According to Wilson，the term sociobiology was used by John Paul Scott in l946．In l950 Scott suggested sociobiology as a term for the“interdisciplinary science which lies between the fields of biology(particularly ecology and physiology)and psychology and sociology”．Between l950 and l970 the term sociobiology appeared in a number of journal articles，but the terms biosociology and animal sociology were also used．In l971 Wilson titled the last chapter in The Insect Societies“The Prospect for a United Sociobiology”．
The study of social behavior has long been dominated by those who consider the explanations of that behavior to lie in individual experience and particular environmental conditions．①If you look at textbooks in sociology and social psychology，you will find few discussions of possible biological and hereditary factors related to social behaviors．In most mentions of possible hereditary factors，the comments range from slighting to outright derision．It might also be noted that most social psychologists，sociologists， and cultural anthropologists have an extremely limited knowledge of non-human social behavior．We hope that this situation is being changed，at least in some programs．Although it is not the whole story，part of the negative attitude of social psychologists and sociologists toward biological and hereditary factors in behavior stems from a long-standing suspicion or fear of a hereditary elite．
Most proponents of sociobiology come from a tradition different from that of the sociologists，social psychologists。and cultural anthropologists⑦Sociobiologists’backgrounds are generally in the study of non-human behavior．Thus they may feel free to concentrate on the behaviors as they exist，without any external criteria for what behaviors may be desirable from some philosophical position．③
To get an idea of how some sociobiologists might approach a problem。let’s consider the relationship of human adults to infants．Emphasis might be placed on those aspects of adult responses to infants that are common to human groups．One such common element is that infants are attractive to adults of both sexes．This characteristic is shared by most other highly developed primates．There are some local and situational variations in expressions of this human attraction(as there are in monkey troops of the same species)；nevertheless，the basic relationship remains．Here，then，is a critical element in many types of social organization．If this element is considered solely from the standpoint of the environment and culture，you may get one sort of answer．If，as the sociobiologists suggest，you view both hereditary factors and culture and environment，you may get a modified or even different answer to the basis of similarities and differences in the relationship of adults to infants．④[438 words]
1．The term sociobiology is______．
A．frequently used in scientific journal articles
B．the title of a chapter of an essay in a scientific journal
C．a(chǎn) discipline between ecology and physiology
D．a(chǎn) discipline between biosociology and animal sociology
2．The author believes that the explanations of social behavior lies to some extent in______．
A．individual experience
B．particular environmental conditions
C．biological and hereditary factors
D．one’s standpoint of the environment and culture
3．It can be inferred that a______ is most likely to side with a sociobiologist．
A．zoologist
B．botanist
C．physiologist
D．sociologist
4．The last paragraph is written to introduce______．
A．the relationship of adults to infants
B．the common aspects of adult responses to infants
C．the fact that infants are attractive to adults of both sexes
D．the way sociobiologists may use to study a problem
5．This passage is mainly about______．
A．the characteristics of sociobiology
B．the development of sociobiology
C．the importance of studying non-human behavior
D．the relationship of human adults to infants
難句透析
①The study of social behavior has long been dominated by those[who consider the explanations of that behavior tO lie in individual experience and particular environmental conditions]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的部分是“those”的后置定語從句；關(guān)系代詞“wh0”代替“those”，在定語從旬中作主語；賓語是“the explanations of that behavior”；動詞不定式短語“tO lie in…”是賓語補(bǔ)足語；…individual experience and“particular environmental conditions”是動詞不定式“tO lie in”的兩個并列的賓語。
【釋義】有些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)從個人經(jīng)歷和特定環(huán)境因素來解釋社會行為。長期以來這些人一直支配社會行為研究。
②Most proponents of sociobiology come from a tradition[di f ferent from that of the sociologists，social psycholo gists，and cultural anthropologists]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的部分是形容詞短語，用做后置定語，修飾“tradition”；代詞“that’，代替“tradition”。
【釋義】大多數(shù)支持社會生物學(xué)的人遵從的傳統(tǒng)與社會學(xué)家、社會心理學(xué)家和文化人類學(xué)家不同。
③Thus they may feel free tO concentrate on the behaviors [as they exist]，without any external criteria for[what behaviors may be desirable from some philosophical position]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】本句的主語“they”代替前一句的“sociobiologists”。在“as”引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，主語是“they”，代替的是“behaviors”。由“what”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，用做介詞“for”的賓語；這個從句的主語是“what behaviors”。
【釋義】 因而，社會生物學(xué)家可以不受任何約束地關(guān)注實際存在的行為，不會受到任何外在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的約束，不必從某種哲學(xué)角度去探討到底應(yīng)該有什么行為。
④[If，as the sociobiologists suggest，you view both hereditary factors and culture and environment]，you may get a modified or even different answer to the basis of similarities and differences in the relationship of adults to infants．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的部分是“if”引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；名詞“answer”后須用介詞“t0”。
【釋義】如果，正如社會生物學(xué)家建議那樣，你不但考慮文化和環(huán)境，還考慮遺傳因素，那么，要回答是由于什么原因造成了成年人和幼兒之間的相似和不同這個問題，你的答案就會有所變化，甚至完全不一樣了。
The study of social behavior has long been dominated by those who consider the explanations of that behavior to lie in individual experience and particular environmental conditions．①If you look at textbooks in sociology and social psychology，you will find few discussions of possible biological and hereditary factors related to social behaviors．In most mentions of possible hereditary factors，the comments range from slighting to outright derision．It might also be noted that most social psychologists，sociologists， and cultural anthropologists have an extremely limited knowledge of non-human social behavior．We hope that this situation is being changed，at least in some programs．Although it is not the whole story，part of the negative attitude of social psychologists and sociologists toward biological and hereditary factors in behavior stems from a long-standing suspicion or fear of a hereditary elite．
Most proponents of sociobiology come from a tradition different from that of the sociologists，social psychologists。and cultural anthropologists⑦Sociobiologists’backgrounds are generally in the study of non-human behavior．Thus they may feel free to concentrate on the behaviors as they exist，without any external criteria for what behaviors may be desirable from some philosophical position．③
To get an idea of how some sociobiologists might approach a problem。let’s consider the relationship of human adults to infants．Emphasis might be placed on those aspects of adult responses to infants that are common to human groups．One such common element is that infants are attractive to adults of both sexes．This characteristic is shared by most other highly developed primates．There are some local and situational variations in expressions of this human attraction(as there are in monkey troops of the same species)；nevertheless，the basic relationship remains．Here，then，is a critical element in many types of social organization．If this element is considered solely from the standpoint of the environment and culture，you may get one sort of answer．If，as the sociobiologists suggest，you view both hereditary factors and culture and environment，you may get a modified or even different answer to the basis of similarities and differences in the relationship of adults to infants．④[438 words]
1．The term sociobiology is______．
A．frequently used in scientific journal articles
B．the title of a chapter of an essay in a scientific journal
C．a(chǎn) discipline between ecology and physiology
D．a(chǎn) discipline between biosociology and animal sociology
2．The author believes that the explanations of social behavior lies to some extent in______．
A．individual experience
B．particular environmental conditions
C．biological and hereditary factors
D．one’s standpoint of the environment and culture
3．It can be inferred that a______ is most likely to side with a sociobiologist．
A．zoologist
B．botanist
C．physiologist
D．sociologist
4．The last paragraph is written to introduce______．
A．the relationship of adults to infants
B．the common aspects of adult responses to infants
C．the fact that infants are attractive to adults of both sexes
D．the way sociobiologists may use to study a problem
5．This passage is mainly about______．
A．the characteristics of sociobiology
B．the development of sociobiology
C．the importance of studying non-human behavior
D．the relationship of human adults to infants
難句透析
①The study of social behavior has long been dominated by those[who consider the explanations of that behavior tO lie in individual experience and particular environmental conditions]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的部分是“those”的后置定語從句；關(guān)系代詞“wh0”代替“those”，在定語從旬中作主語；賓語是“the explanations of that behavior”；動詞不定式短語“tO lie in…”是賓語補(bǔ)足語；…individual experience and“particular environmental conditions”是動詞不定式“tO lie in”的兩個并列的賓語。
【釋義】有些人認(rèn)為應(yīng)從個人經(jīng)歷和特定環(huán)境因素來解釋社會行為。長期以來這些人一直支配社會行為研究。
②Most proponents of sociobiology come from a tradition[di f ferent from that of the sociologists，social psycholo gists，and cultural anthropologists]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的部分是形容詞短語，用做后置定語，修飾“tradition”；代詞“that’，代替“tradition”。
【釋義】大多數(shù)支持社會生物學(xué)的人遵從的傳統(tǒng)與社會學(xué)家、社會心理學(xué)家和文化人類學(xué)家不同。
③Thus they may feel free tO concentrate on the behaviors [as they exist]，without any external criteria for[what behaviors may be desirable from some philosophical position]．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】本句的主語“they”代替前一句的“sociobiologists”。在“as”引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，主語是“they”，代替的是“behaviors”。由“what”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，用做介詞“for”的賓語；這個從句的主語是“what behaviors”。
【釋義】 因而，社會生物學(xué)家可以不受任何約束地關(guān)注實際存在的行為，不會受到任何外在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的約束，不必從某種哲學(xué)角度去探討到底應(yīng)該有什么行為。
④[If，as the sociobiologists suggest，you view both hereditary factors and culture and environment]，you may get a modified or even different answer to the basis of similarities and differences in the relationship of adults to infants．
【結(jié)構(gòu)】在本句中，方括號標(biāo)示的部分是“if”引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；名詞“answer”后須用介詞“t0”。
【釋義】如果，正如社會生物學(xué)家建議那樣，你不但考慮文化和環(huán)境，還考慮遺傳因素，那么，要回答是由于什么原因造成了成年人和幼兒之間的相似和不同這個問題，你的答案就會有所變化，甚至完全不一樣了。