職稱英語指導(dǎo):語法知識—介詞(1)

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介詞是一種結(jié)構(gòu)詞,不能單獨(dú)擔(dān)任句子成分。介詞的作用是表示它后面的賓語同句中其它詞語之間的關(guān)系。介詞與它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞短語可以充當(dāng)多種句子成分。如:
    The cost of food is rising. (定語)
    She was ill during the meeting. (狀語)
    I found him in very good shape. (賓語補(bǔ)足語)
    通常介詞可分為四類:
    簡單介詞:at, in, from, on;
    復(fù)合介詞:upon, inside, outside;
    雙重介詞:from behind, from among;
    短語介詞:in case of, according to.
    介詞的意義
    1.表示時間的介詞
    in表示“在某一時間段”,或“在……某一時候”,如用在月、季、年份、時代、世紀(jì)等時間名詞的前面,或用來泛指一天的某一段時間。
    in July / summer / 2000 / ancient times / the 1999‘s
    in the morning / afternoon / evening
    in也可以指“在……之后”,表示從說話起的若干時間內(nèi),如:
    The bus will be here in ten minutes.
    on表示“在特定的某一天”,也可用于帶有修飾語的一天的某個時間段之前。如:on Saturday, on Saturday morning, on the morning of August 1st
    at表示“在某一時間點(diǎn)”,或用來表示不確定的時間和短期的假日、時節(jié)等。如:
    at six o‘clock, at Easter
    介詞over, through(out)兩者均指“經(jīng)過的全部時間”。
    Stay over the Christmas.
    介詞for, since for表示動作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)的全部時間長度,為“長達(dá)……”之意;since
    用于指從過去特定的某個時刻到說話時為止的一段時間;兩者往往用于完成時。
    I have been there for six years.
    We have not seen each other since 1993.
    during指“在……時期/時間內(nèi)”,必須以表示一段時間的詞或詞組作賓語。
    She was ill for a week, and during that week she ate little.
    2.表示地點(diǎn)的介詞
    介詞above, over, on, on top of.Above和below分別表示高于和低于的意思,不一定指
    垂直方向上的上下;over和under分別表示垂直方向上的上下和高低;on/on top of和
    beneath/underneath表示“和表面相接觸”意義上的上下。以上三對介詞互為反義詞。
    The temple stands on top of the hill.
    The pen is beneath the book.
    There is a lamp over the desk.
    介詞at指小地點(diǎn)或集會場合;on表示線或面上的位置;in表示在立體、區(qū)域或環(huán)境內(nèi),
    特別是那些較大,能夠容納相應(yīng)事物的環(huán)境。
    He works at Peking University.
    Your radio is on the desk.
    The boat is in the lake.
    介詞in, on, off, to表示相當(dāng)于某個區(qū)域或某個物體的位置關(guān)系:in表示在區(qū)域的里面;on表示在區(qū)域的邊界附近,可以是屬于這個區(qū)域的一部分或相互接壤;off也表示在區(qū)域的
    邊界附近,但一般不是屬于這個區(qū)域的一部分;to表示在區(qū)域的邊界更遠(yuǎn)些的附近,所以不是屬于這個區(qū)域的一部分或不相互接壤。
    Japan is to the east of China and Mongolia is on the north.
    Taiwan is in the east of China but is off the mainland.
    介詞between用來說明“在……兩者之間”或“三個以上人物或事物中的兩者之間的相互關(guān)系”;among用來說明“在……兩者以上之間”的相互關(guān)系;amid(amidst)和among都可
    以用來表示沒有確定數(shù)目的物體之間的相互關(guān)系,amid多用于正式文體。
    There is a small river between the two villages.
    The book is the best among these modern novels.
    介詞about, (all) over, (all) through, throughout都可以表示“在……范圍內(nèi)到處”,“遍布”
    的意義。
    After meal I wandered alone about the town.
    介詞in front of和behind指前、后的相對位置。
    She always looks in front of and behind the car before she starts it.
    介詞round, pass指“繞過”;其中pass指“從……旁邊經(jīng)過”;through指“從……之中
    穿過“。
    The movie theater is round the corner.
    He lives in the village past the bus stop through the park.
    3.表示原因的介詞
    for常常表示褒貶、獎懲的原因或心理原因。
    They will reward you for your help.
    due to常常用來引導(dǎo)形容詞性的短語,作定語或表語。
    Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
    from和out of常常表示動機(jī)或原因;through表示消極或間接的原因。
    He feels weak from lack of sleep.
    He broke down through overwork.
    4.表示目的的介詞
    for表示擬定的接收人或目的;to表示實(shí)際的接收人或目的。
    I bought the gift for my little sister.
    I gave the gift to my little sister.
    for和to都可以引導(dǎo)目的地。For跟在含有出發(fā)或開始意義的動詞后,如:leave, set out,
    start, depart, sail等;to跟在含有來來往往地行動的意義的動詞后,如:go, come, run ,walk,
    move, fly, drive, ride等。
    We have left for Hong Kong.
    He flew to America via Hong Kong.
    at表示起因;on表示依據(jù)。
    She is quite pleased at his help.
    Ken was arrested on a charge of that.
    at還可引導(dǎo)行為的目標(biāo)或精力的集中點(diǎn)。
    He shot at the bird.
    5.表示“關(guān)于……”的介詞
    一般about用于比較隨便的談話或非正式的文體;on用于正式的講話、著作或報告中;of用于動詞talk, read, know, say, hear, boast等的后面。如:
    What are you talking about?
    A paper on serfdom in Russian
    In terms of natural resources