M
Macroeconomics 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
The study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
Marginal changes 邊際變動
Small incremental adjustments to a plan of action
Marginal cost 邊際成本
The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
Marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量
The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
Marginal product of labor 勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量
The increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor
Marginal rate of substitution 邊際替代率
The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another
Marginal revenue 邊際收益
The change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
Marginal tax rate 邊際稅率
The extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
Market 市場
A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
Market economy 市場經(jīng)濟(jì)
An economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
Market failure 市場失靈
A situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently
Market for loanable funds 可貸資金市場
The market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds
Market power 市場力量
The ability of a single economic factor (or small group of factors) to have a substantial influence on market prices
Medium of exchange 交換媒介
An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services
Menu costs 菜單成本
The costs of changing prices
Microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
The study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
Model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand 總需求與總供給模型
The model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend
Monetary neutrality 貨幣中性
The proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables
Monetary policy 貨幣政策
The setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank
Money 貨幣
The set of assets in the economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people
Money multiplier 貨幣乘數(shù)
The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves
Money supply 貨幣供給
The quantity of money available in the economy
Monopolistic competition 壟斷競爭
A market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical ,kaoshida,
Monopoly 壟斷
A firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes
Multiplier effect 乘數(shù)效應(yīng)
The additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending
Mutual fund 共同基金
An institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bondsM1, M2, M3 貨幣供給量的度量
measures of the money supply: M1 includes currency and checking accounts; M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits, CDs, and money market funds; M3 includes M2 plus large-denomination savings deposits and institutional money market mutual funds
managerial slack 管理松懈
the lack of managerial efficiency (for instance, in cutting costs) that occurs when firms are insulated from competition
marginal costs and benefits 邊際成本和邊際收益
costs and benefits that result from choosing a little bit more of one thing and a little bit less of another
marginal propensity to consume 邊際消費(fèi)傾向
the amount by which consumption increases when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal propensity to import 邊際進(jìn)口傾向
the amount by which imports increase when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal propensity to save 邊際儲蓄傾向
the amount by which savings increase when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal utility 邊際效用
the extra utility, or enjoyment, a person receives from the consumption of one additional unit of a goo
market clearing 市場出清
situation that exists when there is neither excess supply nor excess demand
market failures approach 市場失靈論
the argument that government may have an economic role to play when markets fail to produce efficient outcomes
market labor supply curve 勞動的市場供給曲線
the relationship between the wage paid and the amount of labor willingly supplied, found by adding up the labor supply curves of all individuals in the economy，kaoshi da
median voter 中間投票人
the voter such that half the population have preferences on one side of this voter (for instance, they want higher government expenditures and taxes),while the other half of the population have preferences on the other side of this voter (they want lower taxes and expenditures)
merit goods and bads 公益品和公害品
goods that are determined by the government to be good or bad for people, regardless for whether people desire them for themselves or not
mixed economy 混合經(jīng)濟(jì)
an economy that allocates resources through a mixture of public (governmental)and private decision making
model 模型
a set of assumptions and data used by economists to study an aspect of the economy and make predictions about the future or about the consequences of various policy changes
Modigliani-Miller theorem 莫迪利安尼—米勒定理
the theorem that says that under a simplified set of conditions, the manner in which a firm finances itself does not matter
monetarists 貨幣主義者
economists who emphasize the importance of money in the economy; they tend to believe that an appropriate monetary policy is all the economy needs from the government, and market forces will otherwise solve any macroeconomic problems
moral hazard 敗德；道德陷阱
principle that says that those who purchase insurance have a reduced incentive to avoid what they are insured against
multiplier-accelerator model 乘數(shù)—加速數(shù)模型
a model that relates business cycles to the internal workings of the economy, showing how changes in investment and output reinforce each other; the central ingredients of the model are the multiplier and the accelerator
multilateral trade 多邊貿(mào)易
trade between more than two parties
Macroeconomics 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
The study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
Marginal changes 邊際變動
Small incremental adjustments to a plan of action
Marginal cost 邊際成本
The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
Marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量
The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
Marginal product of labor 勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量
The increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor
Marginal rate of substitution 邊際替代率
The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another
Marginal revenue 邊際收益
The change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
Marginal tax rate 邊際稅率
The extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
Market 市場
A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
Market economy 市場經(jīng)濟(jì)
An economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
Market failure 市場失靈
A situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently
Market for loanable funds 可貸資金市場
The market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds
Market power 市場力量
The ability of a single economic factor (or small group of factors) to have a substantial influence on market prices
Medium of exchange 交換媒介
An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services
Menu costs 菜單成本
The costs of changing prices
Microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
The study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
Model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand 總需求與總供給模型
The model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend
Monetary neutrality 貨幣中性
The proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables
Monetary policy 貨幣政策
The setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank
Money 貨幣
The set of assets in the economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people
Money multiplier 貨幣乘數(shù)
The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves
Money supply 貨幣供給
The quantity of money available in the economy
Monopolistic competition 壟斷競爭
A market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical ,kaoshida,
Monopoly 壟斷
A firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes
Multiplier effect 乘數(shù)效應(yīng)
The additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending
Mutual fund 共同基金
An institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bondsM1, M2, M3 貨幣供給量的度量
measures of the money supply: M1 includes currency and checking accounts; M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits, CDs, and money market funds; M3 includes M2 plus large-denomination savings deposits and institutional money market mutual funds
managerial slack 管理松懈
the lack of managerial efficiency (for instance, in cutting costs) that occurs when firms are insulated from competition
marginal costs and benefits 邊際成本和邊際收益
costs and benefits that result from choosing a little bit more of one thing and a little bit less of another
marginal propensity to consume 邊際消費(fèi)傾向
the amount by which consumption increases when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal propensity to import 邊際進(jìn)口傾向
the amount by which imports increase when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal propensity to save 邊際儲蓄傾向
the amount by which savings increase when disposable income increases by a dollar
marginal utility 邊際效用
the extra utility, or enjoyment, a person receives from the consumption of one additional unit of a goo
market clearing 市場出清
situation that exists when there is neither excess supply nor excess demand
market failures approach 市場失靈論
the argument that government may have an economic role to play when markets fail to produce efficient outcomes
market labor supply curve 勞動的市場供給曲線
the relationship between the wage paid and the amount of labor willingly supplied, found by adding up the labor supply curves of all individuals in the economy，kaoshi da
median voter 中間投票人
the voter such that half the population have preferences on one side of this voter (for instance, they want higher government expenditures and taxes),while the other half of the population have preferences on the other side of this voter (they want lower taxes and expenditures)
merit goods and bads 公益品和公害品
goods that are determined by the government to be good or bad for people, regardless for whether people desire them for themselves or not
mixed economy 混合經(jīng)濟(jì)
an economy that allocates resources through a mixture of public (governmental)and private decision making
model 模型
a set of assumptions and data used by economists to study an aspect of the economy and make predictions about the future or about the consequences of various policy changes
Modigliani-Miller theorem 莫迪利安尼—米勒定理
the theorem that says that under a simplified set of conditions, the manner in which a firm finances itself does not matter
monetarists 貨幣主義者
economists who emphasize the importance of money in the economy; they tend to believe that an appropriate monetary policy is all the economy needs from the government, and market forces will otherwise solve any macroeconomic problems
moral hazard 敗德；道德陷阱
principle that says that those who purchase insurance have a reduced incentive to avoid what they are insured against
multiplier-accelerator model 乘數(shù)—加速數(shù)模型
a model that relates business cycles to the internal workings of the economy, showing how changes in investment and output reinforce each other; the central ingredients of the model are the multiplier and the accelerator
multilateral trade 多邊貿(mào)易
trade between more than two parties