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students .
Throughout Europe ,institutions of higher learning had developed ,bearing the ancient name of university .In Germany a different kind of university had developed . The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home ,went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges --- Harvard ,Yale , Columbia --- and transform them into modem universities .The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing , in which the professor’s own research was presented in class . Graduate training leading to the Ph.D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment ,was introduced .With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question ,analyze, and conduct their own research .
At the same time ,the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old , constricted curriculum of mathematics ,classics ,rhetoric ,and music . The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system ,by which students were able to choose their own courses of study .The notion of major fields of study emerged .The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society ,the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime . Students were also trained as economists ,architects ,agriculturalists ,social welfare workers ,and teachers.
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date : n. 日期,約會(huì),棗椰子;vt. 約會(huì),定日期;vi. 注明日期,過(guò)時(shí);n. DOS命令:顯示或設(shè)置系統(tǒng)日期
colonial : a. 殖民的,殖民地的
connect : vt. vi. 連接,聯(lián)合,關(guān)連
primary : n. 主要者,原色;a. 主要的,初期的,根本的,首要的,基本的
concern : n. 關(guān)心,憂慮;vt. 與...有關(guān),使擔(dān)心,掛慮
moral : n. 道德,品行,寓意;a. 道德的,品性端正的,良心的
bearing : n. 舉止,軸承,忍受,方向,意義,關(guān)系,生育
ancient : a. 遠(yuǎn)古的,舊的
develop : vt. 發(fā)展,發(fā)達(dá),進(jìn)步,洗印,顯影;vi. 發(fā)展,生長(zhǎng)
primarily : ad. 主要地,首先地,基本地
spreading : 撒布
dissatisfy : vt. 使感覺(jué)不滿,不滿足
advanced : a. 高等的,在前的,年老的,先進(jìn)的
venerable : a. 莊嚴(yán)的,值得尊敬的
Harvard : 美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)
Yale : n. 耶魯
Columbia : n. 哥倫比亞
transform : vt. 轉(zhuǎn)換,改變,改造,使...變形;vi. 改變,轉(zhuǎn)化,變換
tie : n. 帶子,線,鞋帶,不分勝負(fù),關(guān)系,領(lǐng)帶,領(lǐng)結(jié),平局,束縛;vt. 系,打結(jié),扎,約束,與...成平局;vi. 結(jié)合,打結(jié),不分勝負(fù)
faculty : n. 才能,能力,全體教員,(大學(xué)的)系
hire : n. 租金,租用,雇用;vt. 雇請(qǐng),出租;vi. 受雇
proper : a. 適當(dāng)?shù)?高尚的,專屬的;ad. 完全地,徹底地
discipline : n. 訓(xùn)練,紀(jì)律;vt. 訓(xùn)練,懲罰
principle : n. 原則,原理,主義
compose : vt. 組成,寫作,作曲,使平靜,編寫;vi. 創(chuàng)作,排字
scholar : n. 學(xué)者,公費(fèi)生,有文化者,學(xué)習(xí)者
drilling : n. 演練
rote : n. 機(jī)械性的背誦,反復(fù),死記硬背
lecture : n. 演講,譴責(zé),教訓(xùn);vt. 演講,訓(xùn)誡,說(shuō)教;vi. 講演
present : n. 禮物,現(xiàn)在,瞄準(zhǔn);a.現(xiàn)在的,出席的,當(dāng)面的;vt.介紹,引見(jiàn),贈(zèng)送,上演,提出,呈現(xiàn);vi. 舉槍瞄準(zhǔn)
signify : vt. 象征,預(yù)示;vi. 要緊,重要
attainment : n. 達(dá)到
seminar : n. 研究會(huì),討論發(fā)表會(huì)
analyze : vt. 分析,分解
conduct : n. 行為,舉動(dòng),指導(dǎo);vt.引導(dǎo),指揮,實(shí)施;vi.引導(dǎo),傳導(dǎo),指揮
expand : vt. 使膨脹,詳述,擴(kuò)張;vi. 張開,發(fā)展;v. 展開
constrict : vt. 壓縮,束緊,使收縮;vi. 壓縮
curriculum : n. 課程
classic : n. 古典作品,杰作,第一流藝術(shù)家;a.第一流的,優(yōu)秀的,古典的
rhetoric : n. 修辭,修辭學(xué),華麗虛飾的語(yǔ)言
elective : a. 選舉的,根據(jù)選舉的,選任的;n. 選修課程
notion : n. 概念,觀念,想法,打算,主張
emerge : vi. 浮現(xiàn),形成,(由某種狀態(tài))脫出,(事實(shí))顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)
relevant : a. 有關(guān)聯(lián)的,中肯的,有關(guān)系的,成比例的,相應(yīng)的,適當(dāng)?shù)?BR> pursuit : n. 追蹤,追捕,追求,追趕,工作,職業(yè)
heed : n. 注意,留心;vt. vi. 注意,留心
characteristic : n. 特性,特征,特色;a. 特性的,本性的,有特色的
regime : n. 政權(quán),當(dāng)權(quán)期間,政體,社會(huì)制度
economist : n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)者,經(jīng)濟(jì)家
architect : n. 建筑師,設(shè)計(jì)者,造物主