29. The price of a full-fare coach ticket from Toronto to Dallas on Breezeway Airlines is the same today as it was a year ago, if inflation is taken into account by calculating prices in constant dollars. However, today 90 percent of the Toronto-to-Dallas coach tickets that Breezeway sells are discount tickets and only 10 percent are full-fare tickets, whereas a year ago half were discount tickets and half were full-fare tickets. Therefore, on average, people pay less today in constant dollars for a Breezeway Toronto-to-Dallas coach ticket than they did a year ago.
Which one of the following, if assumed, would allow the conclusion above to be properly drawn?
(A) A Toronto-to-Dallas full-fare coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines provides ticket-holders with a lower level of service today than such a ticket provided a year ago.
(B) A Toronto-to-Dallas discount coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines costs about the same in constant dollars as they did a year ago.
(C) All full-fare coach tickets on Breezeway Airlines cost the same in constant dollars as they did a year ago.
(D) The average number of coach passengers per flight that Breezeway Airlines carries from Toronto to Dallas today is higher than the average number per flight a year ago.
(E) The criteria that Breezeway Airlines uses for permitting passengers to buy discount coach tickets on the Toronto-to-Dallas route are different today than they were a year ago.
30. Combustion of gasoline in automobile engines produces benzene, a known carcinogen. Environmentalists propose replacing gasoline with methanol, which does not produce significant quantities of benzene when burned. However, combustion of methanol produces FORMaldehyde, also a know carcinogen. Therefore the environmentalists' proposal has little merit.
Which one of the following, if true, most supports the environmentalist' proposal?
(A) The engines of some automobiles now on the road burn diesel fuel rather than gasoline.
(B) Several large research efforts are under way to FORMulate cleaner-burning types of gasoline.
(C) In some regions, the local economy is largely dependent on industries devoted to the production and distribution of automobile fuel.
(D) FORMaldehyde is a less potent carcinogen than benzene.
(E) Since methanol is water soluble, methanol spills are more damaging to the environment than gasoline spills.
Questions 31-32
Political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found on television talk shows, and it might be thought that this state of affairs is a product of the political agenda of the television stations themselves. In fact, television stations are driven by the same economic forces as sellers of more tangible goods. Because they must attempt to capture the largest possible share of the television audience for their shows, they air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people. As a result, political opinions and analyses aired on television talk shows are typically bland and innocuous.
31. An assumption made in the explanation offered by the author of the passage is that
(A) most television viewers cannot agree on which elements of a particular opinion or analysis are most disturbing.
(B) there are television viewers who might refuse to watch television talk shows that they knew would be controversial and disturbing.
(C) each television viewer holds some opinion that is outside the political mainstream, but those opinions are not the same for everyone.
(D) there are television shows on which economic forces have an even greater impact than they do on television talk shows.
(E) the television talk shows of different stations resemble one another in most respects.
32. The explanation offered by the author of the passage makes the assumption that
(A) television station executives usually lack a political agenda of their own
(B) bland and innocuous political opinions and analyses are generally in the mainstream
(C) political analysts outside the mainstream are relatively indifferent to the effect their analyses have on television viewers
(D) most television viewers are prepared to argue against allowing the expression of political opinions and analyses with which they disagree
(E) the political opinions of television station executives are not often reflected in the television shows their stations produce
Questions 33-34
Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower's range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.
33. Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the conservationist's reasoning?
(A) It is better to take measures to preserve a valued type of organism, even if those measures are drastic, than to accept a less valuable substitute for the organism.
(B) It is better to preserve a type of organism that is in danger of extinction, even if surviving organisms of that type are not vigorous, than to allow something more vigorous to replace it.
(C) It is better to change a type of organism that would otherwise be lost, even if the changes are radical, than to lose it entirely.
(D) It is better to destroy one of two competing types of organisms, even if both are irreplaceable, than to allow both of them to be lost.
(E) It is better to protect an endangered type of organism, even if doing so has some negative effects on another type of organism, than to do nothing at all.
34. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the conservationist's reasoning depends?
(A) The wildflower currently reproduces only by FORMing seeds.
(B) The domesticated daisy was bred from wild plants that once grew in the wildflower's range.
(C) Increasing the population of the wildflower will also expand its range.
(D) Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able to reproduce.
(E) The domesticated daisy will cross-pollinate with any daisy like plant.
35. Because of increases in the price of oil and because of government policies promoting energy conservation, the use of oil to heat homes fell by 40 percent from 1970 to the present, and many homeowners switched to natural gas for heating. Because switching to natural gas involved investing in equipment, a significant switch back to oil in the near future is unlikely.
The prediction that ends the passage would be most seriously called into question if it were true that in the last few years.
(A) the price of natural gas to heat homes has remained constant, while the cost of equipment to heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply.
(B) the price of home heating oil has remained constant, while the cost of equipment to heat home with natural gas has risen sharply.
(C) the cost of equipment to heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply, while the price of home heating oil has fallen to 1970 levels.
(D) the cost of equipment to heat homes with oil has fallen sharply, while the price of heating with oil has fallen below the price of heating with natural gas
(E) the use of oil to heat homes has continued to decline, while the price of heating oil has fallen to 1970 levels
36. Sometimes when their trainer gives the hand signal for "Do something creative together" two dolphins circle a pool in tandem and then leap through the air simultaneously. On the other occasions, the same signal elicits synchronized backward swims or tail-waving. These behaviors are not simply learned responses to a given stimulus. Rather, dolphins are capable of higher cognitive <I>function</I>s that may include the use of language and forethought.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
(A) Mammals have some resemblance to one another with respect to bodily <I>function</I> and brain structure.
(B) The dolphins often exhibit complex new responses to the hand signal.
(C) the dolphins are given food incentives as part of their training.
(D) Dolphins do not interact with humans the way they interact with one another.
(E) Some of the behaviors mentioned are exhibited by dolphins in their natural habitat
Which one of the following, if assumed, would allow the conclusion above to be properly drawn?
(A) A Toronto-to-Dallas full-fare coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines provides ticket-holders with a lower level of service today than such a ticket provided a year ago.
(B) A Toronto-to-Dallas discount coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines costs about the same in constant dollars as they did a year ago.
(C) All full-fare coach tickets on Breezeway Airlines cost the same in constant dollars as they did a year ago.
(D) The average number of coach passengers per flight that Breezeway Airlines carries from Toronto to Dallas today is higher than the average number per flight a year ago.
(E) The criteria that Breezeway Airlines uses for permitting passengers to buy discount coach tickets on the Toronto-to-Dallas route are different today than they were a year ago.
30. Combustion of gasoline in automobile engines produces benzene, a known carcinogen. Environmentalists propose replacing gasoline with methanol, which does not produce significant quantities of benzene when burned. However, combustion of methanol produces FORMaldehyde, also a know carcinogen. Therefore the environmentalists' proposal has little merit.
Which one of the following, if true, most supports the environmentalist' proposal?
(A) The engines of some automobiles now on the road burn diesel fuel rather than gasoline.
(B) Several large research efforts are under way to FORMulate cleaner-burning types of gasoline.
(C) In some regions, the local economy is largely dependent on industries devoted to the production and distribution of automobile fuel.
(D) FORMaldehyde is a less potent carcinogen than benzene.
(E) Since methanol is water soluble, methanol spills are more damaging to the environment than gasoline spills.
Questions 31-32
Political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found on television talk shows, and it might be thought that this state of affairs is a product of the political agenda of the television stations themselves. In fact, television stations are driven by the same economic forces as sellers of more tangible goods. Because they must attempt to capture the largest possible share of the television audience for their shows, they air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people. As a result, political opinions and analyses aired on television talk shows are typically bland and innocuous.
31. An assumption made in the explanation offered by the author of the passage is that
(A) most television viewers cannot agree on which elements of a particular opinion or analysis are most disturbing.
(B) there are television viewers who might refuse to watch television talk shows that they knew would be controversial and disturbing.
(C) each television viewer holds some opinion that is outside the political mainstream, but those opinions are not the same for everyone.
(D) there are television shows on which economic forces have an even greater impact than they do on television talk shows.
(E) the television talk shows of different stations resemble one another in most respects.
32. The explanation offered by the author of the passage makes the assumption that
(A) television station executives usually lack a political agenda of their own
(B) bland and innocuous political opinions and analyses are generally in the mainstream
(C) political analysts outside the mainstream are relatively indifferent to the effect their analyses have on television viewers
(D) most television viewers are prepared to argue against allowing the expression of political opinions and analyses with which they disagree
(E) the political opinions of television station executives are not often reflected in the television shows their stations produce
Questions 33-34
Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower's range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.
33. Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the conservationist's reasoning?
(A) It is better to take measures to preserve a valued type of organism, even if those measures are drastic, than to accept a less valuable substitute for the organism.
(B) It is better to preserve a type of organism that is in danger of extinction, even if surviving organisms of that type are not vigorous, than to allow something more vigorous to replace it.
(C) It is better to change a type of organism that would otherwise be lost, even if the changes are radical, than to lose it entirely.
(D) It is better to destroy one of two competing types of organisms, even if both are irreplaceable, than to allow both of them to be lost.
(E) It is better to protect an endangered type of organism, even if doing so has some negative effects on another type of organism, than to do nothing at all.
34. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the conservationist's reasoning depends?
(A) The wildflower currently reproduces only by FORMing seeds.
(B) The domesticated daisy was bred from wild plants that once grew in the wildflower's range.
(C) Increasing the population of the wildflower will also expand its range.
(D) Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able to reproduce.
(E) The domesticated daisy will cross-pollinate with any daisy like plant.
35. Because of increases in the price of oil and because of government policies promoting energy conservation, the use of oil to heat homes fell by 40 percent from 1970 to the present, and many homeowners switched to natural gas for heating. Because switching to natural gas involved investing in equipment, a significant switch back to oil in the near future is unlikely.
The prediction that ends the passage would be most seriously called into question if it were true that in the last few years.
(A) the price of natural gas to heat homes has remained constant, while the cost of equipment to heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply.
(B) the price of home heating oil has remained constant, while the cost of equipment to heat home with natural gas has risen sharply.
(C) the cost of equipment to heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply, while the price of home heating oil has fallen to 1970 levels.
(D) the cost of equipment to heat homes with oil has fallen sharply, while the price of heating with oil has fallen below the price of heating with natural gas
(E) the use of oil to heat homes has continued to decline, while the price of heating oil has fallen to 1970 levels
36. Sometimes when their trainer gives the hand signal for "Do something creative together" two dolphins circle a pool in tandem and then leap through the air simultaneously. On the other occasions, the same signal elicits synchronized backward swims or tail-waving. These behaviors are not simply learned responses to a given stimulus. Rather, dolphins are capable of higher cognitive <I>function</I>s that may include the use of language and forethought.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
(A) Mammals have some resemblance to one another with respect to bodily <I>function</I> and brain structure.
(B) The dolphins often exhibit complex new responses to the hand signal.
(C) the dolphins are given food incentives as part of their training.
(D) Dolphins do not interact with humans the way they interact with one another.
(E) Some of the behaviors mentioned are exhibited by dolphins in their natural habitat