縮寫(xiě)與改寫(xiě) （Precis and Rewriting）
A．縮寫(xiě)
縮寫(xiě)就是要求學(xué)生認(rèn)真領(lǐng)會(huì)所讀文章的中心思想或主要內(nèi)容，經(jīng)過(guò)集中思維概括提煉之后，用幾句話(huà)加以總結(jié)成一篇短文。縮寫(xiě)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1）利用原文中所給的語(yǔ)言材料，用自己的話(huà)來(lái)寫(xiě)。2）概括要全面，刪去細(xì)節(jié)，只要主要事實(shí)。3）語(yǔ)言要簡(jiǎn)練。縮寫(xiě)后的句子的詞數(shù)必須少于原文句子中的詞數(shù)，如：I remember that I saw the film a few days ago. → I remember seeing the film the other day. He was so young that he could not lift the heavy box. → He was too young to lift the heavy box.4）縮寫(xiě)后的文章意思要通順，行文要連貫。閱讀短文，然后進(jìn)行縮寫(xiě)。
「范例」 The poorer countries are called“the developing countries.”They have special problems. Sometimes the land is too poor to grow anything on. The land can be improved but a lot of things must be done first. New farming methods（耕作方法）must be introduced. The people must be educated. Water must be found.
Many of these problems are too big for one country to solve alone. Help should be given by the richer countries, but it must be the right sort of help. Money is not enough. The developing countries must be helped to help themselves.
要求：縮寫(xiě)成 25個(gè)詞左右。
參考答案
The poor developing countries have many special problems which can be solved with the right help from the richer countries.
「解題要點(diǎn)與技巧」
1）快速閱讀短文3遍，抓住文章的大意。
2）表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，由于字?jǐn)?shù)的限制，用一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句要比用2—3個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句理想。
3）縮寫(xiě)后的句子必須概括原文意思。
B．改寫(xiě)
改寫(xiě)是用不同形式表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思的寫(xiě)作方式。改寫(xiě)的過(guò)程是重新構(gòu)思、重新裁剪的過(guò)程，使之成為與原文內(nèi)容相同而表達(dá)形式不同的作品。文章形式的改寫(xiě)主要有以下兩種：
1）人稱(chēng)（或數(shù)）的改寫(xiě)。把原文的人稱(chēng)（或數(shù)），變換敘述角度，其他則不需要變動(dòng)。通過(guò)這種訓(xùn)練可以幫助學(xué)生掌握人稱(chēng)（或數(shù)）與動(dòng)詞及所有格的搭配。根據(jù)敘述的角度準(zhǔn)確靈活地運(yùn)用各種人稱(chēng)（或數(shù)），以防止人稱(chēng)混亂而造成的雜亂無(wú)章，影響對(duì)文章主旨的表達(dá)。改寫(xiě)可以就課文進(jìn)行改寫(xiě)，例如把新編高中第一冊(cè)Lesson 6“Look Carefully and Learn”中的第三人稱(chēng) My friend Paul改為第一人稱(chēng)敘述，也可以利用其他文章進(jìn)行改寫(xiě)。
「范例」 用第三人稱(chēng)改寫(xiě)下面文字：
I\'m Dick, a boy of thirteen. I study in a middle school. I live with my grandparents, for my parents work in a factory far away and they live in the factory. They come to see us only on holidays.
I have a friend named Tom, who is a black boy. We often go to school together in the morning. Sometimes I go to Tom\'s home and do my homework together with him. In this way we can help and learn from each other.
提示：保留原文字?jǐn)?shù)，把原文中的主語(yǔ)I改為he.
參考答案
He\'s Dick, a boy of thirteen. He studies in a middle school. He lives with his grandparents, for his parents work in a factory far away and they live in the factory. They come to see their parents and child only on holidays.
He has a friend named Tom, who is a black boy. They often go to school together in the morning. Sometimes he goes to Tom\'s home and does his homework together with him. In this way they can help and learn from each other.
「解題要點(diǎn)與技巧」
（1）主語(yǔ)的改動(dòng)牽涉到與之相應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化。如：I am…→ He is
（2）主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)的變化涉及到人稱(chēng)所有格的變化，如：My brother→ his/her brother，又如，文中的 to see us→ to see their parents and child
（3）人稱(chēng)的變化不但涉及到單數(shù)，也涉及到復(fù)數(shù)，如 they→we
2）體裁改寫(xiě)
體裁改寫(xiě)就是改變?cè)牡谋磉_(dá)方式，但原文的意思不變。常見(jiàn)的改寫(xiě)形式是把對(duì)話(huà)或短劇改為故事，或把故事改為對(duì)話(huà)或短劇。這種改寫(xiě)比以上改寫(xiě)難度大。在人稱(chēng)、句式、語(yǔ)法等方面都要做較大的變動(dòng)。
「解題要求與技巧」
1）首先要把書(shū)面語(yǔ)改為口語(yǔ)。
2）注意時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用。
3）人稱(chēng)、句式、語(yǔ)法都要起變化。
4）對(duì)話(huà)的內(nèi)容必須與原文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)相同。
5）嚴(yán)格控制詞數(shù)。
注意：改寫(xiě)除以上所述兩種外，在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中還有：時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)改寫(xiě)，引語(yǔ)改寫(xiě)（直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)，間接引語(yǔ)變直接引語(yǔ)），反義改寫(xiě)（如 A good teacher改為A terrible teacher）這些都是考查學(xué)生寫(xiě)作能力的有效措施。