職稱英語(yǔ)指導(dǎo):語(yǔ)法知識(shí)—介詞(2)

字號(hào):

6.表示原料的介詞
    of和out of表示制成品的材料仍保持原材料的性質(zhì);with表示制成產(chǎn)品的一種成分;from表示制成品已失去了原材料的性質(zhì);in表示制成品的材料的色調(diào)或特殊性。
    His house was built of brick.
    She made these toys out of old cigar-boxes.
    A fruitcake is made with fruit.
    Steel is made from iron.
    We have furniture of this design in oak and in walnut.
    7.表示價(jià)格的介詞
    at和for都可表示價(jià)格,at僅表示價(jià)格,for還表示“交換”,如:
    Eggs are sold at 95 cents a dozen here.
    I bought it for five pounds.
    8.表示其它意義的介詞
    in spite of, despite, for(all…), with(all…)等表示讓步意義的介詞。其中:despite較為正式,
    in spite of較為普遍,for/with(all…)較為口語(yǔ)化。
    In spite of / despite the bad weather 盡管天氣不好
    For / with all his shortcomings 盡管他有許多缺點(diǎn)
    Except和but表示不包含的意義,只是單純地將其后面所接的人或事物排除在外,一般不用于句首,多跟在表示一個(gè)集體的名詞或代詞后作定語(yǔ)。
    He gets up early every day except Sunday.
    Who would do such a thing but Peter?
    Except for和apart from表示不包含的意義,所引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),主要用于狀語(yǔ),以修飾全句,意為“除了有……之外”,“只是……”等,用于引出一個(gè)相反的細(xì)節(jié)或原因,因而部分
    地修正了全句的主要意思。
    Except for Jack, the whole class passed the test.
    Apart from its cost, the plan was a good one.
    Except for和but for表示不包含的意義,可以引導(dǎo)有否定意義的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
    Except for / But for the storm we should have arrived earlier.
    except 指從整體中除去一部分,而besides則表示“除……之外還有……”的意義。
    Nobody was late except me.
    He had few friends besides us.
    表示超過(guò)或不足的介詞有:above, beyond, over, past; below, beneath, under等,如:
    beyond description 難以形容
    below / under the average 低于平均水平
    表示狀態(tài)的介詞有:at, off, in, under, out of等,如:
    on fire 著火
    off duty 下班
    out of fashion 過(guò)時(shí)
    表示支持的with, for和表示反對(duì)的against.
    I‘m with you in all you say.
    Are you for or against the plan?
    介詞的搭配
    1.介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配
    同一介詞可以與不同的動(dòng)詞搭配,表示不同的意思。以of為例:
    Jack reminds her grandma of her husband because he looks just like him. (使……想起)
    Have you ever heard of such a thing? (聽說(shuō))
    She often spoke of her life in China. (談起)
    The lady was robbed of 10 dollars on her way home. (搶劫)
    Thanks for thinking of me. (思念)
    同一動(dòng)詞可以與不同的介詞搭配使用,表示不同的意思。以look為例:
    Look after the children. (照顧)
    He looked at the timetable. (看)
    What are you looking for? (尋找)
    The police are looking into the case. (調(diào)查)
    在許多動(dòng)詞 + 介詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞實(shí)際上是動(dòng)詞的一部分,與動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
    2.介詞與形容詞的搭配
    介詞短語(yǔ)是形容詞補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的一種,下面介紹幾個(gè)常與形容詞搭配的介詞。
    at⑴ 表示對(duì)某種因素在情緒上的反應(yīng),如:I am angry at their not telling me. 這類形容詞還有:amazed, pleased, hurt, disappointed, excited, delighted, worried等;⑵表示在某方面的能力,如: He‘s good at tennis. 這類形容詞還有:adept, expert, show, hopeless, useless等。
    in表示方面,如:He is successful in everything he does.這類形容詞還有:lacking, interested, efficient, lucky等。
    about表示對(duì)象,如:I am curious about her motives.這類形容詞還有:certain, careful,
    careless, happy, pleased, sure, anxious等。
    to表示目標(biāo),如:Your arguments are contrary to reason.這類形容詞還有:acceptable,
    answerable, equal, hateful, kind, natural, painful, peculiar, pleasant, polite, rude, similar, strange, used等。
    with 表示伴隨,如:Your arguments are not consistent with your previous remarks.這類形容詞還有:complete, content, angry ,busy, consistent, horrified, pleased, upset等。
    for⑴表示對(duì)象,如:We are eager for news.這類形容詞還有:bound, adequate, famous, fit,
    necessary, sorry, ready等;⑵表示分離,如:She was absent from the meeting.這類形容詞還有:
    free, different, separate, safe等。
    3.介詞與名詞的搭配
    介詞與名詞的搭配常常用在由動(dòng)詞、形容詞等轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)的名詞的后面。如:
    We can‘t ignore their concern for the matter.
    His absence from school was caused by illness.