看以下例示的“實(shí)施”條文英譯之典型錯(cuò)誤——亦前本之鑒也。就此專題,筆者在其他著述中涉及過(guò)不止一次。但看來(lái),積重一時(shí) (其實(shí)此“一時(shí)”有數(shù)年至十?dāng)?shù)年之久)難返。本文又一次提出,不僅“溫故知新”而已,且系著眼于新的視角并以新的(1997-1998)資料為根據(jù)的錯(cuò)誤事實(shí)及其分析,希望這類典型錯(cuò)誤在今后十年內(nèi)能在我們的法律英譯中斬草除根,永遠(yuǎn)絕滅。
本文基礎(chǔ)資料均取自《上海市利用外資工作手冊(cè)》上海遠(yuǎn)東出版社1998年增訂本(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《手冊(cè)》)和上海中英對(duì)照《新法規(guī)月刊增刊》(以下直接用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字指年份以羅馬字指其期數(shù)),希各注意:
(1) Art.22 The present Measures shall come into effect from [?!]
March 1,1997
—《手冊(cè)》,P.914
(2) Art.43 The present Regulations shall come into force from [?!] July l,1996.
——《手冊(cè)》,P.907
(3) Art.23 The detailed Rules come into force as from [?!] the date of its [?!]promulgation.
——《手冊(cè)》,P.840
(4) Art.35 This law shall go into effect as of [?!] January 1,1995.
——《手冊(cè)》, P.1037
(5) Art.80 These Rules shall come into force,as from [?!] October 1, 1995.
(6) Art. This Law shall come into force as off [?!] September 1,1995.
——《手冊(cè)》,P.1074.
(7) Art.21 The present provisions shall be implemented on a trial basis [?!] September 1,1997.
一97/II,P.85
(8) Art.14 The present provisions shall become effective on the day of promulgation.
——97/II,P.19
(9) Art. 28 The Present provisions shall become effective on the day of promulgation.
對(duì)以上所例示的典型錯(cuò)誤作如下分析:
甲.除上列例(3)之外,其余各例之謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都由“shall”與原形主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。但按英語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)實(shí)踐的客觀規(guī)律,這種“shall”的是違反規(guī)律的即錯(cuò)誤的。這種濫用“shall”的錯(cuò)誤在我們的法律翻譯實(shí)踐中是非常普遍的,從而給我們的(而不是英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的)法律英譯者一個(gè)錯(cuò)覺(jué):誤以為于茲場(chǎng)合使用“shall”的這種錯(cuò)誤不是錯(cuò)誤而是正確了。但我們法律漢譯英的錯(cuò)誤決不因其頻率之高而不算錯(cuò)誤了。請(qǐng)看《民法通則》第156條的下列正確譯文:
? Article 156 The Law goes into effect on January 1,1987.
——From Collection of Laws and Regulations of the People ' s Republic of China Concerning Foreign Economic Affairs Vol 6, Beijing Law publishing House,1987,p.91
? Article 156 The Law goes into effect on January 1,1987
——General principles of Civil Law of the People ' s Republic of China,translated by Whitmore Gray and Henry Ruiheng Zheng, from Lam and Contemporary problems,Vol.52 Spring & Summer 1989,Numbers 2 & 3
(3) Article 156 This law becomes effective on the first day of January 1,1987.
——China Law Reporter, American Bar Association
和錯(cuò)誤譯文:
(4) Article l56 This law Shall Come into force on January 1,1987.
——The Laws of the People ' s Republic of China (1983-1986), Foreign language press, 1987, p.249
(5) Article l56 This law Shall Come into force on 1 January, 1987.
——General Principles of Civil Law of the People ' s Republic of China, CCH Australia
由于不用“shall”的正確譯法和濫用“shall”的錯(cuò)誤譯法都相當(dāng)普遍,法律英譯者中就流傳出這樣一種折衷說(shuō)來(lái)了——不用“shall”對(duì),用“shall”也對(duì)。這種說(shuō)法非常有害。因?yàn)椋?BR> (6)法律條文的英語(yǔ)中一般不用將來(lái)時(shí);
(7)在法律條文的英語(yǔ)中,“shall”不是一個(gè)temporal verb而只是個(gè)“modal verb”;
(8)一項(xiàng)法律定于何時(shí)實(shí)施,是該法律本身的規(guī)則(rule of law)[而不是當(dāng)事人必須如此這般的行為規(guī)則(rule of conduct)]其動(dòng)詞當(dāng)然是平鋪直敘的直陳式(不用shall);
(9)即使假設(shè)(僅僅是假設(shè))萬(wàn)一(當(dāng)然是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的)真的(其實(shí)是假的——假設(shè)嘛)這個(gè)“shall”不用固然對(duì)、用了也不錯(cuò);那末,這個(gè)“shall”也不該用:法律文字應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)練,故可用可不用以不用為是;
(10):所以無(wú)論如何雄辯也無(wú)法證明用“shall”是對(duì)的;而不用“shall”是對(duì)的,已經(jīng)證明如上。
乙.上列各例中除例(7)中的“be implemented"外,主要?jiǎng)釉~”(be)come“或”go“都作用剎那的時(shí)間點(diǎn)(而無(wú)法作用于時(shí)間段),因此凡是用”from…….“、”as from...“或”as of…….“等介詞短語(yǔ)的實(shí)例全都錯(cuò)了
于此相反 ,例(7)“be implemented”則是作用于時(shí)間段的[得以實(shí)施的狀態(tài)]卻被譯成只作用于時(shí)間點(diǎn)“on September 1,1997.”-當(dāng)然是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤[應(yīng)更正為“as of”或“as from Sept.1,1997”].
丙 .英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣與漢語(yǔ)不同,漢語(yǔ)一般只須說(shuō)“請(qǐng)舉手!”而不必說(shuō)“請(qǐng)舉你們的手”,而英語(yǔ)則一般得說(shuō)“Raise your hands”而不是說(shuō)“Raise hands, please!”(特殊情況下說(shuō)“hands up!”[而不是“溫、良、恭、謙、讓”的“your hands up, please!”]自當(dāng)別論)。由此可見(jiàn),上列例子8-9的“on the date of promulgation”的“promulgation”就同剛才提到的“hands”一樣,必須有相應(yīng)的物主代詞才是而現(xiàn)在這樣不用物主代詞,當(dāng)然是錯(cuò)的。
上例( 3)的“promulgation”前雖然用了物主代詞“its”,但這個(gè)物主代詞卻是不中用的-因?yàn)檫@個(gè)“its”不是上下文相應(yīng)點(diǎn)的人稱代詞!為此,例子(3)必須作如下更正才是:
① The detailed Rules come into force on the date of their promulgation.
② The detailed Rules comes into force on the date of its promulgation.
為了有始有終,強(qiáng)調(diào)不用“”是正確的譯,并使讀者對(duì)此留下最后的印象,請(qǐng)看:
These provisions go into effect on November 1, 1988.
-《上海涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)規(guī)章匯編》(1982-1990),上海人民出版社1991年版,P.219
本文基礎(chǔ)資料均取自《上海市利用外資工作手冊(cè)》上海遠(yuǎn)東出版社1998年增訂本(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《手冊(cè)》)和上海中英對(duì)照《新法規(guī)月刊增刊》(以下直接用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字指年份以羅馬字指其期數(shù)),希各注意:
(1) Art.22 The present Measures shall come into effect from [?!]
March 1,1997
—《手冊(cè)》,P.914
(2) Art.43 The present Regulations shall come into force from [?!] July l,1996.
——《手冊(cè)》,P.907
(3) Art.23 The detailed Rules come into force as from [?!] the date of its [?!]promulgation.
——《手冊(cè)》,P.840
(4) Art.35 This law shall go into effect as of [?!] January 1,1995.
——《手冊(cè)》, P.1037
(5) Art.80 These Rules shall come into force,as from [?!] October 1, 1995.
(6) Art. This Law shall come into force as off [?!] September 1,1995.
——《手冊(cè)》,P.1074.
(7) Art.21 The present provisions shall be implemented on a trial basis [?!] September 1,1997.
一97/II,P.85
(8) Art.14 The present provisions shall become effective on the day of promulgation.
——97/II,P.19
(9) Art. 28 The Present provisions shall become effective on the day of promulgation.
對(duì)以上所例示的典型錯(cuò)誤作如下分析:
甲.除上列例(3)之外,其余各例之謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都由“shall”與原形主動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。但按英語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)實(shí)踐的客觀規(guī)律,這種“shall”的是違反規(guī)律的即錯(cuò)誤的。這種濫用“shall”的錯(cuò)誤在我們的法律翻譯實(shí)踐中是非常普遍的,從而給我們的(而不是英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的)法律英譯者一個(gè)錯(cuò)覺(jué):誤以為于茲場(chǎng)合使用“shall”的這種錯(cuò)誤不是錯(cuò)誤而是正確了。但我們法律漢譯英的錯(cuò)誤決不因其頻率之高而不算錯(cuò)誤了。請(qǐng)看《民法通則》第156條的下列正確譯文:
? Article 156 The Law goes into effect on January 1,1987.
——From Collection of Laws and Regulations of the People ' s Republic of China Concerning Foreign Economic Affairs Vol 6, Beijing Law publishing House,1987,p.91
? Article 156 The Law goes into effect on January 1,1987
——General principles of Civil Law of the People ' s Republic of China,translated by Whitmore Gray and Henry Ruiheng Zheng, from Lam and Contemporary problems,Vol.52 Spring & Summer 1989,Numbers 2 & 3
(3) Article 156 This law becomes effective on the first day of January 1,1987.
——China Law Reporter, American Bar Association
和錯(cuò)誤譯文:
(4) Article l56 This law Shall Come into force on January 1,1987.
——The Laws of the People ' s Republic of China (1983-1986), Foreign language press, 1987, p.249
(5) Article l56 This law Shall Come into force on 1 January, 1987.
——General Principles of Civil Law of the People ' s Republic of China, CCH Australia
由于不用“shall”的正確譯法和濫用“shall”的錯(cuò)誤譯法都相當(dāng)普遍,法律英譯者中就流傳出這樣一種折衷說(shuō)來(lái)了——不用“shall”對(duì),用“shall”也對(duì)。這種說(shuō)法非常有害。因?yàn)椋?BR> (6)法律條文的英語(yǔ)中一般不用將來(lái)時(shí);
(7)在法律條文的英語(yǔ)中,“shall”不是一個(gè)temporal verb而只是個(gè)“modal verb”;
(8)一項(xiàng)法律定于何時(shí)實(shí)施,是該法律本身的規(guī)則(rule of law)[而不是當(dāng)事人必須如此這般的行為規(guī)則(rule of conduct)]其動(dòng)詞當(dāng)然是平鋪直敘的直陳式(不用shall);
(9)即使假設(shè)(僅僅是假設(shè))萬(wàn)一(當(dāng)然是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的)真的(其實(shí)是假的——假設(shè)嘛)這個(gè)“shall”不用固然對(duì)、用了也不錯(cuò);那末,這個(gè)“shall”也不該用:法律文字應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)練,故可用可不用以不用為是;
(10):所以無(wú)論如何雄辯也無(wú)法證明用“shall”是對(duì)的;而不用“shall”是對(duì)的,已經(jīng)證明如上。
乙.上列各例中除例(7)中的“be implemented"外,主要?jiǎng)釉~”(be)come“或”go“都作用剎那的時(shí)間點(diǎn)(而無(wú)法作用于時(shí)間段),因此凡是用”from…….“、”as from...“或”as of…….“等介詞短語(yǔ)的實(shí)例全都錯(cuò)了
于此相反 ,例(7)“be implemented”則是作用于時(shí)間段的[得以實(shí)施的狀態(tài)]卻被譯成只作用于時(shí)間點(diǎn)“on September 1,1997.”-當(dāng)然是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤[應(yīng)更正為“as of”或“as from Sept.1,1997”].
丙 .英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣與漢語(yǔ)不同,漢語(yǔ)一般只須說(shuō)“請(qǐng)舉手!”而不必說(shuō)“請(qǐng)舉你們的手”,而英語(yǔ)則一般得說(shuō)“Raise your hands”而不是說(shuō)“Raise hands, please!”(特殊情況下說(shuō)“hands up!”[而不是“溫、良、恭、謙、讓”的“your hands up, please!”]自當(dāng)別論)。由此可見(jiàn),上列例子8-9的“on the date of promulgation”的“promulgation”就同剛才提到的“hands”一樣,必須有相應(yīng)的物主代詞才是而現(xiàn)在這樣不用物主代詞,當(dāng)然是錯(cuò)的。
上例( 3)的“promulgation”前雖然用了物主代詞“its”,但這個(gè)物主代詞卻是不中用的-因?yàn)檫@個(gè)“its”不是上下文相應(yīng)點(diǎn)的人稱代詞!為此,例子(3)必須作如下更正才是:
① The detailed Rules come into force on the date of their promulgation.
② The detailed Rules comes into force on the date of its promulgation.
為了有始有終,強(qiáng)調(diào)不用“”是正確的譯,并使讀者對(duì)此留下最后的印象,請(qǐng)看:
These provisions go into effect on November 1, 1988.
-《上海涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)法規(guī)規(guī)章匯編》(1982-1990),上海人民出版社1991年版,P.219

