第6課
關(guān)于逗號的一些知識
原則：逗號沒有能力連接兩個(gè)單獨(dú)的句子。
如何區(qū)分短語與句子？一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)如果有完整的謂語部分就是句子。
何為完整的謂語部分？如果能判斷出一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)就可以稱這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)為完整的謂語部分。
在什么樣的情況下一個(gè)逗號可以將句子分成兩部分，而這兩部分都有完整的謂語呢？
1 兩個(gè)句子中間有連接詞連接；
2 這兩個(gè)句子是主從句關(guān)系（主從句之間一定要有句子引導(dǎo)詞來引導(dǎo)）。
10. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _A_, we declined the offer. [declined v. 婉言謝絕]
A not being finished B not having finished
C had not been finished D was not finished
42. A survey was carrie3d out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _D_ were surprising. [survey 調(diào)查]
A as results B which results C the results of it D the results of which
51. All flights _D_ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could no nothing but take the train. [having been canceled這里是獨(dú)立主格作原因狀語]
A had been canceled B have been canceled
C were canceled D having been canceled
46. _A_ the calculation is right scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately. [variable n. 變項(xiàng)，變量；model vt. 建模]
A Even if B As far as C If only D So long as
even if 即使，即便； so long as （后面加句子時(shí)）只要。
47. My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _B_ by then.
A would leave B will have left C has left D had left
將來完成時(shí)：will have + 動詞過去分詞。
49. Harry was _A_ by a bee when he was collecting the honey.
A stung B stuck C bitten D scratched
sting v. （蜜蜂）叮，蟄； bite v. （蚊子等）咬； scratch vt. 抓傷，劃破（通常指貓抓人）。
once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井繩。
50. The thief tried to open the locked door but _B_.
A in no way B in vain C without effect D at a loss
in vain 徒勞，白費(fèi)工夫； But很少與介詞without聯(lián)用； at a loss 不知所措。
52. _B_ seeing the damage he had done, the child felt ashamed.
A By B On C At D For
on后面加動詞ing形式表示“在…之后”這個(gè)時(shí)間概念。
54. Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _C_ during the day.
A should have done B would have done C may have done D must have done
should have + 動詞過去分詞，表示本應(yīng)該做； may have + 動詞過去分詞，表示可能做過；
與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣主句謂語動詞的表達(dá)形式可能用到：would have + 動詞過去分詞。
must have + 動詞過去分詞，表示對過去行為進(jìn)行肯定推測。表示一定做過；
can't have + 動詞過去分詞，表示對過去行為進(jìn)行否定推測，表示不可能做過。
56. This crop does not do well in soils[各種土壤] _B_ the one for which it has been specially developed.
A outside B other than C beyond D rather than
outside prep. 在…外邊； rather than 而不是（肯定前者，否定后者）。
beyond prep. 超出…的范圍； beyond his wildest dreams 超出他狂野的夢想。
other than 不同于，而非，當(dāng)它與否定詞no或not出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)句子中時(shí)表示“除…之外”。
66. In no country _A_ Britain, it has been said, can on experience four seasons in the course of a single day.
A other than B more than C better than D rather than
63. My father seemed to be in no _A_ to look at my school report.
A mood B emotion C attitude D feeling
be in no mood to do/doing sth. 沒有情緒（心情）做什么事情。
67. I'm sorry I can't see you immediately; but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you _B_. [in a moment 馬上，立即（它作為時(shí)間狀語時(shí)一定與將來時(shí)態(tài)搭配）= in an instant.]
A for a moment B in a moment C for the moment D at the moment
68. The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness _D_ by his lack of talent. [trumpet 小號]
A than B more than C as D so much as
當(dāng)否定詞not與so much as出現(xiàn)在同一句子中時(shí)，它們的含義是：與其說…不如說…
70. Our journey was slow because the train stopped _D_ at different villages.
A unceasingly B gradually C continuously D continually
unceasingly adv. 不停止地，不休止地； gradually adv. 逐漸地，逐步地；= step by step.
continuously adv. 連續(xù)不斷地； continually adv. 時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)地。
43. Frankfurt, Germany, is in one of the most _A_ populated regions of Western Europe.
A densely B vastly C enormously D largely
densely populated 人口分布稠密； sparsely populated 人口分布稀疏。
52. _D_ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.
A None B Either C Both D Neither
none表示的是三者或三者以上都不； either表示的是兩者之間任意一者。
55. Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as _A_ other musicians.
A superior to B more superior than C more superior to D superior than
注意：具有比較意味的形容詞只需要與to搭配，而無須more, than。
58. She is a very _D_ secretary: she never forgets anything or makes a mistake.
A anxious B effective C adequate D efficient
anxious adj. 憂慮的，焦慮的； anxiety n. 焦慮，憂慮； effective adj. 有效的；
take effective measures 采取有效的措施； adequate adj. 充足的，足夠的；= surficient.
efficient adj. 效率高的，能勝任的。
64. The computer has brought about surprising technological changes _B_ we organize and produce information.
A in a way B in the way C in that way D in no way
in the way 引導(dǎo)句子時(shí)表示“在...方面”。
170. Please move this chair, it is _A_.
A in the way B on the way C in a way D by the way
in the way在沒有引導(dǎo)句子時(shí)表示“擋路的，妨礙某人的”。
67. In Australia the Asians make their influence _C_ in businesses large and small.
A feeling B feel C felt D to be felt
考試中常見的幾個(gè)使役動詞：make, get, keep, leave.
考試中的形式：使役動詞 + sb.(sth.) + ___ 此時(shí)空格處應(yīng)填分詞
具體是要填現(xiàn)在還是過去分詞由空格前的sb.(sth.)決定，
如果它是動作的發(fā)出者則填現(xiàn)在分詞，如果它是動作的承受者則填過去分詞。
41. He came back late, _B_ which time all the guests had already left.
A after B by C at D during
介詞by引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語時(shí)一定與完成時(shí)態(tài)搭配。
45. His remarks left me _D_ about his real purpose.
A wondered B wonder C to wonder D wondering
49. Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still _D_.
A blank B hollow C vacant D bare
blank adj. 空白的（因?yàn)闆]寫字而空白）； hollow adj. 空心的，中空的；
bare adj. 光突突的（山上沒有樹和草）；沒帶首飾的； bald adj. 禿頂?shù)摹?BR> 50. Being a pop star can be quite a hard life, with a lot of travelling _D_ heavy schedules.
A with regard to B as to C in relation to D owing to
owning to = due to 因?yàn)椤?BR> 52. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _C_ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.
A peculiarly B indifferently C vigorously D inevitably
peculiar adj. 奇特的； indifferently adv. 冷漠地，不積極地；
vigorously adv. 強(qiáng)有力的，強(qiáng)勁有力的； inevitably adv. 不可避免地，必然地。
60. We have been told that under no circumstances _A_ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A may we use B we may use C we could use D did we use
61. In previous times, then fresh meat was in short _D_, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food. [in short supply 供應(yīng)不足]
A store B provision C reserve D supply
in previous times 從前； fresh water 淡水； fresh meat 鮮肉； dove n. 鴿子；
bean curd 豆腐； Bible 圣經(jīng)； bible 具有權(quán)威性的書； God 上帝； god 神。
62. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _C_ for our defense.
A had been taken B would be taken C be taken D to be taken
以下幾個(gè)表示“指揮，命令”的動詞：order, command, direct.
在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)從句要用“(should) + 動詞原形”來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。
63. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _A_ from the sort of candles used only in churches.
A had come B coming C come D that came
65. I was _B_ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A to B on C at D in
to the point of 到了…程度； on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事情；
at the point of 在某點(diǎn)上； when除了表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”外，還可以表示“恰在此時(shí)”或“剛…就…”
68. The project _C_ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A accomplished B being accomplished
C to be accomplished D having been accomplished
69. _C_ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.
A If being B It is C There is D There being
evidence表示“證據(jù)”，大的特點(diǎn)是后面經(jīng)常帶同位語從句說明證據(jù)的內(nèi)容。
language-acquiring ability 語言習(xí)得能力。 evidence不用在“it is …”這種結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)中。
64. After the guests left, she spent half an hour _C_ the sitting-room[客廳].
A ordering B arranging C tidying up D clearing away
order vt. 命令；訂購；整理，使有條理性； order one's thoughts 整理思路，整理思緒；
arrange v. 布置，安排； tidy up 整理，使整潔（后面通常加某個(gè)房間）；
clear away 把…清除掉。
67. A lorry[卡車] _A_ Jane's cat and sped away.
A ran over B ran into C ran through D ran down
run over 撞倒并碾過； run into 不期然地遇到； run through 貫穿（多用于抽象事物）；
run down 貶低； run down one's opinion.
70. Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _A_.
A appreciated B approved C appealed D applied
rare books 珍藏本的書籍； appreciate 重視，欣賞，感激； approve 批準(zhǔn)，通過，贊成；
approve of 贊成，滿意； apply 應(yīng)用，運(yùn)用；
appeal 呼吁（表示此意義時(shí)它經(jīng)常于for搭配）；申訴，上訴（表示此意義時(shí)它要于to搭配）。
15. Will you _C_ coming to dinner with me?
A have the pleasure of B give the pleasure in
C do me the pleasure of D take pleasure in
pleasure n. 榮幸； 第二選項(xiàng)的正確形式應(yīng)為：give me the pleasure of
C選項(xiàng)也可寫為：do me the favor(favour) of
18. _C_ Goul had said it, he knew what a mistake he had made.
A at once B No sooner C The moment D Hardly
以下幾個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞都可以表示“一…就…”：as soon as, the instant, the moment.
25. Norin received a bad wound _B_ the leg when he was shot at.
A on B in C at D of
表示身體某一部位受傷用介詞in。 hit sb. in the face 打某人一個(gè)耳光。
28. Cork was angry; _D_ he listened to me.
A and B but C so D nevertheless
cork n. 軟木塞。 nevertheless conj. 盡管如此。
34. That _A_ instrument can record even very slightly changes.
A delicate B feeble C sensible D feasible
instrument n. 儀器，（彈奏的）樂器； delicate instrument 精密儀器。
delicate adj. 精密的，準(zhǔn)確的； feeble adj. 軟弱的，無力的； sensible adj. 明智的；
sensitive adj. 敏感的； be sensitive to 對…很敏感； feasible adj. 可行的，行得通的。
關(guān)于逗號的一些知識
原則：逗號沒有能力連接兩個(gè)單獨(dú)的句子。
如何區(qū)分短語與句子？一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)如果有完整的謂語部分就是句子。
何為完整的謂語部分？如果能判斷出一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)就可以稱這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)為完整的謂語部分。
在什么樣的情況下一個(gè)逗號可以將句子分成兩部分，而這兩部分都有完整的謂語呢？
1 兩個(gè)句子中間有連接詞連接；
2 這兩個(gè)句子是主從句關(guān)系（主從句之間一定要有句子引導(dǎo)詞來引導(dǎo)）。
10. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _A_, we declined the offer. [declined v. 婉言謝絕]
A not being finished B not having finished
C had not been finished D was not finished
42. A survey was carrie3d out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _D_ were surprising. [survey 調(diào)查]
A as results B which results C the results of it D the results of which
51. All flights _D_ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could no nothing but take the train. [having been canceled這里是獨(dú)立主格作原因狀語]
A had been canceled B have been canceled
C were canceled D having been canceled
46. _A_ the calculation is right scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately. [variable n. 變項(xiàng)，變量；model vt. 建模]
A Even if B As far as C If only D So long as
even if 即使，即便； so long as （后面加句子時(shí)）只要。
47. My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _B_ by then.
A would leave B will have left C has left D had left
將來完成時(shí)：will have + 動詞過去分詞。
49. Harry was _A_ by a bee when he was collecting the honey.
A stung B stuck C bitten D scratched
sting v. （蜜蜂）叮，蟄； bite v. （蚊子等）咬； scratch vt. 抓傷，劃破（通常指貓抓人）。
once bitten, twice shy. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井繩。
50. The thief tried to open the locked door but _B_.
A in no way B in vain C without effect D at a loss
in vain 徒勞，白費(fèi)工夫； But很少與介詞without聯(lián)用； at a loss 不知所措。
52. _B_ seeing the damage he had done, the child felt ashamed.
A By B On C At D For
on后面加動詞ing形式表示“在…之后”這個(gè)時(shí)間概念。
54. Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _C_ during the day.
A should have done B would have done C may have done D must have done
should have + 動詞過去分詞，表示本應(yīng)該做； may have + 動詞過去分詞，表示可能做過；
與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣主句謂語動詞的表達(dá)形式可能用到：would have + 動詞過去分詞。
must have + 動詞過去分詞，表示對過去行為進(jìn)行肯定推測。表示一定做過；
can't have + 動詞過去分詞，表示對過去行為進(jìn)行否定推測，表示不可能做過。
56. This crop does not do well in soils[各種土壤] _B_ the one for which it has been specially developed.
A outside B other than C beyond D rather than
outside prep. 在…外邊； rather than 而不是（肯定前者，否定后者）。
beyond prep. 超出…的范圍； beyond his wildest dreams 超出他狂野的夢想。
other than 不同于，而非，當(dāng)它與否定詞no或not出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)句子中時(shí)表示“除…之外”。
66. In no country _A_ Britain, it has been said, can on experience four seasons in the course of a single day.
A other than B more than C better than D rather than
63. My father seemed to be in no _A_ to look at my school report.
A mood B emotion C attitude D feeling
be in no mood to do/doing sth. 沒有情緒（心情）做什么事情。
67. I'm sorry I can't see you immediately; but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you _B_. [in a moment 馬上，立即（它作為時(shí)間狀語時(shí)一定與將來時(shí)態(tài)搭配）= in an instant.]
A for a moment B in a moment C for the moment D at the moment
68. The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness _D_ by his lack of talent. [trumpet 小號]
A than B more than C as D so much as
當(dāng)否定詞not與so much as出現(xiàn)在同一句子中時(shí)，它們的含義是：與其說…不如說…
70. Our journey was slow because the train stopped _D_ at different villages.
A unceasingly B gradually C continuously D continually
unceasingly adv. 不停止地，不休止地； gradually adv. 逐漸地，逐步地；= step by step.
continuously adv. 連續(xù)不斷地； continually adv. 時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)地。
43. Frankfurt, Germany, is in one of the most _A_ populated regions of Western Europe.
A densely B vastly C enormously D largely
densely populated 人口分布稠密； sparsely populated 人口分布稀疏。
52. _D_ of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.
A None B Either C Both D Neither
none表示的是三者或三者以上都不； either表示的是兩者之間任意一者。
55. Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as _A_ other musicians.
A superior to B more superior than C more superior to D superior than
注意：具有比較意味的形容詞只需要與to搭配，而無須more, than。
58. She is a very _D_ secretary: she never forgets anything or makes a mistake.
A anxious B effective C adequate D efficient
anxious adj. 憂慮的，焦慮的； anxiety n. 焦慮，憂慮； effective adj. 有效的；
take effective measures 采取有效的措施； adequate adj. 充足的，足夠的；= surficient.
efficient adj. 效率高的，能勝任的。
64. The computer has brought about surprising technological changes _B_ we organize and produce information.
A in a way B in the way C in that way D in no way
in the way 引導(dǎo)句子時(shí)表示“在...方面”。
170. Please move this chair, it is _A_.
A in the way B on the way C in a way D by the way
in the way在沒有引導(dǎo)句子時(shí)表示“擋路的，妨礙某人的”。
67. In Australia the Asians make their influence _C_ in businesses large and small.
A feeling B feel C felt D to be felt
考試中常見的幾個(gè)使役動詞：make, get, keep, leave.
考試中的形式：使役動詞 + sb.(sth.) + ___ 此時(shí)空格處應(yīng)填分詞
具體是要填現(xiàn)在還是過去分詞由空格前的sb.(sth.)決定，
如果它是動作的發(fā)出者則填現(xiàn)在分詞，如果它是動作的承受者則填過去分詞。
41. He came back late, _B_ which time all the guests had already left.
A after B by C at D during
介詞by引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語時(shí)一定與完成時(shí)態(tài)搭配。
45. His remarks left me _D_ about his real purpose.
A wondered B wonder C to wonder D wondering
49. Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still _D_.
A blank B hollow C vacant D bare
blank adj. 空白的（因?yàn)闆]寫字而空白）； hollow adj. 空心的，中空的；
bare adj. 光突突的（山上沒有樹和草）；沒帶首飾的； bald adj. 禿頂?shù)摹?BR> 50. Being a pop star can be quite a hard life, with a lot of travelling _D_ heavy schedules.
A with regard to B as to C in relation to D owing to
owning to = due to 因?yàn)椤?BR> 52. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _C_ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.
A peculiarly B indifferently C vigorously D inevitably
peculiar adj. 奇特的； indifferently adv. 冷漠地，不積極地；
vigorously adv. 強(qiáng)有力的，強(qiáng)勁有力的； inevitably adv. 不可避免地，必然地。
60. We have been told that under no circumstances _A_ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A may we use B we may use C we could use D did we use
61. In previous times, then fresh meat was in short _D_, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food. [in short supply 供應(yīng)不足]
A store B provision C reserve D supply
in previous times 從前； fresh water 淡水； fresh meat 鮮肉； dove n. 鴿子；
bean curd 豆腐； Bible 圣經(jīng)； bible 具有權(quán)威性的書； God 上帝； god 神。
62. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _C_ for our defense.
A had been taken B would be taken C be taken D to be taken
以下幾個(gè)表示“指揮，命令”的動詞：order, command, direct.
在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)從句要用“(should) + 動詞原形”來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。
63. A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _A_ from the sort of candles used only in churches.
A had come B coming C come D that came
65. I was _B_ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
A to B on C at D in
to the point of 到了…程度； on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事情；
at the point of 在某點(diǎn)上； when除了表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”外，還可以表示“恰在此時(shí)”或“剛…就…”
68. The project _C_ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A accomplished B being accomplished
C to be accomplished D having been accomplished
69. _C_ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.
A If being B It is C There is D There being
evidence表示“證據(jù)”，大的特點(diǎn)是后面經(jīng)常帶同位語從句說明證據(jù)的內(nèi)容。
language-acquiring ability 語言習(xí)得能力。 evidence不用在“it is …”這種結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)中。
64. After the guests left, she spent half an hour _C_ the sitting-room[客廳].
A ordering B arranging C tidying up D clearing away
order vt. 命令；訂購；整理，使有條理性； order one's thoughts 整理思路，整理思緒；
arrange v. 布置，安排； tidy up 整理，使整潔（后面通常加某個(gè)房間）；
clear away 把…清除掉。
67. A lorry[卡車] _A_ Jane's cat and sped away.
A ran over B ran into C ran through D ran down
run over 撞倒并碾過； run into 不期然地遇到； run through 貫穿（多用于抽象事物）；
run down 貶低； run down one's opinion.
70. Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _A_.
A appreciated B approved C appealed D applied
rare books 珍藏本的書籍； appreciate 重視，欣賞，感激； approve 批準(zhǔn)，通過，贊成；
approve of 贊成，滿意； apply 應(yīng)用，運(yùn)用；
appeal 呼吁（表示此意義時(shí)它經(jīng)常于for搭配）；申訴，上訴（表示此意義時(shí)它要于to搭配）。
15. Will you _C_ coming to dinner with me?
A have the pleasure of B give the pleasure in
C do me the pleasure of D take pleasure in
pleasure n. 榮幸； 第二選項(xiàng)的正確形式應(yīng)為：give me the pleasure of
C選項(xiàng)也可寫為：do me the favor(favour) of
18. _C_ Goul had said it, he knew what a mistake he had made.
A at once B No sooner C The moment D Hardly
以下幾個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞都可以表示“一…就…”：as soon as, the instant, the moment.
25. Norin received a bad wound _B_ the leg when he was shot at.
A on B in C at D of
表示身體某一部位受傷用介詞in。 hit sb. in the face 打某人一個(gè)耳光。
28. Cork was angry; _D_ he listened to me.
A and B but C so D nevertheless
cork n. 軟木塞。 nevertheless conj. 盡管如此。
34. That _A_ instrument can record even very slightly changes.
A delicate B feeble C sensible D feasible
instrument n. 儀器，（彈奏的）樂器； delicate instrument 精密儀器。
delicate adj. 精密的，準(zhǔn)確的； feeble adj. 軟弱的，無力的； sensible adj. 明智的；
sensitive adj. 敏感的； be sensitive to 對…很敏感； feasible adj. 可行的，行得通的。