第四章、猜詞題命題思路透析
Part I、命題規(guī)律透析
猜詞題是考研英語閱讀理解中必考的題型，主要考查考生對于文章中的某個詞語、詞組、句子等的意思的理解和猜測，其主要目的在于考察考生們的英語語言基本功。對于很多考生來說，生詞是閱讀中的一大難關(guān)。在總論中我們也提過，有的考生從中學(xué)時就養(yǎng)成了逢生詞必查的習(xí)慣，不管閱讀什么文章都要弄懂其中每一個單詞的意思。這種毅力固然可嘉，但是在實際的閱讀過程中不遇到生詞是不可能的，而若考生總是拘泥于搞懂個別單詞的意思其實是非常浪費時間的。且不說這種習(xí)慣在考研過程中會影響閱讀的速度、效率和考生的信心，相信所有考生在開始研究生學(xué)習(xí)之后都需要閱讀本領(lǐng)域的大量英文文獻(xiàn)，這些文獻(xiàn)中往往都有非常大的單詞量，大家不可能光靠查字典解決問題。因此，猜測單詞的能力對于考生的閱讀有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響，可以不夸張地說，大部分人一輩子都要在閱讀的時候不斷地猜測生詞的意思，因此這是一種畢生的能力。
考研英語閱讀的猜詞題可以大致分為四類：1、猜測某個單詞的意思，這個單詞有可能是超綱詞匯，也有可能是一個熟悉單詞的不熟悉用法；2、猜測某個詞組的意思，這個詞組中可能包含了某個超綱詞匯，或者是一個熟悉單詞的特殊搭配；3、猜測某個句子的含義，這個句子一般結(jié)構(gòu)不會非常復(fù)雜，不是長難句，但是其中可能包含了一些超綱詞匯或者特殊的詞組、習(xí)語、典故、成語等，此外這個句子也可能是引自文中某個人的話；4、猜測某個詞語的指代含義，如it, this , that, which, these, those 等，或者是一個意思籠統(tǒng)的抑或是某個集體名詞在文中的具體含義，考生需要注意的是在做這種題時要把握答案與題干的單詞在性、數(shù)、格上的一致。
做猜詞題的關(guān)鍵就在于通過上下文來理解所考查詞語、詞組和句子的含義，并且把答案套到原文中看是否在邏輯上是否行得通?？忌f不能把題干孤立起來臆測其含義，這樣的做法會嚴(yán)重影響做題效率。此外，考生也要相信自己的常識和邏輯判斷，一般來說作者在寫文章的時候不會背離基本的常識。
猜詞題常見表達(dá)方式
1、考查某個單詞意思的猜詞題：
The word "mania" (line 4, paragraph 2) most probably means-------- . (2007)
The word "bummer" (line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ------- . (2006)
The word "homogenizing" (line 2, paragraph 1) most probably means------- . (2006)
The word "talking" (line 6, paragraph 3) denotes------- . (2005)
The word "arbiters" (the last sentence, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those------- . (2003)
Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (sentence 2, paragraph 7)? (2002)
The word "gizmos" (sentence 1, paragraph 2) most probably means------- . (2002)
The word "demographers" (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably means ------- . (1998)
The word "schism" (line 3, paragraph 4) in the context most probably means------- . (1998)
The word "pervasive" (sentence 1, paragraph 2) might mean------- . (1997)
2、猜測某個詞組意思的猜詞題：
What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (last line, paragraph 4)? (2005)
The expression "tip service" (line 3, paragraph 3) most probably means------- . (2004)
The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ------- . (2003)
In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ------- . (1998)
3、猜測某個句子含義的猜詞題：
By saying "these figures are conservative" (line 3, paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that------- . (2006)
By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally" (line 2-3, paragraph 4), the author implies that ------- . (2006)
By "Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet" (line 1, paragraph 1), the author means------- . (2004)
What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (line 2, paragraph 5)? (2004)
What is implied in the first sentence? (2003)
The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ------- . (2000)
The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that------- . (1998)
The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" (the last sentence, paragraph 3) means that------- . (1997)
When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ------- . (1997)
4、猜測某個詞語指代含義的猜詞題：
The word "it" (line 3, para 2) most probably refers to ------- . (1995)
5、其它常見的表達(dá)方式還包括：
As used in the text, the word , phrase "..." suggests that ------- .
From the text we can learn that "..." is a term referring to ------- .
The word , phrase "..." can be best replaced by------- .
According to the passage, the word , phrase"..." is known as ------- .
The sentence "..." can be paraphrased as------- .
The word , phrase "..." stands for -------
The word , phrase "..." can be best replaced by which of the following word , phrase?
猜詞題常見出題位置
1、文章中出現(xiàn)的有多個意思的常用單詞，而且用到了該單詞的非常見用法。
2、文章中出現(xiàn)的超綱詞匯。
3、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些包含了普通單詞的特殊搭配的詞組。
4、文章中一些包含了特殊詞匯或者詞語的句子。
5、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些長度較短的引言。
6、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些同位語或者同位語從句。
7、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些定語或者定語從句、賓語從句。
8、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些代詞或者意思籠統(tǒng)地單詞和集體名詞，尤其要注意放在句首的指示代詞。
9、文章中的一些特殊標(biāo)點符號前后，如冒號、引號、分號或者破折號。
10、文章中出現(xiàn)的列舉、對比、類比的地方。
猜詞題正確答案選項的特點
1、答案往往不是某個常見單詞或詞組的普通用法。
2、第一眼看上去可能與考查的詞語或者詞語并沒有共同點，比如其單詞拼寫完全不同。
3、答案中一般不會有任何絕對性的單詞或詞組。
4、如果四個選項中出現(xiàn)了意義相反的兩個單詞或詞組，那么正確答案必定是這兩個選項中的一個，因此可以排除掉另外兩個答案，提高答題的正確率。
猜詞題干擾答案選項的特點
1、某個普通詞語或詞組的常見含義。
2、看上去與所考查的單詞拼寫相近或者意義相近的答案。
3、答案中出現(xiàn)意義絕對化的單詞或詞組。
4、答案放在原文中在邏輯上和常識上都沒有問題，但是經(jīng)過仔細(xì)推敲發(fā)現(xiàn)并不符合上下文。
5、指代的內(nèi)容只是原文意思的一部分。
猜詞題解題方法
猜詞題的解題方法其實是所有題型中最簡單的，即"代入上下文、杜絕望文生義"。也就是說，要通過上下文的整體框架來推測含義，同時也要借助邏輯判斷和常識的積累。考生還應(yīng)提高猜詞的能力，通過一個常見單詞猜測一個非常見單詞的含義，在總論中提供的一些常見單詞前綴、后綴表和詞根表都有助于幫助考生培養(yǎng)這方面的能力。在涉及指代題的時候，考生需要注意有的時候是指代一個單詞或者詞組，有的時候也會指代一個句子，需要在具體做題時加以判斷。此外，積累詞匯量也是一個長期和后備的方法，如果考生不僅能夠掌握絕大部分的大綱單詞，同時也掌握了相當(dāng)數(shù)量的超綱詞匯，自然能夠更加胸有成竹。如果知道所考查詞匯的意思便可以輕易答題，即使不知道也可以通過平時積累的幫助提高猜詞的能力?！ art II、真題解題
1993年P(guān)assage 3
When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (壟斷) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
44. The word "plagiarize" (line 8, Para. 5) most probably means____
[A] steal and use
[B] give reward to
[C] make public
[D] take and change
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題所在的原文為"Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead paten"（實際上，專利專家們常對希望開發(fā)有效專利而又想避免高額費用的人提出建議，即避免侵犯他人專利權(quán)的有效方法就是使用過期專利）。B和C選項顯然與原文無關(guān)，而D選項"change"的意思在文章中沒有體現(xiàn)出來。在專利過期之后，任何人都可以把這個專利或其想法和流程拿來使用而不用經(jīng)過作者的同意，因此就有"steal and use"的意思。實際上plagiarize這個詞語的意思就是"抄襲，剽竊：把（他人的觀點或文章）作為自己的使用"。
[題目譯文]
45.plagiarize"（第五段第八行）最可能的意思是____
[A] 偷來使用
[B] 給......頒獎
[C] 使......公開
[D] 拿來并改變
Part I、命題規(guī)律透析
猜詞題是考研英語閱讀理解中必考的題型，主要考查考生對于文章中的某個詞語、詞組、句子等的意思的理解和猜測，其主要目的在于考察考生們的英語語言基本功。對于很多考生來說，生詞是閱讀中的一大難關(guān)。在總論中我們也提過，有的考生從中學(xué)時就養(yǎng)成了逢生詞必查的習(xí)慣，不管閱讀什么文章都要弄懂其中每一個單詞的意思。這種毅力固然可嘉，但是在實際的閱讀過程中不遇到生詞是不可能的，而若考生總是拘泥于搞懂個別單詞的意思其實是非常浪費時間的。且不說這種習(xí)慣在考研過程中會影響閱讀的速度、效率和考生的信心，相信所有考生在開始研究生學(xué)習(xí)之后都需要閱讀本領(lǐng)域的大量英文文獻(xiàn)，這些文獻(xiàn)中往往都有非常大的單詞量，大家不可能光靠查字典解決問題。因此，猜測單詞的能力對于考生的閱讀有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響，可以不夸張地說，大部分人一輩子都要在閱讀的時候不斷地猜測生詞的意思，因此這是一種畢生的能力。
考研英語閱讀的猜詞題可以大致分為四類：1、猜測某個單詞的意思，這個單詞有可能是超綱詞匯，也有可能是一個熟悉單詞的不熟悉用法；2、猜測某個詞組的意思，這個詞組中可能包含了某個超綱詞匯，或者是一個熟悉單詞的特殊搭配；3、猜測某個句子的含義，這個句子一般結(jié)構(gòu)不會非常復(fù)雜，不是長難句，但是其中可能包含了一些超綱詞匯或者特殊的詞組、習(xí)語、典故、成語等，此外這個句子也可能是引自文中某個人的話；4、猜測某個詞語的指代含義，如it, this , that, which, these, those 等，或者是一個意思籠統(tǒng)的抑或是某個集體名詞在文中的具體含義，考生需要注意的是在做這種題時要把握答案與題干的單詞在性、數(shù)、格上的一致。
做猜詞題的關(guān)鍵就在于通過上下文來理解所考查詞語、詞組和句子的含義，并且把答案套到原文中看是否在邏輯上是否行得通?？忌f不能把題干孤立起來臆測其含義，這樣的做法會嚴(yán)重影響做題效率。此外，考生也要相信自己的常識和邏輯判斷，一般來說作者在寫文章的時候不會背離基本的常識。
猜詞題常見表達(dá)方式
1、考查某個單詞意思的猜詞題：
The word "mania" (line 4, paragraph 2) most probably means-------- . (2007)
The word "bummer" (line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ------- . (2006)
The word "homogenizing" (line 2, paragraph 1) most probably means------- . (2006)
The word "talking" (line 6, paragraph 3) denotes------- . (2005)
The word "arbiters" (the last sentence, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those------- . (2003)
Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (sentence 2, paragraph 7)? (2002)
The word "gizmos" (sentence 1, paragraph 2) most probably means------- . (2002)
The word "demographers" (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably means ------- . (1998)
The word "schism" (line 3, paragraph 4) in the context most probably means------- . (1998)
The word "pervasive" (sentence 1, paragraph 2) might mean------- . (1997)
2、猜測某個詞組意思的猜詞題：
What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (last line, paragraph 4)? (2005)
The expression "tip service" (line 3, paragraph 3) most probably means------- . (2004)
The phrase "making the biggest splash" (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means ------- . (2003)
In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to ------- . (1998)
3、猜測某個句子含義的猜詞題：
By saying "these figures are conservative" (line 3, paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that------- . (2006)
By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally" (line 2-3, paragraph 4), the author implies that ------- . (2006)
By "Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet" (line 1, paragraph 1), the author means------- . (2004)
What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (line 2, paragraph 5)? (2004)
What is implied in the first sentence? (2003)
The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ------- . (2000)
The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that------- . (1998)
The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" (the last sentence, paragraph 3) means that------- . (1997)
When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ------- . (1997)
4、猜測某個詞語指代含義的猜詞題：
The word "it" (line 3, para 2) most probably refers to ------- . (1995)
5、其它常見的表達(dá)方式還包括：
As used in the text, the word , phrase "..." suggests that ------- .
From the text we can learn that "..." is a term referring to ------- .
The word , phrase "..." can be best replaced by------- .
According to the passage, the word , phrase"..." is known as ------- .
The sentence "..." can be paraphrased as------- .
The word , phrase "..." stands for -------
The word , phrase "..." can be best replaced by which of the following word , phrase?
猜詞題常見出題位置
1、文章中出現(xiàn)的有多個意思的常用單詞，而且用到了該單詞的非常見用法。
2、文章中出現(xiàn)的超綱詞匯。
3、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些包含了普通單詞的特殊搭配的詞組。
4、文章中一些包含了特殊詞匯或者詞語的句子。
5、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些長度較短的引言。
6、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些同位語或者同位語從句。
7、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些定語或者定語從句、賓語從句。
8、文章中出現(xiàn)的一些代詞或者意思籠統(tǒng)地單詞和集體名詞，尤其要注意放在句首的指示代詞。
9、文章中的一些特殊標(biāo)點符號前后，如冒號、引號、分號或者破折號。
10、文章中出現(xiàn)的列舉、對比、類比的地方。
猜詞題正確答案選項的特點
1、答案往往不是某個常見單詞或詞組的普通用法。
2、第一眼看上去可能與考查的詞語或者詞語并沒有共同點，比如其單詞拼寫完全不同。
3、答案中一般不會有任何絕對性的單詞或詞組。
4、如果四個選項中出現(xiàn)了意義相反的兩個單詞或詞組，那么正確答案必定是這兩個選項中的一個，因此可以排除掉另外兩個答案，提高答題的正確率。
猜詞題干擾答案選項的特點
1、某個普通詞語或詞組的常見含義。
2、看上去與所考查的單詞拼寫相近或者意義相近的答案。
3、答案中出現(xiàn)意義絕對化的單詞或詞組。
4、答案放在原文中在邏輯上和常識上都沒有問題，但是經(jīng)過仔細(xì)推敲發(fā)現(xiàn)并不符合上下文。
5、指代的內(nèi)容只是原文意思的一部分。
猜詞題解題方法
猜詞題的解題方法其實是所有題型中最簡單的，即"代入上下文、杜絕望文生義"。也就是說，要通過上下文的整體框架來推測含義，同時也要借助邏輯判斷和常識的積累。考生還應(yīng)提高猜詞的能力，通過一個常見單詞猜測一個非常見單詞的含義，在總論中提供的一些常見單詞前綴、后綴表和詞根表都有助于幫助考生培養(yǎng)這方面的能力。在涉及指代題的時候，考生需要注意有的時候是指代一個單詞或者詞組，有的時候也會指代一個句子，需要在具體做題時加以判斷。此外，積累詞匯量也是一個長期和后備的方法，如果考生不僅能夠掌握絕大部分的大綱單詞，同時也掌握了相當(dāng)數(shù)量的超綱詞匯，自然能夠更加胸有成竹。如果知道所考查詞匯的意思便可以輕易答題，即使不知道也可以通過平時積累的幫助提高猜詞的能力?！ art II、真題解題
1993年P(guān)assage 3
When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (壟斷) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’ s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
44. The word "plagiarize" (line 8, Para. 5) most probably means____
[A] steal and use
[B] give reward to
[C] make public
[D] take and change
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題所在的原文為"Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’ s right is to plagiarize a dead paten"（實際上，專利專家們常對希望開發(fā)有效專利而又想避免高額費用的人提出建議，即避免侵犯他人專利權(quán)的有效方法就是使用過期專利）。B和C選項顯然與原文無關(guān)，而D選項"change"的意思在文章中沒有體現(xiàn)出來。在專利過期之后，任何人都可以把這個專利或其想法和流程拿來使用而不用經(jīng)過作者的同意，因此就有"steal and use"的意思。實際上plagiarize這個詞語的意思就是"抄襲，剽竊：把（他人的觀點或文章）作為自己的使用"。
[題目譯文]
45.plagiarize"（第五段第八行）最可能的意思是____
[A] 偷來使用
[B] 給......頒獎
[C] 使......公開
[D] 拿來并改變