在這一講中我們要談的話題是：The government as manager， 政府對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理，以及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)凱恩斯經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的不同看法。
英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家凱恩斯 John Maynard Keynes 在1936年出版了他劃時(shí)代的巨著 The General Theory of Employment， Interest and Money －“就業(yè)，利息和貨幣通論”，提出“有效需求不足”的理論思想，被經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)界看作是一場(chǎng)理論革命。他的理論是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的經(jīng)典，至今仍然影響著各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的制定和當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的發(fā)展。
下面我們要聽一下美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授格雷格曼奇對(duì)凱恩斯的理論做的介紹。在收聽他的談話之前，我們先來(lái)熟悉一下他在談話中使用的幾個(gè)詞匯：
1 The General Theory 通論，對(duì)凱恩斯著作“就業(yè)，利息和貨幣通論”的簡(jiǎn)稱
2 recession 衰退
3 Great Depression 大蕭條，指1929年到1930年代初期世界性嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退
4 inadequate demand for goods and services 對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求不足
美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)曼奇教授對(duì)凱恩斯理論做了這樣的簡(jiǎn)單介紹：
Keynes's work essentially changed the way economists view the functioning of the economy. It really is traced to Keynes' great book The General Theory， which in 1936 provided a new way for us to think about booms and recessions.
曼奇說(shuō)，凱恩斯的研究基本上改變了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的觀念。這可以一直追溯到凱恩斯的偉大著作 “通論”。這本書在1936年為我們研究繁榮與衰退提供了新的方法。
It's important to keep in mind when he was writing，he was writing essentially in the midst of a Great Depression，a situation where roughly a quarter of the labour force was unemployed in the United States and other developed countries.
重要的是要記住他寫作這本書的年代。他基本上是在大蕭條期間進(jìn)行的寫作，而大蕭條期間美國(guó)和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都有大約四分之一的勞動(dòng)力失業(yè)。
And this was an event that economists had a lot of trouble coming to grips with，trying to understand，trying to come up with policy recommedations to deal with.
許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家絞盡腦汁來(lái)研究大蕭條，試圖弄清楚它的來(lái)龍去脈，試圖找到對(duì)付大蕭條的方法。
I think the central idea in Keyes' general theory is that recessions，or depressions，result from inadequate demand for goods and services. Essentially people in governments and firms aren't spending enough and that's why so many people are unemployed.
我認(rèn)為凱恩斯通論的中心思想是：衰退或蕭條是由對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求不足造成的?；旧鲜钦f(shuō)，政府和公司花費(fèi)得不夠，因此有許多人失業(yè)。
And what Keyens' theory was to do was basically to show how that could work and to show what governments could do to try to prop up demand for goods and services and get economies out of recessions and depressions.
凱恩斯的理論基本上是要證明如何這才能行得通以及政府可以采取什么行動(dòng)來(lái)促進(jìn)對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求，使經(jīng)濟(jì)擺脫衰退和蕭條。
英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家凱恩斯 John Maynard Keynes 在1936年出版了他劃時(shí)代的巨著 The General Theory of Employment， Interest and Money －“就業(yè)，利息和貨幣通論”，提出“有效需求不足”的理論思想，被經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)界看作是一場(chǎng)理論革命。他的理論是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的經(jīng)典，至今仍然影響著各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的制定和當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì)理論的發(fā)展。
下面我們要聽一下美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授格雷格曼奇對(duì)凱恩斯的理論做的介紹。在收聽他的談話之前，我們先來(lái)熟悉一下他在談話中使用的幾個(gè)詞匯：
1 The General Theory 通論，對(duì)凱恩斯著作“就業(yè)，利息和貨幣通論”的簡(jiǎn)稱
2 recession 衰退
3 Great Depression 大蕭條，指1929年到1930年代初期世界性嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退
4 inadequate demand for goods and services 對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求不足
美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)曼奇教授對(duì)凱恩斯理論做了這樣的簡(jiǎn)單介紹：
Keynes's work essentially changed the way economists view the functioning of the economy. It really is traced to Keynes' great book The General Theory， which in 1936 provided a new way for us to think about booms and recessions.
曼奇說(shuō)，凱恩斯的研究基本上改變了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的觀念。這可以一直追溯到凱恩斯的偉大著作 “通論”。這本書在1936年為我們研究繁榮與衰退提供了新的方法。
It's important to keep in mind when he was writing，he was writing essentially in the midst of a Great Depression，a situation where roughly a quarter of the labour force was unemployed in the United States and other developed countries.
重要的是要記住他寫作這本書的年代。他基本上是在大蕭條期間進(jìn)行的寫作，而大蕭條期間美國(guó)和其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都有大約四分之一的勞動(dòng)力失業(yè)。
And this was an event that economists had a lot of trouble coming to grips with，trying to understand，trying to come up with policy recommedations to deal with.
許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家絞盡腦汁來(lái)研究大蕭條，試圖弄清楚它的來(lái)龍去脈，試圖找到對(duì)付大蕭條的方法。
I think the central idea in Keyes' general theory is that recessions，or depressions，result from inadequate demand for goods and services. Essentially people in governments and firms aren't spending enough and that's why so many people are unemployed.
我認(rèn)為凱恩斯通論的中心思想是：衰退或蕭條是由對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求不足造成的?；旧鲜钦f(shuō)，政府和公司花費(fèi)得不夠，因此有許多人失業(yè)。
And what Keyens' theory was to do was basically to show how that could work and to show what governments could do to try to prop up demand for goods and services and get economies out of recessions and depressions.
凱恩斯的理論基本上是要證明如何這才能行得通以及政府可以采取什么行動(dòng)來(lái)促進(jìn)對(duì)商品和服務(wù)的需求，使經(jīng)濟(jì)擺脫衰退和蕭條。