如: is/are （called），means，can be defined as，refer to，is/are known as，signify等，例: Food fallacies refer t
o beliefs about food that are not true. 或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如——，（）等，例: Multiplexing—— transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.
有時(shí)，作者用同位語(yǔ)形式或連詞or給出定義，例: Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates，“hollow-gutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.
②近義復(fù)述。同一短文中上下毗鄰的句子通常有互釋作用，我們可以從上下文的復(fù)述中獲取與某一詞相關(guān)的信息來(lái)猜度詞義。例:
Mr.and Mrs.Firth had a long courtship.They dated for nine years before they got married.
③ 反義對(duì)照。在表示對(duì)照的上下文中，常包含有意義相反的詞語(yǔ)或概念，這些意義相反的概念可以互為線索，幫助我們猜度詞義。表示對(duì)照的上下文中常有以下一些信號(hào)詞:although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary， on the other hand等。
例:Chimpanzees（猩猩）in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.
④ 搭配集合。利用詞與詞的搭配或該詞所出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)境，我們也能推知出詞義的大概輪廓。例: People gathered to look.Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket （套，殼）of the radiator.
⑤比較舉例。上下文中的比較和舉例，能揭示比較物或例舉物之間的共性，我們可根據(jù)這些共性來(lái)推知有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)的意思。例: Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.
⑥ 因果時(shí)間。因與果、時(shí)間的先與后都是事物發(fā)展變化過(guò)程中的必然關(guān)系，在利用上下文推測(cè)詞義時(shí)，這些關(guān)系也至關(guān)重要。例: Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
⑦常識(shí)。常識(shí)包括我們的生活經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)以及自己專業(yè)方面的知識(shí)，在閱讀到與自己專業(yè)相近的文章時(shí)，我們都會(huì)感到相對(duì)容易，這正是我們的專業(yè)知識(shí)在幫我們理解。例: An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.
o beliefs about food that are not true. 或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如——，（）等，例: Multiplexing—— transmitting independent signals at the same time in the same channel——increases the efficiency of radio channels.
有時(shí)，作者用同位語(yǔ)形式或連詞or給出定義，例: Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterates，“hollow-gutted” organisms like hydra and the sea anemone.
②近義復(fù)述。同一短文中上下毗鄰的句子通常有互釋作用，我們可以從上下文的復(fù)述中獲取與某一詞相關(guān)的信息來(lái)猜度詞義。例:
Mr.and Mrs.Firth had a long courtship.They dated for nine years before they got married.
③ 反義對(duì)照。在表示對(duì)照的上下文中，常包含有意義相反的詞語(yǔ)或概念，這些意義相反的概念可以互為線索，幫助我們猜度詞義。表示對(duì)照的上下文中常有以下一些信號(hào)詞:although，but，however，though，whereas，while，yet，on the contrary， on the other hand等。
例:Chimpanzees（猩猩）in the wild use simple objects as tools，but in laboratory situations they can use more sophisticated items.
④ 搭配集合。利用詞與詞的搭配或該詞所出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)境，我們也能推知出詞義的大概輪廓。例: People gathered to look.Three fine streams of hot water sprouted from holes in the jacket （套，殼）of the radiator.
⑤比較舉例。上下文中的比較和舉例，能揭示比較物或例舉物之間的共性，我們可根據(jù)這些共性來(lái)推知有關(guān)詞語(yǔ)的意思。例: Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.
⑥ 因果時(shí)間。因與果、時(shí)間的先與后都是事物發(fā)展變化過(guò)程中的必然關(guān)系，在利用上下文推測(cè)詞義時(shí)，這些關(guān)系也至關(guān)重要。例: Robert is considered peremptory administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
⑦常識(shí)。常識(shí)包括我們的生活經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)常識(shí)以及自己專業(yè)方面的知識(shí)，在閱讀到與自己專業(yè)相近的文章時(shí)，我們都會(huì)感到相對(duì)容易，這正是我們的專業(yè)知識(shí)在幫我們理解。例: An apple falls down instead of up because of gravity.