有些考生把生詞也作為閱讀中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，但在閱讀過(guò)程中，由考綱范圍所限，生詞在掌握本書(shū)推薦的詞匯書(shū)后，這一難點(diǎn)完全可以忽略不計(jì)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，考生在閱讀時(shí)通常會(huì)遇到以下幾大難點(diǎn)，下面將對(duì)此進(jìn)行逐一分析。
長(zhǎng)句的解析
由于考研本身所具有的局限性，以及西方的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣(簡(jiǎn)單、直接、重心突出)，這就決定了文章中結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句出現(xiàn)的機(jī)率很小。即使有，也只占極小部分，用于區(qū)分選拔出那些英語(yǔ)非常優(yōu)秀的考生。對(duì)于普通考生來(lái)說(shuō)，如在考試中由于這種難度而有一兩道題目做不出來(lái)的話是很正常的?？忌紫纫龅?，就是拿下那些絕大部分屬于常規(guī)性試題的分?jǐn)?shù)，拿下自己該得到的分?jǐn)?shù)。對(duì)于大多數(shù)考生來(lái)說(shuō)，考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章中有些語(yǔ)句較長(zhǎng)，但結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，考生對(duì)這類句子的理解，關(guān)鍵在于掌握一定的技巧，形成連貫的語(yǔ)義理解。其基本應(yīng)對(duì)策略是先抓句子的主干，把握句子的重心，再對(duì)插入成分或并列結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行理解。
這類句子可分為兩類：一類是由一些固定的詞組搭配所構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句，如 so(such)...that(如此……¬以致……¬），not only...but also(不僅……¬而且……¬）， not...but(不是……¬而是……¬），so as...to(如此……¬以致……¬），transform...from...into...(把……¬從……¬改變?yōu)椤?not;），not so much...as...(不是……¬而是……¬）as...as...(像……¬一樣)等；另一類是由多個(gè)插入成分或并列結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)多構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句。對(duì)于前者我們只需抓住固定搭配所連接的主干，分步理解；后者則直接抓住句子的主干，分步理解。
下面就近23年來(lái)閱讀真題文章中所出現(xiàn)的“長(zhǎng)難句”逐一進(jìn)行分析(“/” 表示斷句標(biāo)示，適當(dāng)?shù)臄嗑淇梢詭涂忌芎玫乩斫饩湟?。
The Olympian athletic festival / held every four years / in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, /eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international.(1987年真題)
【分析】本句實(shí)際是由幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的并列句組成的一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，省略了共同的主語(yǔ)The Olympian athletic festival。補(bǔ)充省略部分，該句可理解為以下簡(jiǎn)單句的句意組合：
The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods.
The Olympian athletic festival eventually lost its local character.
After the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, the Olympian athletic festival became first a national event and then, international.
【翻譯】奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)最初是為了紀(jì)念Zeus(奧林匹亞的一個(gè)神)，每四年主辦一次，最終它喪失了原¬有的地方色彩，逐漸成為一種體育盛事。而后，在一些反對(duì)國(guó)外競(jìng)技者參與的規(guī)則被廢除之后，逐漸變成了一種國(guó)際性的體育盛事。
Aristotle, for example, whose natural science /dominated the Western thought for two thousand years, believed that / man could arrive at an understanding of reality/ by reasoning from self-evident principle / that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that / objects fall to the ground because that's where it belongs.(1987年真題)
【分析】首先抓住句子主干，對(duì)于插入部分我們可以暫時(shí)忽略掉。本句主干為：Aristotle believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principle，然后再逐步理解其他成分?！皐hose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years”是對(duì)Aristotle的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明?！癳verything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that's where it belongs”是對(duì)self-evident principle的同步解釋。該句可理解為以下簡(jiǎn)單句的句意組合：
Aristotle believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principle.
Aristotle's natural science dominated the Western thought for two thousand years.
Self-evident principle is that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where it belongs.
【翻譯】舉個(gè)例子吧，亞里士多德，他的自然科學(xué)理論統(tǒng)治了整個(gè)西方思想長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩千年之久。他認(rèn)為，人們可以通過(guò)一些顯而易見(jiàn)的法則推斷來(lái)達(dá)到對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的理解。這種不證自明的法則就是，任何事件在宇宙中總有其合適的位置。因而人們可以推斷出，物體掉到地上是因?yàn)槲矬w本身就屬于大地的。
Both you and she know that / if you are not sure what you want, you are not likely to find it.(1988年真題)
【分析】that if 屬于?？冀Y(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的理解關(guān)鍵在于學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)that if 結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行斷句。在理解的時(shí)候，that if 之間語(yǔ)義應(yīng)稍作停頓，把if與后面引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)義連貫起來(lái)。
【翻譯】你和她都知道，如果你不能確定你所想要的東西，那么你就沒(méi)有可能找到它。
The mineral elements from the soil / that are usable by the plant / must be dissolved in the soil solution / before they can be taken into the root. (1991年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：The mineral elements must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.定語(yǔ)從句“that are usable by the plan”是修飾“The mineral elements”；“from the soil”是介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。該句可理解為以下簡(jiǎn)單句的句意組合：
The mineral elements from the soil must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.
The mineral elements are usable by the plan.
【翻譯】土地里被植物所用到的礦物質(zhì)元素只有在土地里先期溶解，才能被植物的根吸收。
C.R.Darnes has suggested that / it is as proper to term the plant a water structure / as to call a house composed mainly of brick / a brick building. (1991年真題)
【分析】這里是由as...as...(像……¬一樣，正如……¬一樣)連接兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句。該句的主干為：C.R.Darnes has suggested that / it is as proper to term the plant a water structure / as to call a house a brick building.“composed mainly of brick”是分詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾“a house”。這里把“磚與房子的關(guān)系比做水與植物的關(guān)系說(shuō)明水對(duì)于植物的重要性”。
【翻譯】C.R.Darnes認(rèn)為，正如把一棟主要由磚建造的建筑稱為磚瓦建筑一樣，我們可以把植物看作一種水體結(jié)構(gòu)。
To be promoted or to fall behind / is not a matter of salary but /even more a matter of self-respect. This constant need to prove / that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor / creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. (1993年真題)
【分析】第一句主要是not...but...(不是……¬而是……¬）的理解。第二句主干：This constant need to prove creates constant anxiety and stress.句子主干中“This constant need to prove”是不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。 “that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor”是對(duì)This constant need to prove的同步說(shuō)明?！皌he very causes of unhappiness and illness”是對(duì)“constant anxiety and stress”的同步說(shuō)明。
【翻譯】晉升與貶職不僅僅是薪水的改變，更多的是有關(guān)自尊的事情。這種不斷地證明一個(gè)人和自己的對(duì)手一樣優(yōu)秀或者比其更優(yōu)秀的需要，使人產(chǎn)生了一種長(zhǎng)久的焦慮和壓力，正是這種焦慮和壓力導(dǎo)致了人的不快樂(lè)和疾病。
I suggest / transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism /in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into / a humanist industrialism / in which / man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason——are the aims of all social arrangements.(1993年真題)
【分析】本句是由transform...from...into...(把……¬從……¬改變?yōu)椤?not;）固定詞組搭配所構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句。transform...from...into...連接的短語(yǔ)作“suggest”后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)妨礙¬了對(duì)句意的理解。句子主干為：I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism into a humanist industrialism are the aims of all social arrangements.句中“in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves”是對(duì)a bureaucratically managed industrialism的描述?！癷n which man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason”是對(duì)a humanist industrialism的描述。
【翻譯】我建議，把我們的社會(huì)體系從一種以追求產(chǎn)值和消費(fèi)的官僚工業(yè)化體系轉(zhuǎn)變成為一種人性化的工業(yè)體系。在這種人性化工業(yè)體系當(dāng)中，人及人潛能(情感和理性)的充分發(fā)展才是我們社會(huì)組織的目標(biāo)。
The great interest in exceptional children / shown in public education over the past three decades / indicates the strong feeling in our society that / all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. (1994年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：The great interest indicates the strong feeling in our society. 介詞短語(yǔ)“in exceptional children”作狀語(yǔ)修飾 “the great interest”。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)“shown in public education over the past three decades”作定語(yǔ)修飾“the great interest”?！癮ll citizens , whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities”是同位語(yǔ)“the strong feeling”的說(shuō)明。
【翻譯】在過(guò)去的三十年，人們?cè)诠步逃I(lǐng)域?qū)μ厥鈨和憩F(xiàn)出來(lái)的強(qiáng)烈興趣表明，在我們社會(huì)里，人們有一種強(qiáng)烈的愿望。那就是，所有的公民，無(wú)論他們自身狀況如何，都應(yīng)該獲得全面發(fā)展自己能力的機(jī)會(huì)。
If its message were confined merely to information——and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive——advertising would be so boring that / no one would pay any attention.(1995年真題)
【分析】對(duì)于由較長(zhǎng)的插入成分所構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句，我們可以首先跳過(guò)破折號(hào)內(nèi)的插入內(nèi)容，直接抓住破折號(hào)以外的主體內(nèi)容來(lái)理解句子主干部分。本句主干為：If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.再把插入部分“and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive”代入主句中，并結(jié)合前后句意理解。
【翻譯】如果廣告所傳遞的信息僅限于告知，那么廣告將變得讓人厭煩以至于不會(huì)有人去注意它。當(dāng)然，即使有可能的話廣告本身要做到這一點(diǎn)(廣告僅僅傳遞一種告知信息而不帶任何勸誘成份)也是有困難的。因?yàn)?，即使是一個(gè)小小的細(xì)節(jié)，如對(duì)襯衣顏色的選擇也是一種隱性的誘導(dǎo)。
The change met the technical requirements of the new age / by engaging a large professional element and / prevented the decline in efficiency that / so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation / after the energetic founders. (1996年真題)
【分析】本句是由兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句。句子主干為：The change met the technical requirements of the new age and(這里省略掉了共同的主語(yǔ)the change)prevented the decline . 介詞短語(yǔ)“by engaging a large professional element”作狀語(yǔ)修飾整個(gè)主句。介詞短語(yǔ)“in efficiency”作狀語(yǔ)修飾 “the decline”(這里要學(xué)會(huì)如何結(jié)合句意區(qū)分介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)是修飾整個(gè)句子還是修飾其中的一部分，這里and之后是一省略主語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立句子，狀語(yǔ)不可能躍過(guò)一個(gè)句子去修飾另外一個(gè)句子，因此這里的 in efficiency修飾的是 the decline)。“so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“the decline in efficiency”，對(duì)其具體內(nèi)容的說(shuō)明。
【翻譯】這種革新通過(guò)雇傭大量的職業(yè)人士，滿足了新時(shí)代工藝的需要，同時(shí)也阻止了效率的下降。而這種效率的下降，通常在富有活力的創(chuàng)始人之后的第二代或第三代領(lǐng)導(dǎo)時(shí)期對(duì)家族企業(yè)產(chǎn)生不利的影響。
The railway companies, though / still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.(1996年真題)
【分析】首先理解句子主干：The railway companies were very unlike old family business.再把插入成分“though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders”代入句中理解，形成連貫的語(yǔ)義。
【翻譯】盡管一些鐵路公司仍然是私有的，而且是為了其股東利益而管理，但他們已經(jīng)¬和傳統(tǒng)的家族企業(yè)有很大的不同了。
The paid manager / acting for the company / was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen / which the employer had often had / under the more patriarchal system of the old family business / now passing away. (1996年真題)
【分析】句子的主干為：The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)“acting for the company”作定語(yǔ)修飾“the paid manager”。“which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business”是修飾familiar personal knowledge of the workmen的定語(yǔ)從句?！皀ow passing away”是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，也是修飾familiar personal knowledge of the workmen。這里要學(xué)會(huì)...business與 now passing away之間的斷句。前句到business已經(jīng)¬結(jié)束(因?yàn)樵摼浣Y(jié)構(gòu)已十分完整，已不可能再接其他成分)，now passing away則是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的狀語(yǔ)。
【翻譯】作為代表公司一方的職業(yè)經(jīng)¬理人，他們和工人以及工人的需求方面(比起企業(yè)的所有者)有著更加直接的聯(lián)系，但他們很少有他們雇主在傳統(tǒng)家族體制下曾經(jīng)¬對(duì)工人有過(guò)的熟悉程度，這種熟悉情況現(xiàn)在也不再存在了。
At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. (1997年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：Such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching.定語(yǔ)從句“that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990”修飾“manifestation of the soul searching”。
【翻譯】但是，在時(shí)代華納，這種問(wèn)題僅僅是內(nèi)心自我探究的一種最新的表現(xiàn)。而這種探究自公司1990年誕生以來(lái)就一直伴隨著企業(yè)的成長(zhǎng)。
What is harder to establish /is whether the productivity revolution / that businessmen assume they are presiding over / is for real. (1998年真題)
【分析】本句不長(zhǎng)，但結(jié)構(gòu)卻較復(fù)雜。句子主干為：What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution is for real.句子主干的主語(yǔ)由主語(yǔ)從句“what is harder to establish”構(gòu)成，而表語(yǔ)從句由“where”引導(dǎo)的從句“what is harder to establish”構(gòu)成，整個(gè)句子仍然是系表結(jié)構(gòu)?！皌hat businessmen assume they are presiding over”是修飾“the productivity revolution”的定語(yǔ)從句。
【翻譯】難以確定的是，商界人士認(rèn)為他們所主導(dǎo)的生產(chǎn)力革命是否真的產(chǎn)生效果了。
There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote / that points to a leap in productivity / and the picture reflected by the statistics. (1998年真題)
【分析】句子主干部分是由between...and...(在……¬之間)固定搭配連接而成。句子主干為：There is a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote and the picture.“that points to a leap in productivity”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“the mass of business anecdote”的?！皉eflected by the statistics”過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾“the picture”。
【翻譯】正如財(cái)長(zhǎng)Robert Rubin所說(shuō)，在商界傳言的生產(chǎn)力進(jìn)步與政府統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況存在著脫節(jié)。
長(zhǎng)句的解析
由于考研本身所具有的局限性，以及西方的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣(簡(jiǎn)單、直接、重心突出)，這就決定了文章中結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句出現(xiàn)的機(jī)率很小。即使有，也只占極小部分，用于區(qū)分選拔出那些英語(yǔ)非常優(yōu)秀的考生。對(duì)于普通考生來(lái)說(shuō)，如在考試中由于這種難度而有一兩道題目做不出來(lái)的話是很正常的?？忌紫纫龅?，就是拿下那些絕大部分屬于常規(guī)性試題的分?jǐn)?shù)，拿下自己該得到的分?jǐn)?shù)。對(duì)于大多數(shù)考生來(lái)說(shuō)，考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章中有些語(yǔ)句較長(zhǎng)，但結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，考生對(duì)這類句子的理解，關(guān)鍵在于掌握一定的技巧，形成連貫的語(yǔ)義理解。其基本應(yīng)對(duì)策略是先抓句子的主干，把握句子的重心，再對(duì)插入成分或并列結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行理解。
這類句子可分為兩類：一類是由一些固定的詞組搭配所構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句，如 so(such)...that(如此……¬以致……¬），not only...but also(不僅……¬而且……¬）， not...but(不是……¬而是……¬），so as...to(如此……¬以致……¬），transform...from...into...(把……¬從……¬改變?yōu)椤?not;），not so much...as...(不是……¬而是……¬）as...as...(像……¬一樣)等；另一類是由多個(gè)插入成分或并列結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)多構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句。對(duì)于前者我們只需抓住固定搭配所連接的主干，分步理解；后者則直接抓住句子的主干，分步理解。
下面就近23年來(lái)閱讀真題文章中所出現(xiàn)的“長(zhǎng)難句”逐一進(jìn)行分析(“/” 表示斷句標(biāo)示，適當(dāng)?shù)臄嗑淇梢詭涂忌芎玫乩斫饩湟?。
The Olympian athletic festival / held every four years / in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, /eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international.(1987年真題)
【分析】本句實(shí)際是由幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的并列句組成的一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，省略了共同的主語(yǔ)The Olympian athletic festival。補(bǔ)充省略部分，該句可理解為以下簡(jiǎn)單句的句意組合：
The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods.
The Olympian athletic festival eventually lost its local character.
After the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, the Olympian athletic festival became first a national event and then, international.
【翻譯】奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)最初是為了紀(jì)念Zeus(奧林匹亞的一個(gè)神)，每四年主辦一次，最終它喪失了原¬有的地方色彩，逐漸成為一種體育盛事。而后，在一些反對(duì)國(guó)外競(jìng)技者參與的規(guī)則被廢除之后，逐漸變成了一種國(guó)際性的體育盛事。
Aristotle, for example, whose natural science /dominated the Western thought for two thousand years, believed that / man could arrive at an understanding of reality/ by reasoning from self-evident principle / that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that / objects fall to the ground because that's where it belongs.(1987年真題)
【分析】首先抓住句子主干，對(duì)于插入部分我們可以暫時(shí)忽略掉。本句主干為：Aristotle believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principle，然后再逐步理解其他成分?！皐hose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years”是對(duì)Aristotle的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明?！癳verything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that's where it belongs”是對(duì)self-evident principle的同步解釋。該句可理解為以下簡(jiǎn)單句的句意組合：
Aristotle believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principle.
Aristotle's natural science dominated the Western thought for two thousand years.
Self-evident principle is that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where it belongs.
【翻譯】舉個(gè)例子吧，亞里士多德，他的自然科學(xué)理論統(tǒng)治了整個(gè)西方思想長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩千年之久。他認(rèn)為，人們可以通過(guò)一些顯而易見(jiàn)的法則推斷來(lái)達(dá)到對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的理解。這種不證自明的法則就是，任何事件在宇宙中總有其合適的位置。因而人們可以推斷出，物體掉到地上是因?yàn)槲矬w本身就屬于大地的。
Both you and she know that / if you are not sure what you want, you are not likely to find it.(1988年真題)
【分析】that if 屬于?？冀Y(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的理解關(guān)鍵在于學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)that if 結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行斷句。在理解的時(shí)候，that if 之間語(yǔ)義應(yīng)稍作停頓，把if與后面引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)義連貫起來(lái)。
【翻譯】你和她都知道，如果你不能確定你所想要的東西，那么你就沒(méi)有可能找到它。
The mineral elements from the soil / that are usable by the plant / must be dissolved in the soil solution / before they can be taken into the root. (1991年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：The mineral elements must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.定語(yǔ)從句“that are usable by the plan”是修飾“The mineral elements”；“from the soil”是介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。該句可理解為以下簡(jiǎn)單句的句意組合：
The mineral elements from the soil must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.
The mineral elements are usable by the plan.
【翻譯】土地里被植物所用到的礦物質(zhì)元素只有在土地里先期溶解，才能被植物的根吸收。
C.R.Darnes has suggested that / it is as proper to term the plant a water structure / as to call a house composed mainly of brick / a brick building. (1991年真題)
【分析】這里是由as...as...(像……¬一樣，正如……¬一樣)連接兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句。該句的主干為：C.R.Darnes has suggested that / it is as proper to term the plant a water structure / as to call a house a brick building.“composed mainly of brick”是分詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾“a house”。這里把“磚與房子的關(guān)系比做水與植物的關(guān)系說(shuō)明水對(duì)于植物的重要性”。
【翻譯】C.R.Darnes認(rèn)為，正如把一棟主要由磚建造的建筑稱為磚瓦建筑一樣，我們可以把植物看作一種水體結(jié)構(gòu)。
To be promoted or to fall behind / is not a matter of salary but /even more a matter of self-respect. This constant need to prove / that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor / creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. (1993年真題)
【分析】第一句主要是not...but...(不是……¬而是……¬）的理解。第二句主干：This constant need to prove creates constant anxiety and stress.句子主干中“This constant need to prove”是不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。 “that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor”是對(duì)This constant need to prove的同步說(shuō)明?！皌he very causes of unhappiness and illness”是對(duì)“constant anxiety and stress”的同步說(shuō)明。
【翻譯】晉升與貶職不僅僅是薪水的改變，更多的是有關(guān)自尊的事情。這種不斷地證明一個(gè)人和自己的對(duì)手一樣優(yōu)秀或者比其更優(yōu)秀的需要，使人產(chǎn)生了一種長(zhǎng)久的焦慮和壓力，正是這種焦慮和壓力導(dǎo)致了人的不快樂(lè)和疾病。
I suggest / transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism /in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into / a humanist industrialism / in which / man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason——are the aims of all social arrangements.(1993年真題)
【分析】本句是由transform...from...into...(把……¬從……¬改變?yōu)椤?not;）固定詞組搭配所構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句。transform...from...into...連接的短語(yǔ)作“suggest”后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)妨礙¬了對(duì)句意的理解。句子主干為：I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism into a humanist industrialism are the aims of all social arrangements.句中“in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves”是對(duì)a bureaucratically managed industrialism的描述?！癷n which man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason”是對(duì)a humanist industrialism的描述。
【翻譯】我建議，把我們的社會(huì)體系從一種以追求產(chǎn)值和消費(fèi)的官僚工業(yè)化體系轉(zhuǎn)變成為一種人性化的工業(yè)體系。在這種人性化工業(yè)體系當(dāng)中，人及人潛能(情感和理性)的充分發(fā)展才是我們社會(huì)組織的目標(biāo)。
The great interest in exceptional children / shown in public education over the past three decades / indicates the strong feeling in our society that / all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. (1994年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：The great interest indicates the strong feeling in our society. 介詞短語(yǔ)“in exceptional children”作狀語(yǔ)修飾 “the great interest”。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)“shown in public education over the past three decades”作定語(yǔ)修飾“the great interest”?！癮ll citizens , whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities”是同位語(yǔ)“the strong feeling”的說(shuō)明。
【翻譯】在過(guò)去的三十年，人們?cè)诠步逃I(lǐng)域?qū)μ厥鈨和憩F(xiàn)出來(lái)的強(qiáng)烈興趣表明，在我們社會(huì)里，人們有一種強(qiáng)烈的愿望。那就是，所有的公民，無(wú)論他們自身狀況如何，都應(yīng)該獲得全面發(fā)展自己能力的機(jī)會(huì)。
If its message were confined merely to information——and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive——advertising would be so boring that / no one would pay any attention.(1995年真題)
【分析】對(duì)于由較長(zhǎng)的插入成分所構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句，我們可以首先跳過(guò)破折號(hào)內(nèi)的插入內(nèi)容，直接抓住破折號(hào)以外的主體內(nèi)容來(lái)理解句子主干部分。本句主干為：If its message were confined merely to information, advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.再把插入部分“and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive”代入主句中，并結(jié)合前后句意理解。
【翻譯】如果廣告所傳遞的信息僅限于告知，那么廣告將變得讓人厭煩以至于不會(huì)有人去注意它。當(dāng)然，即使有可能的話廣告本身要做到這一點(diǎn)(廣告僅僅傳遞一種告知信息而不帶任何勸誘成份)也是有困難的。因?yàn)?，即使是一個(gè)小小的細(xì)節(jié)，如對(duì)襯衣顏色的選擇也是一種隱性的誘導(dǎo)。
The change met the technical requirements of the new age / by engaging a large professional element and / prevented the decline in efficiency that / so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation / after the energetic founders. (1996年真題)
【分析】本句是由兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成的長(zhǎng)句。句子主干為：The change met the technical requirements of the new age and(這里省略掉了共同的主語(yǔ)the change)prevented the decline . 介詞短語(yǔ)“by engaging a large professional element”作狀語(yǔ)修飾整個(gè)主句。介詞短語(yǔ)“in efficiency”作狀語(yǔ)修飾 “the decline”(這里要學(xué)會(huì)如何結(jié)合句意區(qū)分介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)是修飾整個(gè)句子還是修飾其中的一部分，這里and之后是一省略主語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立句子，狀語(yǔ)不可能躍過(guò)一個(gè)句子去修飾另外一個(gè)句子，因此這里的 in efficiency修飾的是 the decline)。“so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“the decline in efficiency”，對(duì)其具體內(nèi)容的說(shuō)明。
【翻譯】這種革新通過(guò)雇傭大量的職業(yè)人士，滿足了新時(shí)代工藝的需要，同時(shí)也阻止了效率的下降。而這種效率的下降，通常在富有活力的創(chuàng)始人之后的第二代或第三代領(lǐng)導(dǎo)時(shí)期對(duì)家族企業(yè)產(chǎn)生不利的影響。
The railway companies, though / still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.(1996年真題)
【分析】首先理解句子主干：The railway companies were very unlike old family business.再把插入成分“though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders”代入句中理解，形成連貫的語(yǔ)義。
【翻譯】盡管一些鐵路公司仍然是私有的，而且是為了其股東利益而管理，但他們已經(jīng)¬和傳統(tǒng)的家族企業(yè)有很大的不同了。
The paid manager / acting for the company / was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen / which the employer had often had / under the more patriarchal system of the old family business / now passing away. (1996年真題)
【分析】句子的主干為：The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)“acting for the company”作定語(yǔ)修飾“the paid manager”。“which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business”是修飾familiar personal knowledge of the workmen的定語(yǔ)從句?！皀ow passing away”是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，也是修飾familiar personal knowledge of the workmen。這里要學(xué)會(huì)...business與 now passing away之間的斷句。前句到business已經(jīng)¬結(jié)束(因?yàn)樵摼浣Y(jié)構(gòu)已十分完整，已不可能再接其他成分)，now passing away則是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的狀語(yǔ)。
【翻譯】作為代表公司一方的職業(yè)經(jīng)¬理人，他們和工人以及工人的需求方面(比起企業(yè)的所有者)有著更加直接的聯(lián)系，但他們很少有他們雇主在傳統(tǒng)家族體制下曾經(jīng)¬對(duì)工人有過(guò)的熟悉程度，這種熟悉情況現(xiàn)在也不再存在了。
At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. (1997年真題)
【分析】句子主干為：Such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching.定語(yǔ)從句“that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990”修飾“manifestation of the soul searching”。
【翻譯】但是，在時(shí)代華納，這種問(wèn)題僅僅是內(nèi)心自我探究的一種最新的表現(xiàn)。而這種探究自公司1990年誕生以來(lái)就一直伴隨著企業(yè)的成長(zhǎng)。
What is harder to establish /is whether the productivity revolution / that businessmen assume they are presiding over / is for real. (1998年真題)
【分析】本句不長(zhǎng)，但結(jié)構(gòu)卻較復(fù)雜。句子主干為：What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution is for real.句子主干的主語(yǔ)由主語(yǔ)從句“what is harder to establish”構(gòu)成，而表語(yǔ)從句由“where”引導(dǎo)的從句“what is harder to establish”構(gòu)成，整個(gè)句子仍然是系表結(jié)構(gòu)?！皌hat businessmen assume they are presiding over”是修飾“the productivity revolution”的定語(yǔ)從句。
【翻譯】難以確定的是，商界人士認(rèn)為他們所主導(dǎo)的生產(chǎn)力革命是否真的產(chǎn)生效果了。
There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote / that points to a leap in productivity / and the picture reflected by the statistics. (1998年真題)
【分析】句子主干部分是由between...and...(在……¬之間)固定搭配連接而成。句子主干為：There is a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote and the picture.“that points to a leap in productivity”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“the mass of business anecdote”的?！皉eflected by the statistics”過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾“the picture”。
【翻譯】正如財(cái)長(zhǎng)Robert Rubin所說(shuō)，在商界傳言的生產(chǎn)力進(jìn)步與政府統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)所反映的情況存在著脫節(jié)。