A
Ability-to-pay principle 能力納稅原則
The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Absolute advantage 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)
The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
Aggregate-demand curve 總需求曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level
Aggregate-supply curve 總供給曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level
Appreciation 升值
An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Automatic stabilizers 自動(dòng)穩(wěn)定器
Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average revenue 平均收益
Total revenue divided by the quantity sold
Average tax rate 平均稅率
Total taxes paid divided by total income
Average total cost 平均總成本
Total cost divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost 平均可變成本
Variables costs divided by the quantity of output
Accelerator 加速數(shù)
the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy
Acquired endowments 后天稟賦
resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population，examda.
Adaptive expectations 適應(yīng)性預(yù)期
expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future
aggregate expenditures schedule 總支出曲線
a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed price level
antitrust laws 反托拉斯法
laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition
arbitrage 套利
the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns，examda.
adverse selection 逆向選擇
principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all
asset 資產(chǎn)
any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it
assistance in kind 實(shí)物援助
public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash，examda.
asymmetric information 信息不對(duì)稱
a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer
autonomous consumption 自主消費(fèi)
that part of consumption that does not depend on income，examda.
average costs 平均成本
the total costs divided by the total output
average productivity 平均產(chǎn)量
total quantity divided by the total quantity of input
Ability-to-pay principle 能力納稅原則
The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Absolute advantage 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)
The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
Aggregate-demand curve 總需求曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level
Aggregate-supply curve 總供給曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level
Appreciation 升值
An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Automatic stabilizers 自動(dòng)穩(wěn)定器
Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average revenue 平均收益
Total revenue divided by the quantity sold
Average tax rate 平均稅率
Total taxes paid divided by total income
Average total cost 平均總成本
Total cost divided by the quantity of output
Average variable cost 平均可變成本
Variables costs divided by the quantity of output
Accelerator 加速數(shù)
the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy
Acquired endowments 后天稟賦
resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population，examda.
Adaptive expectations 適應(yīng)性預(yù)期
expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future
aggregate expenditures schedule 總支出曲線
a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed price level
antitrust laws 反托拉斯法
laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition
arbitrage 套利
the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns，examda.
adverse selection 逆向選擇
principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all
asset 資產(chǎn)
any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it
assistance in kind 實(shí)物援助
public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash，examda.
asymmetric information 信息不對(duì)稱
a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer
autonomous consumption 自主消費(fèi)
that part of consumption that does not depend on income，examda.
average costs 平均成本
the total costs divided by the total output
average productivity 平均產(chǎn)量
total quantity divided by the total quantity of input