S
Sacrifice ratio 犧牲率
The number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in the process of reducing inflation by one percentage point
Scarcity 希缺性
The limited nature of society’s resources
Shoeleather costs 皮鞋成本
The resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings
Stagflation 滯脹
A period of falling output and rising prices
Stock 股票
A claim to partial ownership in a firm
Store of value 價(jià)值儲(chǔ)藏
An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future，examda.examda.examda.
Strike 罷工
The organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union
Substitutes 替代品
Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good
Substitution effect 替代效應(yīng)
The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution
Supply curve 供給曲線
A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Supply schedule 供給表
A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
screening 篩選
the process of differentiating among job candidates, when there is incomplete information, to determine who will be the most productive
shadow price 影子價(jià)格
the true social value of a resource
signaling 信號(hào)
conveying information, for example by earning a college-degree, to persuade an employer that a prospective worker has desirable characteristics that will enhance his productivity
slope 斜率
the amount by which the value along the vertical axis increases as a result of a change in a unit along the horizontal axis; the slope is calculated by dividing the change in the vertical axis (the rise) by the change in the horizontal axis (the run)
Smith’s invisible hand 斯密“看不見的手”
the idea that if people act in their own self-interest, they will often also be acting in a broader social interest, as if they had been directed by an invisible hand
smoothing consumption 均勻消費(fèi)
consuming similar amounts in the present and future, rather than letting year-to-year income dictate consumption
social marginal cost 社會(huì)邊際成本
the marginal cost of production, including the costs of any negative externality, such as air pollution, borne by individuals in the economy other than the producer
socialism 社會(huì)主義
an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the state
soft budget constraints 軟預(yù)算約束
budget constraints facing a firm in which the government subsidizes any losses
static expectations 靜態(tài)預(yù)期
the belief of individuals that today’s prices and wages are likely to continue into the future
sticky prices 粘性價(jià)格
prices that do not adjust or only adjust slowly toward a new equilibrium
sticky wages 粘性工資
wages that are slow to adjust in response to a change in labor market conditions
stock statistics 存量統(tǒng)計(jì)
measurements of the quantity of a certain item at a certain point in time, such as capital stock, the total value of buildings and machines
sunk cost 沉沒成本
a cost that has been incurred and cannot be recovered
supply-constrained equilibrium 供給約束的均衡
the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level below that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply; in a supply-constrained equilibrium, output is equal to aggregate supply but less than aggregate demand
surplus labor 剩余勞動(dòng)
a great deal of unemployed or under employed labor, readily available to potential employers
Sacrifice ratio 犧牲率
The number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in the process of reducing inflation by one percentage point
Scarcity 希缺性
The limited nature of society’s resources
Shoeleather costs 皮鞋成本
The resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings
Stagflation 滯脹
A period of falling output and rising prices
Stock 股票
A claim to partial ownership in a firm
Store of value 價(jià)值儲(chǔ)藏
An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future，examda.examda.examda.
Strike 罷工
The organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union
Substitutes 替代品
Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good
Substitution effect 替代效應(yīng)
The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution
Supply curve 供給曲線
A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Supply schedule 供給表
A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
screening 篩選
the process of differentiating among job candidates, when there is incomplete information, to determine who will be the most productive
shadow price 影子價(jià)格
the true social value of a resource
signaling 信號(hào)
conveying information, for example by earning a college-degree, to persuade an employer that a prospective worker has desirable characteristics that will enhance his productivity
slope 斜率
the amount by which the value along the vertical axis increases as a result of a change in a unit along the horizontal axis; the slope is calculated by dividing the change in the vertical axis (the rise) by the change in the horizontal axis (the run)
Smith’s invisible hand 斯密“看不見的手”
the idea that if people act in their own self-interest, they will often also be acting in a broader social interest, as if they had been directed by an invisible hand
smoothing consumption 均勻消費(fèi)
consuming similar amounts in the present and future, rather than letting year-to-year income dictate consumption
social marginal cost 社會(huì)邊際成本
the marginal cost of production, including the costs of any negative externality, such as air pollution, borne by individuals in the economy other than the producer
socialism 社會(huì)主義
an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the state
soft budget constraints 軟預(yù)算約束
budget constraints facing a firm in which the government subsidizes any losses
static expectations 靜態(tài)預(yù)期
the belief of individuals that today’s prices and wages are likely to continue into the future
sticky prices 粘性價(jià)格
prices that do not adjust or only adjust slowly toward a new equilibrium
sticky wages 粘性工資
wages that are slow to adjust in response to a change in labor market conditions
stock statistics 存量統(tǒng)計(jì)
measurements of the quantity of a certain item at a certain point in time, such as capital stock, the total value of buildings and machines
sunk cost 沉沒成本
a cost that has been incurred and cannot be recovered
supply-constrained equilibrium 供給約束的均衡
the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level below that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply; in a supply-constrained equilibrium, output is equal to aggregate supply but less than aggregate demand
surplus labor 剩余勞動(dòng)
a great deal of unemployed or under employed labor, readily available to potential employers