第四部分 概括大意 (20分)
給下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主題用一個或幾個單詞表示，空出的詞已給出了第一個字母，請把其余字母補全。
31. The Solar E
The sun is the source of most of the heat known to us. As a direct source of heat, the sun maintains life upon this planet, 150 000 000 kilometers distant. It is also an indirect source of heat. Since the earth is derived from the sun, it is the latter that we must trace some of the earth’s internal heat that reveals itself through volcanoes, geysers (噴泉), and hot springs.
32. Insects and Surface T
An insect is not afraid of gravity, but it is in deadly fear of another force of nature. This force is called surface tension (張力). A man coming out of a bath carries with him a film of water about one fiftieth of an inch in thickness. This weights about a pound. A wet mouse has to carry its own weight in water. A wet fly has to lift many times its own weight, and, as everyone knows, a fly once wetted by water or any other liquid is in a very serious position indeed. An insect going for a drink is in as great danger as a man leaning over the edge of a cliff in search of food. If it once falls into the grip of the surface tension of the water - that is to say, gets wet it is likely to remain so until it drowns. A few insects contrive to be unwettable; the majority keep away from their drink by means of long proboscis (喙).
33. T of Boiling Point of Liquids
When the temperature of a liquid is raised enough, the liquid boils. This means that bubbles of vapor, containing millions of molecules form below the surface. In order for such bubbles to be produced, the pressure of the vapor inside them must be equal to the pressure of the air upon the surface of the liquid. If the air pressure is greater, the bubble will collapse. The boiling point of a liquid, then, is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure upon the liquid at the surface.
34. E and Contraction
Solids also expand with increase in temperature and contract when cooled. But they do not behave quite so uniformly (相同地) in this respect as liquids and gases do, particularly in the case of wide variations, in temperature. Most solids expend or contract by a definite amount for every degree of the temperature that rises or falls. The amount by which on substance expands and contracts for one degree is not usually the same as that for a different substance. Thus, for a given rise in temperature, a piece of brass expands at little more than a piece of copper and much more than a piece of steel of the same size.
35. A of Electric Trains
Electric trains have many advantages over those drawn by steam engines. There is no smoke to soil the passengers’ clothes and the cushions in the train. Because they carry no heavy loads of coal and water, these trains can start and stop with less waste of power. In a station they are silent: there’s no steam to produce noise to deafen the passengers.
第五部分 閱讀理解 (120分)
Passage 1
In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror…the glass in the roof a green house which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.
According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 7oC warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice capes in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food-growing zones.
In the past, concern about a man - made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.
Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon Dioxide warms the earth.
However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is. Which natural cause has the most effect on the weather?
One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or "colder" faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable affect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.
Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar - weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a default of thousands of yeas while the solar effects overcome the inertia (慣性) of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter - balance to the suns diminishing heat.
36. It can concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ____________.
○A. prevent the sun’s rays from reaching the earth’s surface
○B(yǎng). mean a warming up in the Arctic
○C. account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere
○D. raise the temperature of the earth’s surface
給下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主題用一個或幾個單詞表示，空出的詞已給出了第一個字母，請把其余字母補全。
31. The Solar E
The sun is the source of most of the heat known to us. As a direct source of heat, the sun maintains life upon this planet, 150 000 000 kilometers distant. It is also an indirect source of heat. Since the earth is derived from the sun, it is the latter that we must trace some of the earth’s internal heat that reveals itself through volcanoes, geysers (噴泉), and hot springs.
32. Insects and Surface T
An insect is not afraid of gravity, but it is in deadly fear of another force of nature. This force is called surface tension (張力). A man coming out of a bath carries with him a film of water about one fiftieth of an inch in thickness. This weights about a pound. A wet mouse has to carry its own weight in water. A wet fly has to lift many times its own weight, and, as everyone knows, a fly once wetted by water or any other liquid is in a very serious position indeed. An insect going for a drink is in as great danger as a man leaning over the edge of a cliff in search of food. If it once falls into the grip of the surface tension of the water - that is to say, gets wet it is likely to remain so until it drowns. A few insects contrive to be unwettable; the majority keep away from their drink by means of long proboscis (喙).
33. T of Boiling Point of Liquids
When the temperature of a liquid is raised enough, the liquid boils. This means that bubbles of vapor, containing millions of molecules form below the surface. In order for such bubbles to be produced, the pressure of the vapor inside them must be equal to the pressure of the air upon the surface of the liquid. If the air pressure is greater, the bubble will collapse. The boiling point of a liquid, then, is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure upon the liquid at the surface.
34. E and Contraction
Solids also expand with increase in temperature and contract when cooled. But they do not behave quite so uniformly (相同地) in this respect as liquids and gases do, particularly in the case of wide variations, in temperature. Most solids expend or contract by a definite amount for every degree of the temperature that rises or falls. The amount by which on substance expands and contracts for one degree is not usually the same as that for a different substance. Thus, for a given rise in temperature, a piece of brass expands at little more than a piece of copper and much more than a piece of steel of the same size.
35. A of Electric Trains
Electric trains have many advantages over those drawn by steam engines. There is no smoke to soil the passengers’ clothes and the cushions in the train. Because they carry no heavy loads of coal and water, these trains can start and stop with less waste of power. In a station they are silent: there’s no steam to produce noise to deafen the passengers.
第五部分 閱讀理解 (120分)
Passage 1
In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror…the glass in the roof a green house which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.
According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 7oC warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice capes in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food-growing zones.
In the past, concern about a man - made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.
Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon Dioxide warms the earth.
However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is. Which natural cause has the most effect on the weather?
One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or "colder" faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable affect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.
Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar - weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a default of thousands of yeas while the solar effects overcome the inertia (慣性) of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter - balance to the suns diminishing heat.
36. It can concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ____________.
○A. prevent the sun’s rays from reaching the earth’s surface
○B(yǎng). mean a warming up in the Arctic
○C. account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere
○D. raise the temperature of the earth’s surface